Rooting
The root penetration of the soil is the penetration of the soil horizons and, if necessary, the rock below, with the roots of one or more plant species that develop differently developed root systems from main and fine roots at different depths. The aboveground vegetation stratification corresponds to an as yet insufficiently investigated underground root stratification , which enables effective ecological use of the soil.
Ecological importance
With strong rooting there may be a different between plant root competition come for water and nutrients. A strong root system makes it difficult to dig up the root stock of a single plant if it is intertwined with the root systems of other plants.
Weathering and soil formation
Dead plant parts, which also include dead roots, contribute to humus formation and soil formation . However, root penetration can also promote weathering if rocks or walls are penetrated and fissured by the growth of roots. The rooting makes it easier for many soil organisms to move in their subterranean biotope , as dead roots leave root canals. Soil animals loosen up the subsoil through their burial tunnels and fertilize it through their excretions, which promotes rooting. The mechanical, chemical and biological decomposition of organic matter takes place through the Edaphon , which colonizes water and air-filled cavities in the ground.
Protection against water erosion
Root passages increase the permeability of the soil and thus favor the infiltration of rainwater , which prevents or reduces surface runoff . In addition, root networks hold the soil together, so that this soil reinforcement prevents the erosion by water and wind and also prevents landslides on slopes . The water uptake of the plants counteracts the formation of waterlogging , which increases the risk of soil erosion when silted up . However, only specially adapted plants will thrive in persistent moisture without damaging their roots. In Southeast Asia , vetivers are planted on the edges of fields as soil protection .
Protection against wind erosion
Against the wind erosion z. B. on coastal dunes the growth with pioneer plants of the dune vegetation can be supported. Through the planting and the subsequent rooting of the dunes Sands is on the North Sea and Baltic Sea the further relocation of shifting sand dunes slowed.
Tropics and subtropics
Planting for the purpose of rooting is one of the measures that should also be used to counteract desertification .
The deforestation in tropical rain forests and in tree savannas in developing countries , where firewood in many areas of the energy is, with the hearth be operated to staple foods such as maize , millet , yams and cassava to cook, but also the fire clearance in shifting cultivation decrease the rate of evaporation from the dwindling Tree populations, which means that there is less rainfall , which leads to a decline in vegetation and the rooting of the soil. The increased surface runoff in the rainy seasons causes linear and extensive rinsing of the humus-containing upper soil layers , so that many soils in the tropics are affected by lateritization , which makes replanting considerably more difficult or impossible. In the tropics and subtropics of are floor mounting and floor mounting the sustainable forms of cultivation, in which the root penetration of the soil is spared from drying out and fire damage.
Temperate zone
On agriculturally used areas of the temperate latitudes , the rooting of the soil also plays an important role, namely in areas in which soils can be affected by erosion , especially during corn cultivation in monocultures , as well as during viticulture on slopes , where the relief energy is already affected by erosion greater erosion takes place if the soil does not have sufficient roots. Mountain farmers see one of their tasks as maintaining the traditionally cultivated cultural landscape and also the natural alpine flora so that the rooting of the soil can stop erosion.
Herbicides destroy many arable herbs and prevent diverse rooting of the arable soil. In addition to pests, insecticides also decimate useful soil organisms that loosen the soil, promote humus formation and thus improve the soil structure . The use of herbicides and insecticides therefore increases the probability of soil compaction when the areas are cultivated with heavy agricultural machinery . Soil compaction is firstly disadvantageous for the root growth of crops and secondly it prevents the rainwater from seeping away , which is why in areas with a high proportion of conventionally farmed agricultural land after prolonged heavy rain , increased surface runoff can lead to flooding .
In organic farming , efforts are made, among other things, to maintain the rooting of the soil and its ecological protective function.
Road and path construction
On embankments, especially in road and path construction, planting is required in Germany for the purpose of rooting for soil reinforcement.
Green roof
For roofs where a green roof is planned, root protection is required for most construction methods .
Individual evidence
- ^ Eduard Strasburger : Textbook of botany for universities. Friedrich Ehrendorfer : Geobotany. Gustav Fischer Verlag 1078. ISBN 3-437-20140-9 . Page 883.
- ↑ Wolfgang Latz (Ed.): Diercke Geographie, Westermann Verlag 2007. ISBN 978-3-14-151065-2 . Pages 78–82 and 121.
- Jump up roots
- ↑ Wolfgang Latz (Ed.): Diercke Geographie, Westermann Verlag 2007. ISBN 978-3-14-151065-2 . Page 78–82.
- ^ Neil A. Campbell , Jane B. Reece : Biology. Spektrum-Verlag Heidelberg-Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8274-1352-4 . Page 924.
- ↑ Wolfgang Latz (Ed.): Diercke Geographie, Westermann Verlag 2007. ISBN 978-3-14-151065-2 . Pages 84–85.
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from April 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ https://www.mpg.de/4982054/Pflanzen_Sauerstoff?c=5732343&force_lang=de
- ^ Eduard Strasburger : Textbook of botany for universities. Friedrich Ehrendorfer : Geobotany. Gustav Fischer Verlag 1078. ISBN 3-437-20140-9 . Page 884.
- ^ Wilhelm Lauer : Climatology. Westermann Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-14-160284-0 .
- ↑ Wolfgang Latz (Ed.): Diercke Geographie, Westermann Verlag 2007. ISBN 978-3-14-151065-2 . Page 122
- ↑ Diercke World Atlas. Westermann 2008. ISBN 978-3-14-100700-8 , pages 234-235
- ^ Neil A. Campbell , Jane B. Reece : Biology. Spektrum-Verlag Heidelberg-Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8274-1352-4 . Page 927.
- ^ Neil A. Campbell , Jane B. Reece : Biology. Spektrum-Verlag Heidelberg-Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8274-1352-4 . Pp. 924 and 927.
