Energy source
Fuels are substances whose energy content of energy conversion processes is usable.
- As primary or Rohenergieträger refers to fuels that are found in nature, particularly fossil fuels and uranium - isotope .
- Secondary energy sources are (a) obtained or (b) charged by converting primary energy (including water and wind power and sunlight), in particular (a) hydrogen (and explosives ) or (b) the materials in accumulators .
Energy carriers differ in their energy density, transportability and storability as well as in the effort and efficiency of their use.
Examples
Primary energy sources: obtained from nature
- fossil fuels such as oil, coal, natural gas
- Nuclear fuels such as uranium and plutonium
- Biomass
- Fat, carbohydrates and proteins in food
Secondary energy sources : obtained through a conversion process
- Fuels ( motor fuels) from petroleum refineries
- Ethanol from fermentation of biomass
- Hydrogen from wind energy, for example ( hybrid power plant )
- Compressed air
- Glucose from the energy store glycogen
- Adenosine triphosphate
Electrical energy (“electricity”) is sometimes listed as a lump sum under energy carriers (better “form of energy”).
Energy density
In relation to the mass:
- Hydrogen: 33.3 kWh / kg
- Natural gas: 13.9 kWh / kg
- Petrol: 12.7 kWh / kg
In terms of volume:
- Petrol: 8760 kWh / m³
- Natural gas (20 MPa): 2580 kWh / m³
- Hydrogen (liquid): 2360 kWh / m³
- Hydrogen gas (20 MPa): 530 kWh / m³
- Hydrogen gas (normal pressure): 3 kWh / m³
| Substance or form of energy | Energy density in MJ / kg | Products and derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| Wood | 13-20 | Sawn timber, pellets, paper |
| Brown coal | 28.47 | Briquette, lignite coke |
| Hard coal | 30th | Steam coal, coke |
| Petroleum (raw) | 42.8 | Petrol, heating oil, kerosene, diesel, bitumen, plastics |
| natural gas | 30-50 | Town gas, LPG |
| Vegetable oil | 36 | RME (e.g. rapeseed methyl ester ) |
literature
- Eckhard Rebhan (Ed.): Energy Handbook. Generation, conversion and use of energy. Springer, 2002, ISBN 3-540-41259-X .
Web links
Wiktionary: Energy carriers - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Individual evidence
- ↑ Wolfgang Schufft (Ed.): Pocket book of electrical energy technology . Hanser, 2007, ISBN 978-3-446-40475-5 , limited preview in Google Book Search.
- ↑ Ernst Kircher, Raimund Girwidz, Peter Häußler (eds.): Physikdidaktik . Springer, 2006, p. 325.
- ↑ Hydrogen as an energy carrier. ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Generation, transport, storage, refueling and infrastructure.
- ↑ hydrogen . hydox.de
- ↑ Calorific value, based on calorific values of the energy source and factors for converting specific units of measure into heat units for the energy balance . ( Memento of the original from November 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. BMWi; accessed on January 2, 2011
