Jumping tamarin
| Jumping tamarin | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg)
Spring tamarin ( Callimico goeldii ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Callimico | ||||||||||||
| Miranda-Ribeiro , 1912 | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the species | ||||||||||||
| Callimico goeldii | ||||||||||||
| ( Thomas , 1904) |
The spring tamarin ( Callimico goeldii ) is a species of primate from the marmoset family . It does not belong to the genus of the tamarine , but takes on a position of its own, which shows itself in some unique features of the marmosets. The English name of the animal and the specific epithet goeldii was derived from the discoverer of the species, the Swiss naturalist Emil Goeldi .
description
Jumping tamarins are small monkeys with a head body length of 21 to 23 centimeters, plus a 25 to 32 centimeter long tail. The weight is 350 to 550 grams. Their fur is black or dark brown, the face is often colored white. Long hair on the neck and shoulders is reminiscent of a mane; there are also longer hairs on the abdomen. The limbs are rather short. As with all marmosets, the fingers and toes (with the exception of the big toe) have claws instead of nails.
Jumping tamarins show some original features in the structure of their teeth, which are not found in the other marmosets, but in the other New World monkeys . They have three (and not two) molars per half of the jaw and the upper molars have a fourth, additional cusp.
distribution and habitat
Jumping tamarins live in the western Amazon basin . Its distribution area includes the extreme west of Brazil , the area south of the Río Caquetá in Colombia , eastern Peru and the Pando department in northern Bolivia . Their habitat consists of forests, whereby they mainly stay in primary forests and bamboo forests and often avoid areas touched by humans. In the dry season they go in search of mushrooms and animal food in bamboo thickets and in areas with dense heliconia vegetation . Jumping tamarins usually stay at heights of 4 to 5 meters above the ground and rarely go into the treetops and never into the canopy of the canopies . More than other marmosets, they move by jumping and, thanks to their long hind legs and modifications in the shoulder and ankle, are adapted to climbing and jumping, even between vertical branches.
Way of life
Spring tamarins are diurnal tree dwellers. Their main abode consists of lower branches; they seldom look to tree heights of over five to ten meters. They are good at climbing and can also jump distances of four meters.
They live together in groups of six to eight animals. The groups consist of one male, one or two females and the common offspring. The individual animals of the group stay very close together and sleep huddled together. During the day they often take breaks in which to sunbathe or take care of their fur. The territory of a group covers around 30 to 60 hectares; it is marked with urine and glandular secretions. The animals communicate with one another primarily through screams. In addition to a whistle to establish contact over longer distances, they also use a high-pitched alarm tone.
nutrition
The food of the spring tamarins consists of fruits, tree sap, mushrooms, insects and small vertebrates. Fruits only make up around 29% of the diet, significantly less than the saddleback tamarins (49%) or the red-bellied tamarin (58%) common in the same area . Instead, the spring tamarin consumes many mushrooms, which this species does not only eat when other food is scarce. In the dry season, mushrooms make up about 40% of the food consumed. Three types of ear flap fungi ( Auricularia ), which grow on rotten wood, and two types of the genus Ascopolyporus (family Clavicipitaceae ) growing on bamboo are particularly important. The spring tamarin consumes the fruits of more than 50 plant species. These include Inga thibaudiana , Leonia glycycarpa , the hackberry tree Celtis iguanaea , the ant tree Cecropia sciadophylla , the nettle plant Pourouma and the sapote plant Micropholis . Jumping tamarins also eat more animal food than tamarins, especially larger grasshoppers (2.5 to 6 cm long), but also scorpions, spiders, cicadas , fishing horrors , cockroaches, moths, small lizards, frogs and bird eggs. More than tamarins, spring tamarins seek animal food just above the ground. However, they do not reach into tree hollows, as has often been observed with saddleback tamarins.
Reproduction
In contrast to the other marmosets, several females reproduce in a group and not just the dominant animal. After an average gestation period of 155 days, the female usually gives birth to a single cub and not twins as with the other marmosets. Another peculiarity is that in the first few weeks of life it is mainly the mother who takes care of the young and carries them. The father and the other group members only participate later.
The young are suckled for three months, and in the third month they start to search for food on their own. The young are sexually mature in the second year of life.
The life expectancy of the spring tamarins is up to 18 years.
Systematics
The jumping tamarin was first scientifically described in 1904 by the British zoologist Oldfield Thomas under the name Mico goeldii . In 1912, the Brazilian zoologist Alípio de Miranda-Ribeiro introduced the genus Callimico for the species that has remained monotypical since then . However, the genetic diversity of the specimens kept in human care suggests that there are several subspecies or cryptic species .
The differences in body structure and reproduction have led to the jumping tamarin being admitted to a special role within the marmosets . Sometimes it is managed in its own subfamily (Callimiconinae) or even in the family (Callimiconidae). Molecular genetic studies, however, have confirmed the position of the jumper tamarin within the marmosets. Its sister group are the marmosets , which are therefore more closely related to the spring tamarin than to the tamarins .
Danger
Jumping tamarins claim a relatively large territory and rarely come near other groups; therefore they generally do not occur very often. The deforestation of the rainforests is a threat, as is the hunting for the black market. The IUCN lists the jumping tamarin as "endangered" ( vulnerable ). It also occurs in various protected areas, e.g. B. in the national park Sierra del Divisor in Brazil and probably also in the national parks Amacayacu and La-Paya in Colombia and in the national park Manú in Peru.
literature
- Thomas Geissmann : Comparative Primatology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin et al. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6 .
- Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
- Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Russell A. Mittermeier , Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson : Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Primates: 3. , ISBN 978-8496553897 . Page 314 a. 315
- ^ Anthony B. Rylands, Eckhard W. Heymann, Jessica Lynch Alfaro, Janet C. Buckner, Christian Roos, Christian Matauschek, Jean P. Boubli, Ricardo Sampaio and Russell A. Mittermeier. 2016. Taxonomic Review of the New World Tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi: 10.1111 / zoj.12386
- ^ IUCN entry
