Orthocoronavirinae

This article covers the subfamily of orthocoronaviruses. For the current disease occurrence of one of these viruses see: COVID-19 , for the spread of the disease: COVID-19 pandemic , and for its cause: SARS-CoV-2 .

Orthocoronavirinae
Coronavirus (schematic)
Systematics
Classification : Viruses Area : Riboviria Empire : Orthornavirae Phylum : Pisuviricota Class : Pisoniviricetes Order : Nidovirals Subordination : Cornidovirineae Family : Coronaviridae Subfamily : Orthocoronavirinae
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear Baltimore : Group 4 Symmetry : helical Cover : available
Scientific name
Orthocoronavirinae
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 2501931 ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 785 (coronavirinae) ICTV Taxon History: 201901847

Orthocoronavirinae is a virus subfamily within the Coronaviridae familythat largely corresponds to this. The viruses within this subfamily are ( technically ) colloquially orthocoronaviruses and obsolete and ambiguously simplycalled coronaviruses .

All coronaviruses that infect humans also belong to the orthocoronaviruses. Including SARS-CoV-2 , the virus that is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic .

description

→ Main article : Coronaviridae

To date (as of 2020) the description of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae corresponds almost completely to that of the parent family Coronaviridae . This is because the only sister group - the subfamily of Letoviruses ( Letovirinae ) - has been little researched and contains only one species -  Microhyla letovirus 1  . In addition to structural and statistical differences in the virus genome in computer-aided analyzes (see bioinformatics ), the main difference between the two subfamilies Orthocoronavirinae and Letovirinae is that the Letoviruses are the first coronaviruses to infect amphibians .

designation

etymology

The name of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae is made up of the prefix “Ortho-” ( Greek ὀρθός orthós , German “right, right, upright” ) and the earlier name of this subfamily Coronavirinae . "Orthocoronaviruses" means something like: "correct, actual, classic or real coronaviruses". This corresponds to the previously used slang term: "real coronaviruses" ( English true coronaviruses ), for the viruses in this group before the group was given its current name.

This group of viruses was initially listed as a genus under the name Coronavirus (until 2008). By advancing to the rank of subfamily, the ending was changed to "-virinae". The origin of the part of the name "corona" is explained in more detail in the Etymology section in the article on the Coronaviridae family .

In 2018, the name extension “Ortho-” ended certain ambiguities that existed within the Coronaviridae family due to the fact that the same root word “Corona-” was used for several interlocking groups. More under Taxonomic Backgrounds .

Names used

From the taxon names Orthocoronavirinae the collective term yields systematically ( English collective name ) "Ortho coronaviruses" virus this subfamily. Especially in English this type is the collective name also " Vernakularname " ( English vernacular name called).

The collective term "orthocoronaviruses" is still relatively young compared to the name "coronaviruses" used since the 1960s. Although the older name "coronaviruses" ambiguously describes both the viruses of the whole family and only the subfamily (previously: genus), it is still only used for the viruses of the subfamily.

For these reasons there are still basically two vernacular names for the viruses of this group. Once the ambiguous name "corona viruses". This can be found in literature up to 2018 and often even after 2018. And then the clear name "Orthocoronaviruses" as a collective taxonomic term since 2018.

Because of the similarity of names between family and subfamily, the subfamily name is misspelled in the form: Orthocoronaviri d ae .

Systematics

→ Main article : Coronaviridae: systematics

External system

The subfamily Orthocoronavirinae currently has only one sister subfamily in the Coronaviridae family . This is called Letovirinae and in 2018 replaced the then sister subfamily Torovirinae (today family Tobaniviridae with the new (!) Subfamily Torovirinae ).

family	Subfamily
Coronaviridae
	Letovirinae
	Orthocoronavirinae

Internal system

Extract from the systematic representation according to ICTV. A more detailed presentation can be found in the article on the Coronaviridae family in the section on the internal systematics .

Subfamily Orthocoronavirinae

Genus Alphacoronavirus

Colacovirus subgenus

Species Bat coronavirus CDPHE15

Subgenus Decacovirus

Species Bat coronavirus HKU10

Species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013

Subgenus Duvinacovirus

Species Human coronavirus 229E

Subgenus Luchacovirus

Species Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus

Minacovirus subgenus

Species Mink coronavirus 1

Minunacovirus subgenus

Species Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1

Species Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8

Subgenus Myotacovirus

Species Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011

Nyctacovirus subgenus

Species Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013

Species Pipistrellus kuhlii coronavirus 3398

Subgenus Pedacovirus

Species Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Species Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512

Rhinacovirus subgenus

Species Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2

Setracovirus subgenus

Species Human coronavirus NL63

Species NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b

Subgenus Soracovirus

Species Sorex araneus coronavirus T14

Subgenus Sunacovirus

Species Suncus murinus coronavirus X74

Subgenus tegacovirus

Species Alphacoronavirus 1 (*)

Genus Betacoronavirus

Subgenus Embecovirus

Species betacoronavirus 1

Species China Rattus coronavirus HKU24

Species Human coronavirus HKU1

Species Murine coronavirus (*)

Species Myodes coronavirus 2JL14

Subgenus Hibecovirus

Species Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013

Subgenus Merbecovirus

Species Hedgehog coronavirus 1

Species Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus

Species Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5

Species Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4

Subgenus Nobecovirus

Species Eidolon bat coronavirus C704

Species Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1

Species Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9

Subgenus Sarbecovirus

Species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus

Genus Gammacoronavirus

Brangacovirus subgenus

Species Goose coronavirus CB17

Subgenus Cegacovirus

Species Beluga whale coronavirus SW1

Igacovirus subgenus

Species Avian coronavirus (*)

Species Avian coronavirus 9203

Species Duck coronavirus 2714

Genus Deltacoronavirus

Subgenus Andecovirus

Species Wigeon coronavirus HKU20

Subgenus Buldecovirus

Species Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (*)

Species common moorhen coronavirus HKU21

Species coronavirus HKU15

Species Munia coronavirus HKU13

Species White-eye coronavirus HKU16

Herdecovirus subgenus

Species Night heron coronavirus HKU19

Taxonomic backgrounds

→ Main articles : Coronaviridae: Orthocoronavirinae  and Coronaviridae: Taxonomic backgrounds

The taxonomic naming and classification of the orthocoronaviruses always took place against the background of the overall taxonomic organization of the virus family Coronaviridae and can be read there.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 . In: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (Ed.): ICTV Files . Revision 2019. EC 51, Berlin July 2019, MSL # 35 (English, full text [XLSX; 629  kB ; accessed on August 7, 2020]).
2. ^ ^{A b} J. Ziebuhr, RS Baric, S. Baker, RJ de Groot, C. Drosten, A. Gulyaeva, BL Haagmans, BW Neuman, S. Perlman, LLM Poon, I. Sola, AE Gorbalenya: 2017.012_015S.A .v1.Nidovirals . In: Virus Taxonomy . History. Revision 2018a, July. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), February 18, 2017, Proposal Code  2017.012_015S ( ictvonline.org [ ZIP ; 5.1 MB ; accessed on May 7, 2020]).
3. ↑ Khulud Bukhari, Geraldine Mulley, Anastasia A. Gulyaeva, Lanying Zhao, Guocheng Shu, Jianping Jiang, Benjamin W. Neuman: Description and initial characterization of metatranscriptomic nidovirus-like genomes from the proposed new family Abyssoviridae, and from a sister group to the Coronavirinae , the proposed genus Alphaletovirus . In: Virology . tape 524 , November 2018 edition, p. 160-171. Elsevier, September 7, 2018, doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2018.08.010 , PMID 30199753 , PMC 7112036 (free full text) - (English, full text [PDF; 3.3 MB ; accessed on May 18, 2020] " Coronavirinae ": today " Orthocoronavirinae ".).
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Raoul J. de Groot, John Ziebuhr, Leo L. Poon, Patrick C. Woo, Pierre Talbot, Peter JM Rottier, Kathryn V. Holmes, Ralph Baric, Stanley Perlman, Luis Enjuanes, Alexander E. Gorbalenya: Revision of the family Coronaviridae . Proposal. In: Virus Taxonomy . History. Revision 2009, June. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2008, Proposal Code 2008.085-126V (English, ictvonline.org [PDF; 175 kB ; accessed on May 5, 2020]).
5. ↑ ^{a b} H. J. Vetten, A.-L. Haenni : Taxon-specific suffixes for vernacular names . In: Virology Division of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (Hrsg.): Archives of Virology (=  International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [Hrsg.]: Virology Division News ). tape  151 , June 2006. Springer-Verlag, March 23, 2006, ISSN  0304-8608 , p. 1249–1250 , doi : 10.1007 / s00705-006-0743-x , PMID 16721512 , PMC 7086949 (free full text) - (English, full text [PDF; 134 kB ; accessed on June 18, 2020]).
6. ↑ How to write virus and species names? In: ICTV homepage . International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), April 6, 2020, accessed August 8, 2020 .  
7. ↑ Gideon J. Mordecai, Ian Hewson (author); Emily S. Bailey, Alexander Culley (Reviewer): Coronaviruses in the Sea . Mini review. In: Andrew S. Lang (Ed.): Frontiers in Microbiology . tape 11 , edition July 2020, article no. 1795, July 24, 2020, p. 2 , doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2020.01795 (English, full text [PDF; 804 kB ; accessed on August 7, 2020] Vernacular name "Orthocoronavirus".): "Orthocoronavirus-like sequences"
8. ↑ Jamie A. Mawhinney, Catherine Wilcock, Hasan Haboubi, Shahbaz Roshanzamir: Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 presenting with an acute manic episode . Case report. In: BMJ Case Reports . tape 13 , no. 6, June 2020 edition, article no. e236123, June 14, 2020, doi : 10.1136 / bcr-2020-236123 , PMID 32540882 , PMC 7298665 (free full text) - (English, full text [PDF; 201 kB ; accessed on August 7, 2020] Vernacular name "Orthocoronavirus".): "the orthocoronavirus subfamily"
9. ↑ Virology: Coronaviruses . In: Nature . tape  220 , November 16, 1968, ISSN  1476-4687 , p. 650 , doi : 10.1038 / 220650b0 (English, full text [PDF; 1.8 MB ; accessed on June 18, 2020] First report on the discovery of the coronavirus).
10. ↑ Yosra A. Helmy, Mohamed Fawzy, Ahmed Elaswad, Ahmed Sobieh, Scott P. Kenney, Awad A. Shehata : The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control . Review. In: Journal of Clinical Medicine . tape  9 , no. 4, April 2020 edition, article no. 1225. MDPI, April 24, 2020, doi : 10.3390 / jcm9041225 , PMID 32344679 , PMC 7230578 (free full text) - (English, 29 p., Full text [PDF; 2.4 MB ; accessed on August 8, 2020]).
11. ↑ Sarah Young: Orthocoronavirinae: What does it mean and Which other viruses are in the subfamily? In: The Independent . June 18, 2020, accessed on August 7, 2020 (English, ambiguous usage, family vs. subfamily): "Each of the coronaviruses belong to an overarching sub-family [...] called" orthocoronavirinae "[...]. The term "orthocoronavirinae" represents a "sub-family" of the [family of the] coronaviruses [...]. "  
12. ↑ Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy, ​​Ali I. Al-Gareeb: From SARS-CoV to nCoV-2019: Ruction and Argument . Letter report. In: Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases . tape 15 ( COVID-19 ), April 2020 edition, article no . e102624, April 1st, 2020, abstract and 1st background , doi : 10.5812 / archcid.102624 (English, full text [PDF; 2.6 MB ; retrieved on August 7, 2020] Incorrect assignment of all coronaviruses to subfamily only.): “Coronaviruses (CoVs) […]. CoVs constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae. "
13. ↑ Ariane J. Brown, John J. Won, Rachel L. Graham, Kenneth H. Dinnon III., Amy C. Sims, Joy Y. Feng, Tomas Cihlar, Mark R. Denison, Ralph S. Baric, Timothy P. Sheahan : Broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase . In: Antiviral Research . tape 169 , edition September 2019, article no. 104541. Elsevier, June 21, 2019, ISSN  0166-3542 , Abstract , doi : 10.1016 / j.antiviral.2019.104541 , PMID 31233808 , PMC 6699884 (free full text) - (English, full text [PDF; 4.9 MB ; accessed on August 7, 2020] Incorrect designation of Orthocoronavirinae as a family, incorrect assignment of the abbreviation "CoV" (belongs to the family, not subfamily), etc.): "The [...] Orthocoronavirinae (CoV) family [...]."
14. ↑ Antonio C. P. Wong, Xin Li, Susanna K. P. Lau, Patrick C. Y. Woo: Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses . Review. In: Viruses . tape 11 , no. 2, February 2019 edition, article no. 174. MDPI, February 20, 2019, doi : 10.3390 / v11020174 , PMID 30791586 , PMC 6409556 (free full text) - (English, full text [PDF; 2.2 MB ; accessed on August 7, 2020] The subfamily is described (= four genera, etc.) and assigned to all coronaviruses.): “Coronaviruses (CoVs) […]. CoVs are classified into four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. ”
15. ↑ Yi Fan, Kai Zhao, Zheng-Li Shi, Peng Zhou: Bat Coronaviruses in China . Review. In: Viruses . tape 11 , no. 3, edition March 2019, article no. 210. MDPI, March 2, 2019, doi : 10.3390 / v11030210 , PMID 30832341 , PMC 6466186 (free full text) - (English, full text [PDF; 1.9 MB ; accessed on August 7, 2020] Incorrect assignment of all coronaviruses to subfamily.): Coronavirus Taxonomy [.  ...] Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae [...].
16. ↑ Khulud Bukhari, Geraldine Mulley, Anastasia A. Gulyaeva, Lanying Zhao, Guocheng Shu, Jianping Jiang, Benjamin W. Neuman: Description and initial characterization of metatranscriptomic nidovirus-like genomes from the proposed new family Abyssoviridae, and from a sister group to the Coronavirinae , the proposed genus Alphaletovirus . In: Virology . tape 524 , November 2018 edition, p. 160-171. Elsevier, September 7, 2018, doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2018.08.010 , PMID 30199753 , PMC 7112036 (free full text) - (English, full text [PDF; 3.3 MB ; retrieved on May 18, 2020] "Correct" ambiguous use of the word "Coronaviruses" before the existence of Orthocoronavirinae .): "[...] a sister group to all known coronaviruses, but still within the Coronavirinae ."
17. ↑ Yosra A. Helmy, Mohamed Fawzy, Ahmed Elaswad, Ahmed Sobieh, Scott P. Kenney, Awad A. Shehata : The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control . Review. In: Journal of Clinical Medicine . tape  9 , no. 4, April 2020 edition, article no. 1225. MDPI, April 24, 2020, doi : 10.3390 / jcm9041225 , PMID 32344679 , PMC 7230578 (free full text) - (English, 29 p., Full text [PDF; 2.4 MB ; retrieved on August 8, 2020] Misspelling with »d« instead of »n«.): “ Coronaviridae is classified into two subfamilies, namely, Letovirinae and Orthocoronavirinae . […]  Orthocoronaviridae is further classified […] (ICTV 2018). ”