List of bee diseases

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The following list is a listing of diseases in particular of the western honey bee and their triggers.

Clinical pictures

Named clinical pictures and their causes are:

Viral diseases

More than 21 honey bee viruses are currently known.

Family Dicistroviridae

Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV)
Aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV even Aphid lethal virus): Bee pathogenic strain ( english strain ) Brookings in Spain and Brookings, United States (ALPV-AM)
Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV)
Black queen cell virus (BQCV)
" Kashmir bee virus " (KBV, " Kashmir bee virus ")

Family Iflaviridae

Deformed Wing Virus (DWV, wing deformation virus )

Varroa destructor virus 1 (VDV-1)

Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV)

Sackbrood - Sackbrood Virus (SBV)

Family Iridoviridae

Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6, genus Iridovirus )

without assigned family:

Lake Sinai Virus 1 to 5 (LSV, genus Sinaivirus )

other candidates:

" Chronic bee paralysis virus " (CBPV) (also infects ants like Formica rufa and Camponotus vagus ) The Isle of Wight Disease (IoWD), which was first observed on the British Isle of Wight , was initially thought to be caused by mites (acarapiosis, see below). Apparently, however, diseases caused by different pathogens used to be mixed up. Today, however, the CBPV is considered the pathogen.

" Varroa destructor macula-like virus " (VdMLV)

"Cloudy wing virus" (CWV)

"Big Sioux River Virus"

Bacterial diseases

American foulbrood (AFB), pathogen: Paenibacillus larvae (bacteria)
European foulbrood (EFB) - main pathogen: Melissococcus plutonius , next to it: Enterococcus faecalis , Paenibacillus alvei , Achromobacter eurydice (bacteria)

Trigger protists

Amoebic dysentery (Malpighamoebiose) - Malpighamoeba mellificae (amoeba)
Crithidia ( Trypanosomatida )
Apicystis bombi ( Apicomplexa ) - besides bumblebees, also attacks honey bees ( Apis mellifera ), etc. a. in Finland (1990), Italy and Patagonia (2013).

Trigger mushrooms

Steinbrut - Aspergillus flavus (molds)
Nosemosis (formerly nosematosis) - Nosema apis ( microsporidia )
Kalkbrut - Ascosphaera apis (mushrooms)

Animal parasites / parasitoids trigger

Acarapiose (tracheal mite disease) - Acarapis woodi（tracheal mite from the family Tarsonemidae , the original host is probably the eastern honey bee ( Apis cerana )

Varroose (formerly Varroa ) - Varroa species, e.g. V. destructor , V. jacobsoni and V. underwoodi (mites)

Large and small hive beetles ( Hyplostoma fuligineus and Aethina tumida , English larger and small hive beetle , insects)

Wax moths:

The large wax moth ( Galleria mellonella , family of the borer ) damages bees rather indirectly: The caterpillars eat the honeycombs ( pollen , beeswax ), but also spin the bees' pupae.
The small wax moth ( Achroia grisella , family of the borer ) primarily damages previously damaged beehives: the caterpillars feed on pollen, honey, beeswax and occasionally also on the brood of bees.

With the wax moths, it should be noted that they can also act as health police and can therefore be of benefit to the health of the bees under certain circumstances.

Other or unclear triggers

Buckelbrütigkeit ( Weisel unemployment, even drone) by missing, unfertilized or old, sperm-less queen, this also
Queenlessness (lack of a queen with various causes)
May disease (lack of water)
Dysentery ( stress )
Black addiction - symptom with various triggers
Hypothermia (cold)
Poisoning (toxic nectar or pollen ingredients, pesticides , insecticides )

literature

Friedrich Pohl : Bee diseases . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005.

Individual evidence

Jump up ↑ L. Wilfert, G. Long, HC Leggett, P. Schmid-Hempel, R. Butlin, SJM Martin, M. Boots: Deformed wing virus is a recent global epidemic in honeybees driven by Varroa mites , American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2016

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Laura M. Brutscher, Katie F. Daughenbaugh, Michelle L. Flenniken: Antiviral Defense Mechanisms in Honey Bees , in: Curr Opin Insect Sci. No. 10, August 2015, pp. 71–82, doi: 10.1016 / j.cois.2015.04.016 , PMC 4530548 (free full text), PMID 26273564

↑ Liu S, Vijayendran D, Carrillo-Tripp J, Miller WA, Bonning BC1: Analysis of new aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) isolates suggests evolution of two ALPV species , in: J Gen Virol. 95 (Pt 12), December 2014, pp. 2809-2819, doi: 10.1099 / vir.0.069765-0 , PMID 25170050

↑ NCBI: TaxID 68876

↑ Kashmir Bee Virus Apiculture Factsheet # 230, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Government of British Columbia , July 2004 (web archive)

↑ Katie F. Daughenbaugh et al. : "Honey Bee Infecting Lake Sinai Viruses". Virus. 7, pp. 3285-3309. doi: 10.3390 / v7062772

^ Ribière M, Faucon J, Pépin M: Detection of chronic honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) paralysis virus infection: application to a field survey . In: Apidology . 31, No. 5, 2000, pp. 567-77. doi : 10.1051 / apido: 2000147 .

^ Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus . In: globalnet.co.uk .

↑ Magali Ribière, Violaine Olivier, Philippe Blanchard: Chronic bee paralysis: A disease and a virus like no other? , in: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103 Suppl 1 (Suppl. 1): S120-31, September 2009, doi: 10.1016 / j.jip.2009.06.013

^ O Celle, P Blanchard, V Olivier, F Schurr, N Cougoule, JP Faucon, M Ribière: Detection of Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) genome and its replicative RNA form in various hosts and possible ways of spread . In: Virus Research . 133, No. 2, May 2008, pp. 280-284. doi : 10.1016 / j.virusres.2007.12.011 . PMID 18243390 .

^ Bailey L, Ball BV: Honey Bee Pathology . Academic Press, January 1991, ISBN 978-0-12073481-8 , p. 119.

↑ Raied Abou Kubaa, Giulia Molinatto, Bassem Solaiman Khaled Daher-Nouraldin Hjaij et al. : First detection of black queen cell virus, Varroa destructor macula-like virus, Apis mellifera filamentous virus and Nosema ceranae in Syrian honey bees Apis mellifera syriaca , in: Bulletin of Insectology 71 (2), pp. 217–224, December 2018, PDF , ISSN 1721-8861

↑ Norman Carreck, Brenda V Ball, Stephen J Martin: The epidemiology of cloudy wing virus infections in honey bee colonies in the UK , in: Journal of Apicultural Research 49 (1), pp. 66-71, January 2010, doi: 10.3896 /IBRA.1.49.1.09

↑ Bumble Bee Disease & Reproduction Is Shaped by Flowering Strip Plants , on: SciTechDaily, May 14, 2020, Source: North Carolina State University

↑ J. J. Lipa, O. Triggiani: Apicystis gen nov and Apicystis bombi (Liu, Macfarlane & Pengelly) comb nov (Protozoa: Neogregarinida), a cosmopolitan parasite of Bombus and Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae) . In: Apidology . 27, No. 1, 1996, pp. 29-34. doi : 10.1051 / apido: 19960104 .

↑ Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office of Switzerland: Tracheal mite disease (Acarapis woodi) , last change July 5, 2017
↑ Taro Maeda, Yoshiko Sakamoto: Tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi , greatly increase overwinter mortality in colonies of the Japanese honeybee, Apis cerana japonica, in: Apidologie Volume 47, pp. 762–770, 2016, doi: 10.1007 / s13592-016- 0434-x
↑ Yoshiko Sakamoto, Taro Maeda, Mikio Yoshiyama, Jeffery S. Pettis: Differential susceptibility to the tracheal mite Acarapis woodi between Apis cerana and Apis mellifera, in: Apidologie Volume 48, pp. 150–158, 2017, doi: 10.1007 / s13592- 016-0460-8
↑ Malcolm T. Sanford: Small Hive Beetle, Aethina tumida (Murray) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) , University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Extension, Gainesville, USA, Doc. EENY-094, last revision: September 2005, last revision: March 2008, doi: 10.1.1.508.681
↑ ^a ^b Small and Large Wax Moth, on: The Honey Makers - Beginners Course, from June 26, 2019
↑ ^a ^b Rita Bieri, Markus Zeh, Hansueli Thomas, Peter Weisskopf: sustainable in effect , in: Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung, September 2006 (wax moths: benefit, harm and control)
^ NBN Atlas: Galleria mellonella : Wax Moth | NBN Atlas | NBN Atlas ( en-AU )
↑ Floyd B. Paddock: The Beemoth or Waxworm ( en ). Texas Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1918.
↑ ^a ^b Ashley A. Egelie, Ashley N. Mortensen, Lynn Barber, Jessica Sullivan, James D. Ellis: University of Florida ., University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Extension, Gainesville, USA, Doc. -No. EENY-637, 2018, PDF
↑ Black addiction

[1] Jump up ↑ L. Wilfert, G. Long, HC Leggett, P. Schmid-Hempel, R. Butlin, SJM Martin, M. Boots: Deformed wing virus is a recent global epidemic in honeybees driven by Varroa mites , American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2016

[Brutscher2016-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Laura M. Brutscher, Katie F. Daughenbaugh, Michelle L. Flenniken: Antiviral Defense Mechanisms in Honey Bees , in: Curr Opin Insect Sci. No. 10, August 2015, pp. 71–82, doi: 10.1016 / j.cois.2015.04.016 , PMC 4530548 (free full text), PMID 26273564

[Liu2014-3] Liu S, Vijayendran D, Carrillo-Tripp J, Miller WA, Bonning BC1: Analysis of new aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) isolates suggests evolution of two ALPV species , in: J Gen Virol. 95 (Pt 12), December 2014, pp. 2809-2819, doi: 10.1099 / vir.0.069765-0 , PMID 25170050

[4] NCBI: TaxID 68876

[5] Kashmir Bee Virus Apiculture Factsheet # 230, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Government of British Columbia , July 2004 (web archive)

[6] Katie F. Daughenbaugh et al. : "Honey Bee Infecting Lake Sinai Viruses". Virus. 7, pp. 3285-3309. doi: 10.3390 / v7062772

[7] Ribière M, Faucon J, Pépin M: Detection of chronic honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) paralysis virus infection: application to a field survey . In: Apidology . 31, No. 5, 2000, pp. 567-77. doi : 10.1051 / apido: 2000147 .

[8] Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus . In: globalnet.co.uk .

[Ribière2009-9] Magali Ribière, Violaine Olivier, Philippe Blanchard: Chronic bee paralysis: A disease and a virus like no other? , in: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103 Suppl 1 (Suppl. 1): S120-31, September 2009, doi: 10.1016 / j.jip.2009.06.013

[10] O Celle, P Blanchard, V Olivier, F Schurr, N Cougoule, JP Faucon, M Ribière: Detection of Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) genome and its replicative RNA form in various hosts and possible ways of spread . In: Virus Research . 133, No. 2, May 2008, pp. 280-284. doi : 10.1016 / j.virusres.2007.12.011 . PMID 18243390 .

[Bailey1991-11] Bailey L, Ball BV: Honey Bee Pathology . Academic Press, January 1991, ISBN 978-0-12073481-8 , p. 119.

[12] Raied Abou Kubaa, Giulia Molinatto, Bassem Solaiman Khaled Daher-Nouraldin Hjaij et al. : First detection of black queen cell virus, Varroa destructor macula-like virus, Apis mellifera filamentous virus and Nosema ceranae in Syrian honey bees Apis mellifera syriaca , in: Bulletin of Insectology 71 (2), pp. 217–224, December 2018, PDF , ISSN 1721-8861

[13] Norman Carreck, Brenda V Ball, Stephen J Martin: The epidemiology of cloudy wing virus infections in honey bee colonies in the UK , in: Journal of Apicultural Research 49 (1), pp. 66-71, January 2010, doi: 10.3896 /IBRA.1.49.1.09

[14] Bumble Bee Disease & Reproduction Is Shaped by Flowering Strip Plants , on: SciTechDaily, May 14, 2020, Source: North Carolina State University

[Lipa-15] J. J. Lipa, O. Triggiani: Apicystis gen nov and Apicystis bombi (Liu, Macfarlane & Pengelly) comb nov (Protozoa: Neogregarinida), a cosmopolitan parasite of Bombus and Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae) . In: Apidology . 27, No. 1, 1996, pp. 29-34. doi : 10.1051 / apido: 19960104 .