New world monkeys

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New world monkeys
White-shouldered Capuchin (Cebus capucinus)

White-shouldered Capuchin ( Cebus capucinus )

Systematics
Superordinate : Euarchontoglires
without rank: Euarchonta
Order : Primates (Primates)
Subordination : Dry- nosed primates (Haplorrhini)
Partial order : Monkey (anthropoidea)
without rank: New world monkeys
Scientific name
Platyrrhini
É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire , 1812
Only in the New World monkeys did some species develop a prehensile tail - here a spider monkey .

The New World monkeys or broad-nosed monkeys (Platyrrhini) are a family group of primates . They bring together all of the original primates of the American continent . Together with the Old World monkeys , they form the group of monkeys .

features

New World monkeys are on average slightly smaller than Old World monkeys, their weight ranges from 100 grams ( pygmy marmosets ) to 15 kilograms ( spider monkeys ). Most species are adapted to a tree-dwelling way of life, the hind legs are slightly longer than the front legs. Extreme limb proportions, as found in other primate taxa, are not known to exist in them. With the exception of the Uakaris, the tail is relatively long, New World monkeys are the only primates in which some representatives (especially the spotted monkeys ) have developed a prehensile tail. In most cases, the thumbs cannot be opposed .

New World monkeys have a wide nose with the holes pointing outwards. In contrast to the Old World monkeys, they have no bony ear canal and there are still three premolars . Most representatives also have three molars , only in most marmosets the number of molars is reduced in connection with the dwarfing. This results in the following tooth formula : I 2  C 1  P 3  M 2/3, so a total of 32 or 36 teeth.

Distribution and way of life

The range of the New World monkey extends from southern Mexico to northern Argentina . They achieve the greatest biodiversity in northern and central South America , especially in the Amazon basin . The animals on the Caribbean islands , the Antilles monkeys , are extinct.

New World monkeys show a smaller ecological range than Old World monkeys. All species are forest dwellers who spend most of their time in the trees and very rarely come to the ground. It is possible that some species, such as the extinct Cuban monkey, also developed a partly terrestrial way of life, which is no longer the case with the New World monkeys living today. Most species are diurnal, only the night monkeys have developed a nocturnal way of life.

Social behavior is very variable. There are New World monkeys that live in monogamous family groups ( night monkeys , jugular monkeys ), species in complex groups with many males and females, species with female dominance ( squirrel monkeys ) and finally the polyandric marmosets .

The diet is also variable, the larger species are often pure herbivores, the smaller ones also eat insects and other small animals.

Development history and systematics

The marmosets (here the white-headed tufted monkey ) differ from the other New World monkeys in some features such as claws, teeth and reproduction.

Historically, the Old World monkeys are the sister taxons of the New World monkeys. How the ancestors of these animals came to America is not completely clear. It is possible that they were driven across the then much narrower Atlantic on floating islands with vegetation that have detached themselves from mangroves . This process probably took place in the Eocene . Simultaneously with the ancestors of the New World monkeys, representatives of another monkey line arrived in South America, the Parapithecidae . This is now extinct, but was originally widespread in North Africa. So far, individual teeth have come from Santa Rosa in the Amazon lowlands of Peru , whose age is around 35 to 32 million years. The teeth belong to Ucayalipithecus . The oldest find of fossil material from New World monkeys, which also only consists of individual teeth, comes from the same site. They were described under the generic name Perupithecus . The next oldest New World monkey fossils come with Branisella and Szalatavus from the Salla Beds in Bolivia and with Canaanimico from the Chambira Formation in the Amazon region of Peru, they are 10 million years younger and are dated to the Upper Oligocene . Several forms from the southern part of South America are from the Lower and Middle Miocene . They include Chilecebus , Tremacebus , Dolichocebus , Homunculus or Carlocebus . They first appeared there about 20 million years ago, but disappeared again a little later. It is sometimes assumed that it is an ancestral group of early New World monkeys, while other authors see them embedded in the lines of today's representatives. Parvimico , an original member of the New World monkeys from the Peruvian Voranden area with unclear family relationships, also belongs to the phase, but who, with an estimated body weight of around 240 g, represents the smallest fossil representative of the group known to date. Evidence of New World monkeys from the northern part of today's double continent can be classified in roughly the same time frame as the early Patagonian finds. The earliest fossil material there to date consists of a few single teeth from Panamacebus from the Las Cascadas Formation in the Panama Canal basin , the deposits of which date back to the Lower Miocene 20.9 million years ago. It is a smaller representative of the New World monkey with a weight of around 2.7 kg, which is closely related to today's capuchin monkeys . Here, too, it can be assumed that it spread by sea, at that time North and South America were separated by a narrow strait.

The earlier division into marmosets (Callitrichidae) and "non-marmosets" (Cebidae) has turned out to be incorrect, as some representatives of the non-marmosets are more closely related to the marmosets than to each other. Today the New World monkeys are divided into up to five families (the following list shows the systematics down to the genus level):

The first three groups form a well-documented common lineage. Sometimes clawed monkeys and / or night monkeys are accordingly inserted into the capuchin-like (Cebidae). The exact family relationships are shown in the following cladogram :

  New world monkeys  


  Cebidae i. w. S.  
  Callitrichidae  
  Tamarins  

 Leontocebus


   

 Saguinus



   


 Marmosets  (Callitrichini)


   

 Jumping tamarin ( Callimico )



   

 Lion tamarin ( leontopithecus )




  Cebidae i. e. S.  

 Squirrel monkey ( Saimiri )


  Capuchin monkeys  

 Unhealed Capuchins ( Cebus )


   

 Hooded capuchin ( sapajus )





  Aotidae  

 Night monkey ( Aotus )



  Atelidae  
  Alouattinae  

 Howler Monkey ( Alouatta )


  Atelinae  


 Woolly monkey ( Lagothrix )


   

 Spider monkey ( Brachyteles )



   

 Spider monkeys ( Ateles )





  Pitheciidae  
  Jumper monkeys  

 Cheracebus


   

 Callicebus


   

 Plecturocebus




  Pitheciinae  


 Bartsakis ( Chiropotes )


   

 Uakaris ( Cacajao )



   

 Sakis ( Pithecia )





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literature

  • Thomas Geissmann : Comparative Primatology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin et al. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6 .
  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thomas A. Püschel, Jordi Marcé-Nogué, Justin Gladman, Biren A. Patel, Sergio Almécija and William I. Sellers: Getting Its Feet on the Ground: Elucidating Paralouatta's Semi-Terrestriality Using the Virtual Morpho-Functional Toolbox. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2020, doi: 10.3389 / feart.2020.00079
  2. ↑ Erik R. Seiffert, Marcelo F. Tejedor, John G. Fleagle, Nelson M. Novo, Fanny M. Cornejo, Mariano Bond, Dorien de Vries and Kenneth E. Campbell Jr .: A parapithecid stem anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of South America. Science 368 (6487), 2020, pp. 194–197, doi: 10.1126 / science.aba1135
  3. ↑ Mariano Bond, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Kenneth E. Campbell, Laura Chornogubsky, Nelson Novo, Francisco Goin: Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys. Nature 520 (7548), 2015, pp. 538-541, doi: 10.1038 / nature14120
  4. ↑ Robert Hoffstetter: Un primate de l'Oligocene interieur sud-american: Branisella boliviana gen. Et sp. nov. Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences D 269, 1969, pp. 434–437 ( [1] )
  5. ↑ A. L Rosenberger, WC Hartwig and RG Wolff: Szalatavus attricuspis, an Early Platyrrhine Primate. Folia Primatologica 56, 1991, pp. 225-233
  6. ↑ a b Laurent Marivaux, Sylvain Adnet, Ali J. Altamirano-Sierra, Myriam Boivin, François Pujos, Anusha Ramdarshan, Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi, Julia V. Tejada-Lara and Pierre-Olivier Antoine: Neotropics provide insights into the emergence of New World monkeys: New dental evidence from the late Oligocene of Peruvian Amazonia. Journal of Human Evolution 97, 2016, pp. 159-175
  7. ^ Richard F. Kay: Biogeography in deep time - What do phylogenetics, geology, and paleoclimate tell us about early platyrrhine evolution? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82, 2015, pp. 358-374.
  8. ↑ Richard F. Kay, Lauren A. Gonzales, Wout Salenbien, Jean-Noel Martinez, Siobhán B. Cooke, Luis Angel Valdivia, Catherine Rigsby and Paul A. Baker: Parvimico materdei gen. Et sp. nov .: A new platyrrhine from the Early Miocene of the Amazon Basin, Peru. Journal of Human Evolution 134, 2019, p. 102628
  9. ↑ Jonathan I. Bloch, Emily D. Woodruff, Aaron R. Wood, Aldo F. Rincon, Arianna R. Harrington, Gary S. Morgan, David A. Foster, Camilo Montes, Carlos A. Jaramillo, Nathan A. Jud, Douglas S. Jones and Bruce J. MacFadden: First North American fossil monkey and early Miocene tropical biotic interchange. Nature 533 (7602), 2016, doi: 10.1038 / nature17415
  10. ↑ Horacio Schneider, Iracilda Sampaio: The systematics and evolution of New World primates - A review. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82 (B), 2015, pp. 348-357, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2013.10.017
  11. ↑ Hazel Byrne, Anthony B. Rylands, Jeferson C. Carneiro, Jessica W. Lynch Alfaro, Fabricio Bertuol, Maria NF da Silva, Mariluce Messias, Colin P. Groves , Russell A. Mittermeier , Izeni Farias, Tomas Hrbek, Horacio Schneider, Iracilda Sampaio and Jean P. Boubli: Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence . Frontiers in Zoology, 201613: 10, DOI: 10.1186 / s12983-016-0142-4

Web links

Commons : New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files