Varroa

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Varroa
Varroa jacobsoni .mw-parser-output .Person {font-variant: small-caps} Oudemans, 1904

Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans , 1904

Systematics
Sub-stem : Jawbearers (Chelicerata)
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Mites (acari)
Subordination : Mesostigmata
Family : Varroidae
Genre : Varroa
Scientific name
Varroa
Oudemans , 1904

The genus Varroa includes parasitic on honeybees living mites from the family Varroidae .

Origin of name

The genus is named after the Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 BC), who wrote, taught and kept bees on agriculture.

Life cycle and development

The genus is parasitic in all life stages and never lives free, but only occurs inside beehives or on honey bees.

Mix-ups

Before the year 2000, the mites Varroa destructor were assigned to the long-known species Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans , 1904. The literature is affected between 1952 and 2000.

habitat

Mites of the genus Varroa were first discovered on Java in 1904 .

The original host of the genus Varroa is the eastern honey bee ( Apis cerana ). The spread was limited to the tropical East Asia and Southeast Asia , between Nepal and the Pacific. After the transition to the western honey bee, Apis mellifera , which was temporarily cultivated in the home of Apis cerana , the Varroa destructor was able to spread invasively.

Through molecular genetic studies of Varroa mites, different strain lines of the species Varroa jacobsoni and Varroa destructor were identified, which colonize different parts of their natural range. Only two of these types have passed on to Apis mellifera , of which only one (the so-called Korean haplotype) has been transported worldwide. The mites, which are widespread worldwide, are, in contrast to those of their homeland of origin, genetically so uniform that they can be regarded as clones .

Today, with the exception of Australia, a few islands and the Antarctic , Varroa destructor is distributed worldwide. The species was mainly carried off by shipping colonies of bees and queens. The first evidence from the Russian Pacific coast comes from 1952, from Japan from 1958. In Europe it was first found in 1967 in Bulgaria. The first Varroa mites were introduced into Germany in 1976 by researchers at the Institute for Apiculture in Oberursel.

The species Varroa destructor was only separated from Varroa jacobsoni as a separate species from 2000 , which means that the literature between 1952 and 2000 is imprecise on this point.

Another successful transition from mites of the genus Varroa to the host species Apis mellifera has been observed since 2016 in several strains of the Varroa jacobsoni mites , which are native to the island of Papua New Guinea and are still under stress during the adaptation phase to the new host.

Diseases

In Southeast Asia they cause little or no damage to the colonies of Apis cerana . Only one haplotype of the species Varroa destructor is currently dangerous for the Apis mellifera population . The mites can also transmit viruses such as BQCV or DWV .

Species list

The genus Varroa contains the following species:

Web links

Commons : Varroa  - collection of images, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Varroa  - Species Directory

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Joel Hallan: Varroidae Delfinado & Baker, 1974 . Texas A&M University . Archived from the original on October 12, 2014.
  2. ↑ Diana Sammataro, Uri Gerson, Glen Needham: Parasitic mites of honey bees: Life history, implications, and impact. In: Annual Review of Entomology. Vol. 45, 2000, pp. 519-548, doi: 10.1146 / annurev.ento.45.1.519 .
  3. ↑ AC Oudemans: Acarologische Aanteekeningen XIII . In: Entomological reports . 1, No. 19, 1904, pp. 169-174.
  4. ↑ a b Michel Solignac, Jean-Marie Cornuet, Dominique Vautrin, Yves Le Conte, Denis Anderson, Jay Evans, Sandrine Cros-Arteil, Maria Navajas: The invasive Korea and Japan types of Varroa destructor, ectoparasitic mites of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera), are two partly isolated clones. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B: Biological Sciences. Vol. 272, No. 1561, 2005, pp. 411-419, doi: 10.1098 / rspb.2004.2853 .
  5. ^ A b D. L. Anderson & JWH Trueman: Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species . In: Experimental and Applied Acarology . 24, No. 3, 2000, pp. 165-189. doi : 10.1023 / A: 1006456720416 . PMID 11108385 .
  6. ↑ a b Peter Rosenkranz, Pia Aumeier, Bettina Ziegelmann: Biology and control of Varroa destructor. In: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. Vol. 103, Supplement, 2010, pp. S96-S119, doi: 10.1016 / j.jip.2009.07.016 .
  7. ↑ Lilia I. de Guzman, Thomas E. Rinderer: Identification and comparison of Varroa species infesting honey bees. In: Apidology. Vol. 30, No. 2/3, 1999, pp. 85-95, doi: 10.1051 / apido: 19990201 .
  8. ↑ Diana Sammataro, Uri Gerson, Glen Needham: Parasitic mites of honey bees: Life history, implications, and impact. In: Annual Review of Entomology. Vol. 45, 2000, pp. 519-548, doi: 10.1146 / annurev.ento.45.1.519 .
  9. ↑ Elke Genersch: Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping. In: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . Vol. 87, No. 1, 2010, pp. 87-97, doi: 10.1007 / s00253-010-2573-8 .
  10. ↑ Friedrich Ruttner, Wolfgang Ritter: The penetration of Varroa jacobsoni into Europe in retrospect. In: General German beekeeping newspaper. Vol. 14, No. 5, 1980, pp. 130-134.
  11. ↑ Diana Sammataro, Uri Gerson, Glen Needham: Parasitic mites of honey bees: Life history, implications, and impact. In: Annual Review of Entomology. Vol. 45, 2000, pp. 519-548, doi: 10.1146 / annurev.ento.45.1.519 .
  12. ↑ Nadja Podbregar: The second type of Asian Varroa mite has managed to change host: New danger for Europe's honey bees . In: natur.de . Konradin media. November 22, 2016. Retrieved on January 4, 2019: "Quoted from specialist article: BMC Genomics doi : 10.1186 / s12864-016-3130-3 "
  13. ^ AC Oudemans: On a New Genus and Species of Parasitic Acari . In: Notes from the Leyden Museum . 24, No. 4, 1904, pp. 216-222.
  14. ↑ AC Oudemans: Acarologische Aanteekeningen XII . In: Entomological reports . 1, No. 18, 1904, pp. 160-164.
  15. ↑ LI de Guzman, M. Delfinado-Baker: A new species of Varroa (Acari: Varroidae) associated with Apis koschevnikovi (Apidae: Hymenoptera) in Borneo . In: International Journal of Acarology . 22, No. 1, 1996, pp. 23-27. doi : 10.1080 / 01647959608684077 .
  16. ^ MD Delfinado, EW Baker: Varroidae, A New Family of Mites on Honey Bees (Mesostigmata: Acarina) . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . 64, No. 1, 1974, pp. 4-10.
  17. ↑ C. Lekprayoon, P. Tangkanasing: Euvarroa wongsirii , a new species of bee mite from Thailand . In: International Journal of Acarology . 17, No. 4, 1991, pp. 255-258. doi : 10.1080 / 01647959108683915 .