Saguinus

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Saguinus
Emperor Mustache Tamarin (Saguinus imperator)

Emperor Mustache Tamarin ( Saguinus imperator )

Systematics
Order : Primates (Primates)
Subordination : Dry- nosed primates (Haplorrhini)
Partial order : Monkey (anthropoidea)
without rank: New World Monkey (Platyrrhini)
Family : Marmosets (Callitrichidae)
Genre : Saguinus
Scientific name
Saguinus
Hoffmannsegg , 1807
Lisztaffe ( Saguinus oedipus )

Saguinus is a genus of primate in the marmoset family. The genus includes twelve species that live in southern Central and South America . Together with the genus Leontocebus , the genus Saguinus forms the group of tamarins , which consists of a total of 22 species.

features

Like all marmosets, Saguinus species are relatively small primates. They reach a head body length of 18 to 31 centimeters and a tail length of 25 to 44 centimeters. The individual species differ considerably in their appearance. In addition to some dark types, there are also black, brown or white patterned ones. Typical for some species are the mustache-like hair on the face, a mop of hair or a contrasting coloration of the rear trunk. The limbs are rather short, as with all marmosets there are claws instead of nails on the fingers and toes (with the exception of the big toe).

Saguinus species are usually larger than the tamarins of the genus Leontocebus ; the animals reach weights of 400 to 530 g, while Leontocebus species weigh between 290 and 480 g. They differ from the marmosets , the second large group of marmosets, in that the lower canines are significantly longer than the incisors and the teeth are therefore less suitable for gnawing the tree bark.

distribution and habitat

Most Saguinus species live in the Amazon basin in South America , from eastern Ecuador and northern Bolivia to northeastern Brazil . An isolated group, the oedipus species group, lives in Panama and north-western Colombia . Their habitat are tropical rainforests and open forest areas. They prefer areas densely covered with undergrowth such as secondary forests or forest edge areas.

Way of life

Red-hand Tamarin ( Saguinus midas )

Saguinus species are diurnal tree dwellers. They live in groups of around two to eight animals. Groups are made up of one or more males, one or more females and their pups, but the group composition can change. Each group lives in a fixed area, but the areas can overlap with those of neighboring groups.

Sometimes different tamarin species socialize while foraging for food. The reasons for this are presumably to be found in an improved detection of predators. Since the Saguinus species of the mystax group and the sympatric Leontocebus species occurring in the same area of ​​distribution occupy different ecological niches, they can occur in associated groups that move close together without directly competing for food.

Saguinus species also differ from Leontocebus species in terms of their habitat, locomotion and foraging. They tend to live in higher tree regions and move around on all fours on more horizontally oriented branches, while the Leontocebus species live in the layer of the low trees and in bushes and often jump between more or less vertical branches.

food

Saguinus species are omnivores that feed primarily on fruits and insects. To a lesser extent, they also consume other parts of plants such as flowers and nectar, as well as small vertebrates and bird eggs. In some places they look for holes in the tree bark that have been gnawed by marmosets to get to tree sap - they cannot gnaw holes themselves.

The animal food of the Saguinus species consists rather of relatively conspicuous articulated animals that they catch in the foliage. The Leontocebus species, on the other hand, are primarily looking for animal prey that lives hidden in knotholes, crevices in tree bark or in the funnels of bromeliads . In addition, their hands are longer and narrower than those of the Saguinus species.

Reproduction

Very young white-footed tamarin

If there are several adult females in a group, usually only the dominant one will reproduce and ovulation of the other females will be suppressed. If there are several males in the group, the female mates with all of them ( polyandry ). Dizygoti twins are usually born after a gestation period of around 140 to 150 days. These are very large and reach around 25% of the mother's weight at birth. The males and the rest of the group take care of the young, they carry and occupy themselves with them and give them to the mother only to suckle.

After about a month, the boys begin to eat, they are finally weaned at two to three months and sexually mature in the second year of life. Saguinus species can live up to 25 years in human care .

Danger

Like many forest dwellers in Central and South America, the Saguinus species also suffer from habitat loss. Three species, the Lisztaffe , the white-footed tamarin and the two-colored tamarin are classified by the IUCN as "critically endangered" or "critically endangered".

Phylogenetic systematics of the tamarins
  Tamarins  

 Leontocebus


  Saguinus  

 mystax group


   


 oedipus group


   

 midas group


   

 bicolor  group







Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Systematics

A total of 12 Saguinus species are recognized today , which are grouped into four groups occurring in different regions. The common ancestral form of the tamarins separated from the common tamarin ( Callithrix ) about 14 million years ago and split into two clades about 11 to 8 million years ago . The first forms the genus Leontocebus , the other the four Saguinus groups.

Distribution areas of 9 Amazonian Saguinus species:
midas group:
- dark blue - red-hand tamarin,
- yellow - black hand tamarin,
- violet - black tamarin,
mystax group:
- orange - mustache tamarin ,
- light blue - marble- faced tamarin ,
- red - red-bellied tamarin ,
- light green - Mustache tamarin,
bicolor group (in the black rectangle):
- black - two-color tamarin,
- white - Martin tamarin

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Christian Matauschek, Christian Roos and Eckhard W. Heymann: Mitochondrial Phylogeny of Tamarins ( Saguinus , Hoffmannsegg 1807) with Taxonomic and Biogeographic Implications for the S. nigricollis Species Group. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144, 2014, pp. 564-574
  2. ↑ Janet C. Buckner, Jessica Lynch Alfaro, Anthony B. Rylands, Michael E. Alfaro: Biogeography of the marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 1055-7903, 2014 Elsevier Inc. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.04.031
  3. ^ Russell A. Mittermeier , Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson : Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Primates: 3. Pages 322-341, ISBN 978-8496553897
  4. ^ Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807 at ITIS
  5. ^ Christian Matauschek, Christian Roos & Eckhard W. Heymann: Mitochondrial phylogeny of tamarins ( Saguinus , Hoffmannsegg 1807) with taxonomic and biogeographic implications for the S. nigricollis species group. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol 144, Issue 4, DOI: 10.1002 / ajpa.21445 , page 45.
  6. ↑ a b c d Christian Matauschek: Taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of Tamarins (Genus Saguinus , Hoffmannsegg 1807). Page 5, University of Göttingen, 2010
  7. ↑ Gregorin, R .; De Vivo, M. 2013: Revalidation of Saguinus ursula Hoffmannsegg (Primates: Cebidae: Callitrichinae). Zootaxa , 3721 (2): 172-182. doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa.3721.2.4
  8. ^ Anthony B. Rylands, Eckhard W. Heymann, Jessica Lynch Alfaro, Janet C. Buckner, Christian Roos, Christian Matauschek, Jean P. Boubli, Ricardo Sampaio and Russell A. Mittermeier. 2016. Taxonomic Review of the New World Tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. DOI: 10.1111 / zoj.12386

Web links

Commons : Saguinus  - collection of images, videos and audio files