Yellow-tailed woolly monkey

Yellow-tailed woolly monkey
	Yellow-tailed woolly monkey ( Oreonax flavicauda )
Systematics
Subordination :	Dry- nosed primates (Haplorrhini)
Partial order :	Monkey (anthropoidea)
without rank:	New World Monkey (Platyrrhini)
Family :	Spike-tailed monkeys (Atelidae)
Genre :	Oreonax
Type :	Yellow-tailed woolly monkey
Scientific name of the genus
	Oreonax
	Thomas , 1927
Scientific name of the species
	Oreonax flavicauda
	( Humboldt , 1812)

The yellow-tailed woolly monkey is a rare South American primate species from the family of the spotted monkey (Atelidae) and is one of the most threatened American primates.

description

Adult yellow-tailed woolly monkeys reach a head-trunk length of 40 to 54 cm. There is also a 56 to 63 cm long tail. Adult males can weigh 8.3 to 10 kg, while females can weigh 5 to 7 kg. Their fur is long and dense, making them appear as sturdy, stocky monkeys overall. Usually they are mahogany to copper in color, the back, neck, and the relatively short limbs can be darker. The muzzle is whitish. The long tail is designed as a grasping tail and hairless in the rear third on the underside. The name yellow-tailed woolly monkey comes from a wreath of yellow hair around this hairless area. Males have significantly longer canine teeth than females and a yellow tuft of hair in the genital region. As with the spider monkeys ( Brachyteles ), the clitoris of the females is just as long or longer than the penis of the males.

Distribution and way of life

Location of the distribution area in northern Peru

Yellow-tailed woolly monkeys live exclusively in a small area in northern Peru between the upper reaches of the Río Marañón and Río Huallaga in the regions of Amazonas and San Martín , as well as in border areas of the regions of La Libertad , Huánuco and Loreto . Their habitat are mountainous, impassable, very moist cloud forests with steep mountain slopes and deep gorges at an altitude of 1400 to 2700 meters. The temperature there fluctuates between 4 and 25 ° C.

They are diurnal tree dwellers who spend most of their time high in the trees, moving through the branches on all fours, and using their tail as a prehensile tail. Yellow-tailed woolly monkeys live in groups of three to over 20 animals. These can consist of several males and females with their young and, like other spider-tailed monkeys, should show little competitive behavior. Males were also observed alone. The diet consists mainly of ripe fruits, in addition yellow-tailed woolly monkeys eat leaves, flowers, the thick leaf bases of bromeliads , aerial roots, lichens and possibly also insects and spiders. They also eat earth (geophagy), which means that they absorb iron and other trace elements that they cannot get from their normal diet.

Reproduction

Females get a single young about every 3.5 years, after a gestation period of about 7.5 months. Births can occur all year round, but most young are born during the rainy season. The young resembles the adult, but the yellow band on the last third of the tail and the yellow tuft on the genitals are missing. Both sexes reach sexual maturity around the age of 8.

Systematics

The yellow-tailed woolly monkey was described as Simia flavicauda by the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt in 1812 . At times the yellow-tailed woolly monkey was also counted among the woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix ), but was then placed in its own genus, Oreonax , because it was assumed that it was more closely related to the spider monkeys ( Ateles ). A more recent study confirms the close relationship with the woolly monkeys of the genus Lagothrix . The yellow-tailed woolly monkey stands basal to this calde and separated from Lagothrix about 2.1 million years ago.

threat

Until the 1950s, they were relatively protected due to the inaccessibility of their range, but the species has been severely decimated by road construction and forest clearing. Two protected areas have been established, but yellow-tailed woolly monkeys are among the most threatened species due to their low reproduction rate. The total population is clearly in decline, the IUCN lists the species as " critically endangered ". The original habitat is estimated at around 11,000 km ² , but recent estimates put the remaining undisturbed habitat at only 2,000 km ² . No more than 1000 adult animals should live there. There are five protection zones within the distribution area, but the populations in these protection zones are very small. The species is one of the 25 most endangered primates.

literature

AB Rylands, RA Mittermeier: Family Atelidae (Howlers, Spider and Woolly Monkeys and Muriquis). In: Russell A. Mittermeier , Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (Eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 3: Primates. Lynx Editions, 2013, ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7 , p. 547.

Individual evidence

^ S. Ferrari, L. Veiga, Urbani Bernardo: Geophagy in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini): Ecological and Geographic Patterns. 2007, pp. 402-415.
↑ Anthony Di Fiore, Paulo B. Chaves, Fanny M. Cornejo, Christopher A. Schmitt, Sam Shanee, Liliana Cortes-Ortiz, Valéria Fagundes, Christian Roos, Víctor Pacheco: The rise and fall of a genus: Complete mtDNA genomes shed light on the phylogenetic position of yellow-tailed woolly monkeys, Lagothrix flavicauda. and on the evolutionary history of the family Atelidae (Primates: Platyrrhini). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. April 19, 2014, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.03.028
↑ M. Ruiz-García, M. Pinedo-Castro, JM Shostell: How many genera and species of woolly monkeys (Atelidae, Platyrrhine, Primates) are there? The first molecular analysis of Lagothrix flavicauda. an endemic Peruvian primate species. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. June 2014, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.05.034
^ M. Leo Luna: Estudio Preliminar Sobre la Biología y Ecológica del Mono Choro de Cola Amarilla Lagothrix flavicauda (Humboldt, 1812) . Master. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, 1982.
^ RA Mittermeier, J. Wallis, AB Rylands, JU Ganzhorn, JF Oates, EA Williamson, E. Palacios, EW Heymann, MCM Kierulff, Y. Long, J. Supriatna, C. Roos, S. Walker, L. Cortés Ortiz, C. Schwitzer (Ed.): Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010. (PDF) . Illustrated by SD Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN / SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI), 2009, ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1 , pp. 1-92.

Web links

Commons : Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey ( Oreonax flavicauda ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Lagothrix flavicauda in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2006. Posted by: F. Cornejo, F, 2008. Accessed on 66. 04. 2016th

[1] S. Ferrari, L. Veiga, Urbani Bernardo: Geophagy in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini): Ecological and Geographic Patterns. 2007, pp. 402-415.

[2] Anthony Di Fiore, Paulo B. Chaves, Fanny M. Cornejo, Christopher A. Schmitt, Sam Shanee, Liliana Cortes-Ortiz, Valéria Fagundes, Christian Roos, Víctor Pacheco: The rise and fall of a genus: Complete mtDNA genomes shed light on the phylogenetic position of yellow-tailed woolly monkeys, Lagothrix flavicauda. and on the evolutionary history of the family Atelidae (Primates: Platyrrhini). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. April 19, 2014, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.03.028

[3] M. Ruiz-García, M. Pinedo-Castro, JM Shostell: How many genera and species of woolly monkeys (Atelidae, Platyrrhine, Primates) are there? The first molecular analysis of Lagothrix flavicauda. an endemic Peruvian primate species. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. June 2014, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.05.034

[4] M. Leo Luna: Estudio Preliminar Sobre la Biología y Ecológica del Mono Choro de Cola Amarilla Lagothrix flavicauda (Humboldt, 1812) . Master. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, 1982.

[5] RA Mittermeier, J. Wallis, AB Rylands, JU Ganzhorn, JF Oates, EA Williamson, E. Palacios, EW Heymann, MCM Kierulff, Y. Long, J. Supriatna, C. Roos, S. Walker, L. Cortés Ortiz, C. Schwitzer (Ed.): Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010. (PDF) . Illustrated by SD Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN / SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI), 2009, ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1 , pp. 1-92.