Wing deformity virus
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| Deformed wing virus | ||||||||||||||||||
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The vane deformation virus ( scientific English deformed wing virus , DWV) is a RNA virus of the genus Iflaviren ( Iflaviridae ) overlying a single-stranded RNA - genome features and pathological effects in honeybees triggers why the virus is also the subject of extensive scientific investigation. This fact is not least due to the fact that it can destroy entire bee colonies and thereby cause considerable economic damage. It is one of 22 known pathogenic viruses in honey bees (see also list of bee diseases ) and other types of bees (e.g. dark bumblebee and bumblebee ). Symptoms in adult bees are deformation of the wings, distended abdomen and visible discoloration. Infected larvae are not viable and die immediately after hatching. The virus was discovered in Japan in the early 1980s .
description
The virus forms a 10140 nucleotide long, single-stranded RNA strand with a uniform reading frame that is framed on both sides by non-coding sequence segments. The sequence of genes on the RNA corresponds to that of picornaviruses in mammals ( syntany ). The RNA is translated into a uniform polyprotein, which is later broken down into the functional proteins by specific proteases. As with other picornaviruses, the structural proteins are located one behind the other near the N terminus of the protein, the non-structural proteins near the C terminus . In the infectious form, the virus forms capsids as icosahedral particles with a diameter of about 30 nanometers, the envelope of which is made up of three envelope proteins.
trigger
In honey bees, the virus is spread via the parasitic varroa mite , along with other viruses . It is now assumed that the agent (main cause) of varroosis (varroa mite infestation) is hemolymph loss not due to the parasitic varroa mites, but due to the virus infection.
Honey bees can transmit the wing deformity virus to wild bees and bumblebees .
All development stages of the bee can be affected. Adults (adults) show no symptoms when infected for the first time , but serve as a reservoir for the pathogen (there are indications of a vertical infection , i.e. an infection from bee to bee). Morphological abnormalities are shown in adults who were infected in the pupal stage . These animals show a shortening of the abdomen , discoloration and the mutilated wings that give it their name. Infected animals have a shorter life expectancy.
There is no causal treatment for an infection. The usual measures to contain the varroa infestation can be taken indirectly.
Variants and delimitation
The wing deformation virus shows a very high degree of sequence correspondence with other bee-pathogenic viruses such as Varroa destructor virus 1 (VDV-1) and the Kakugo virus (KV, a subtype of DWV): viruses that all recombine with one another . The virus is distributed worldwide in honey bees in a non-pathogenic form. In this form the infection remains symptom-free, the virus is passed on vertically as a provirus built into the genome of the host species. Infectious strains of the virus occur, as far as known, only in the presence of Varroa . The reason for this behavior is not yet known with certainty. It has been proven that the infectious form, which is characterized by much higher levels of viral RNA in the host, can only develop if it is transmitted directly into the bees' hemolymph . In addition to the injury from the sting of Varroa , this can also be done by experimental injection.
A distinction has been made between the gene variants DWV-A and DWV-B since 2016. The latter kills bees faster than DWV-A and is also more contagious than the common form DWV-A.
Compared to DWV viruses, the Kakugo virus has an RNA sequence with around 98% agreement. It attacks the fungal body , an anatomical structure organized in pairs in the bees' central brain. It serves as a olfactory center, but also plays an important role in higher integrative services such as learning and memory. Bees infected with the virus exhibit abnormally aggressive behavior.
literature
- Gaetana Lanzi, Joachim R. de Miranda, Maria Beatrice Boniotti, Craig E. Cameron, Antonio Lavazza, Lorenzo Capucci, Scott M. Camazine, Cesare Rossi: Molecular and Biological Characterization of Deformed Wing Virus of Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) . In: Journal of Virology . tape 80 , no. 10 , May 15, 2006, p. 4998–5009 , doi : 10.1128 / JVI.80.10.4998-5009.2006 (English, asm.org [PDF]).
Web links
- Statement by the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety , accessed on April 18, 2016.
Individual evidence
- ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
- ↑ a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Enterovirus C , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ a b Elke Genersch, Constanze Yue, Ingemar Fries, Joachim R. de Miranda: Detection of Deformed wing virus, a honey bee viral pathogen, in bumble bees (Bombus terrestris and Bombus pascuorum) with wing deformities . In: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology . tape 91 , no. 1 , January 2006, p. 61-63 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jip.2005.10.002 ( PDF ).
- ↑ Joachim R. de Miranda, Elke Genersch: Deformed wing virus . In: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology . 103 (Supplement), January 2010, p. S48 – S61 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jip.2009.06.012 .
- ↑ Gaetana Lanzi, Joachim R. de Miranda, Maria Beatrice Boniotti, Craig E. Cameron, Antonio Lavazza, Lorenzo Capucci, Scott M. Camazine, Cesare Rossi: Molecular and Biological Characterization of Deformed Wing Virus of Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) . In: Journal of Virology . tape 80 , no. 10 , May 15, 2006, p. 4998–5009 , doi : 10.1128 / JVI.80.10.4998-5009.2006 ( PDF ).
- ↑ Robyn Manley, Ben Temperton, Toby Doyle, Daisy Gates, Sophie Hedges, Michael Boots, Lena Wilfert, Hillary Young: Knock ‐ on community impacts of a novel vector: spillover of emerging DWV ‐ B from ‐infested honeybees to wild bumblebees. In: Ecology Letters. 2019, doi: 10.1111 / ele.13323 (German post ).
- ↑ Samantha A. Alger, P. Alexander Burnham, Humberto F. Boncristiani, Alison K. Brody, Olav Rueppell: RNA virus spillover from managed honeybees (Apis mellifera) to wild bumblebees (Bombus spp.). In: PLOS ONE. 14, 2019, p. E0217822, doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0217822 (German article ).
- ^ Statement of the ZKBS on the risk assessment of Paenibacillus larvae ssp. larvae and the wing deformation virus (DWV) according to § 5 paragraph 1 GenTSV of August 8, 2006, accessed on August 4, 2016.
- ↑ ICTV : Master Species List 2018a v1 MSL including all taxa updates since the 2017 release. Fall 2018 (MSL # 33)
- ↑ See also: Tomoko Fujiyuki et al. : Prevalence and phylogeny of Kakugo virus identified from aggressive worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) under various colony conditions , in: The IUSSI 2006 Congress , August 1, 2006
- ↑ Eugene V. Ryabov, Graham R. Wood, Jessica M. Fannon, Jonathan D. Moore, James C. Bull, Dave Chandler, Andrew Mead, Nigel Burroughs, David J. Evans (2014): A Virulent Strain of Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) of Honeybees (Apis mellifera) Prevails after Varroa destructor-Mediated, or In Vitro, Transmission. PLOS Pathogens 10 (6): e1004230. doi: 10.1371 / journal.ppat.1004230
- ↑ McMahon, DP, Natsopoulou, ME, Doublet, V., Fürst, MA, Weging, S., Brown, MJF, Gogol-Döring, A., Paxton, RJ: Elevated virulence of an emerging viral genotype as a driver of honeybee loss . In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Biological Sciences 20160811