Human coronavirus OC43

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Human coronavirus OC43
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Pisuviricota
Class : Pisoniviricetes
Order : Nidovirals
Subordination : Cornidovirineae
Family : Coronaviridae
Subfamily : Orthocoronavirinae
Genre : Beta coronavirus
Subgenus : Embecovirus
Type : Betacoronavirus 1
Subspecies : Human coronavirus OC43
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear
Baltimore : Group 4
Cover : available
Scientific name
Human coronavirus OC43
Short name
HCoV-OC43
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 31631
ICTV Taxon History: 201851861 (species)

The human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a coronavirus from the species Betacoronavirus 1 that can infect both humans and animals. The virus has an envelope, and as the genetic material a strand single-stranded RNA of positive polarity, it binds to the N-acetylneuraminic acid - receptor . With the human coronavirus 229E , the human coronavirus NL63 and the human coronavirus HKU1 , the human coronavirus OC43 is one of the viruses that can cause a common cold . As with other coronaviruses of the genus Betacoronavirus , subgenus Embecovirus, there is an additional, shorter spike on the surface , called hemagglutinin esterase ( English hemagglutinin esterase , HE protein ).

The virus was discovered in 1967 by Ken McIntosh at Harvard Medical School. It is also found in rodents.

virology

Like all human pathogenic coronaviruses, the virus originates from a bat coronavirus and has spread to humans via cattle as intermediate hosts.

So far, four genotypes (A to D) of the human coronavirus OC43 have been identified, with genotype D probably representing a recombination. Complete sequencing of the genomes of C and D shows recombinations between types B and C in the formation of type D. None of the 29 identified chains belonged to the older type A. A molecular temporal analysis of the spike and capsule genes dates the youngest common ancestor of all Genotype in the 1950s. The common origin of genotypes B and C is in the 1980s, with genotype B being dated to the 1990s and genotype C to the late 1990s or early 2000s. The genotype D resulting from recombination was only discovered in 2004.

Pathogenesis

Like HCoV-229E, a virus belonging to the alphacoronavirus genus, HCoV-OC43 causes colds. Both types of virus can also cause serious infections of the respiratory system, including pneumonia in infants, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems, such as those on chemotherapy or those infected with HIV .

Epidemiology

Coronaviruses are spread around the world and cause 10-15% of all colds. The frequency of infection shows seasonal patterns, with most infections occurring in the winter months.

Possible cause of the Russian flu around 1890

For the causative agent of the Russian flu pandemic around 1890 with one to one and a half million deaths, an influenza virus A , such as A / H3N8 or A / H2N2 , is conventionally assumed. According to a Belgian research group led by Marc van Ranst, the disease was not influenza at all; it could have been HCoV-OC43 even then. The virus, which originally came from mice, could have spread to humans via cattle. In a study that has not yet been published, this hypothesis, published 15 years ago in Belgium, was confirmed by Danish researchers. In it, Lone Simonsen, epidemiologist at the University of Roskilde , analyzes historical health data and simulates the virus mutation backwards with bioinformatics experts from the Technical University of Denmark .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Taxonomy history: Betacoronavirus, ICTV Master Species List 2018b, MSL # 34. February 2019, accessed February 1, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  3. ↑ Paul Lee: Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 in Hong Kong . The University of Hong Kong Libraries. doi : 10.5353 / th_b4501128 .
  4. ↑ a b Taxonomy browser (Betacoronavirus 1) . Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  5. ↑ Yvonne Xinyi Lim, Yan Ling Ng, James P. Tam, Ding Xiang Liu: Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus – Host Interactions . In: Diseases . 4, No. 3, July 25, 2016, p. 26. doi : 10.3390 / diseases4030026 . PMID 28933406 . PMC 5456285 (free full text). "See Table 1."
  6. ↑ Fang Li: Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins . In: Annual Review of Virology . 3, No. 1, September 29, 2016, pp. 237–261. doi : 10.1146 / annurev-virology-110615-042301 . PMID 27578435 . PMC 5457962 (free full text). "BCoV S1-NTD does not recognize galactose as galectins do. Instead, it recognizes 5-N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) (30, 43). The same sugar receptor is also recognized by human coronavirus OC43 (43, 99). OC43 and BCoV are closely related genetically, and OC43 might have resulted from zoonotic spillover of BCoV (100, 101). "
  7. ↑ SKP Lau, P. Lee, AKL Tsang, CCY Yip, H. Tse: Molecular Epidemiology of Human Coronavirus OC43 Reveals Evolution of Different Genotypes over Time and Recent Emergence of a Novel Genotype due to Natural Recombination . In: Journal of Virology . tape 85 , no. 21 , November 1, 2011, ISSN  0022-538X , p. 11325–11337 , doi : 10.1128 / JVI.05512-11 , PMID 21849456 , PMC 3194943 (free full text).
  8. ↑ ER Gaunt, A. Hardie, ECJ Claas, P. Simmonds, KE Templeton: Epidemiology and Clinical Presentations of the Four Human Coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 Detected over 3 Years Using a Novel Multiplex Real-Time PCR Method . In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology . tape 48 , no. 8 , August 1, 2010, ISSN  0095-1137 , p. 2940-2947 , doi : 10.1128 / JCM.00636-10 , PMID 20554810 , PMC 2916580 (free full text).
  9. ↑ Patrick CY Woo, Yi Huang, Susanna KP Lau, Kwok-Yung Yuen: Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis . In: Viruses . 2, No. 8, August 24, 2010, pp. 1804-20. doi : 10.3390 / v2081803 . PMID 21994708 . PMC 3185738 (free full text). "In all members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A, a haemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene, which encodes a glycoprotein with neuraminate O-acetyl-esterase activity and the active site FGDS, is present downstream to ORF1ab and upstream to S gene (Figure 1). "
  10. ↑ a b Alex Knapp: The secret history of the first coronavirus 229E , in Forbes from April 12, 2020
  11. ↑ a b David Cyranoski: Virology: Portrait of a killer , online edition of the article in Scientific American No. 8, August 2020, pp 40-49.
  12. ↑ Susanna KP Lau, Paul Lee, Alan KL Tsang, Cyril CY Yip, Herman Tse, Rodney A. Lee, Lok-Yee So, Y.-L. Lau, Kwok-Hung Chan, Patrick CY Woo, Kwok-Yung Yuen: Molecular Epidemiology of Human Coronavirus OC43 Reveals Evolution of Different Genotypes over Time and Recent Emergence of a Novel Genotype due to Natural Recombination . In: Journal of Virology . 85, No. 21, 2011, pp. 11325-37. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.05512-11 . PMID 21849456 . PMC 3194943 (free full text).
  13. ↑ Brigitte A. Wevers, Lia Van Der Hoek: Recently Discovered Human Coronaviruses . In: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine . 29, No. 4, 2009, pp. 715-724. doi : 10.1016 / j.cll.2009.07.007 . PMID 19892230 .
  14. ↑ James B. Mahony: Coronaviruses . In: Patrick R. Murray et al. (Ed.): Manual of Clinical Microbiology , 9th Edition, ASM Press, Washington DC 2007, ISBN 978-1-55581-371-0 , pp. 1414-23.
  15. ↑ K. Pyrc, B. Berkhout, L. Van Der Hoek: Antiviral Strategies Against Human Coronaviruses . In: Infectious Disorders Drug Targets . 7, No. 1, 2007, pp. 59-66. doi : 10.2174 / 187152607780090757 . PMID 17346212 .
  16. ↑ L Van Der Hoek: Human coronaviruses: What do they cause? . In: Antiviral Therapy . 12, No. 4 Pt B, 2007, pp. 651-8. PMID 17944272 .
  17. ↑ Dennis Wat: The common cold: A review of the literature . In: European Journal of Internal Medicine . 15, No. 2, 2004, pp. 79-88. doi : 10.1016 / j.ejim.2004.01.006 . PMID 15172021 .
  18. ↑ Maïthé Chini: Coronavirus possibly caused a million deaths in 1890, says Marc Van Ranst , in: The Brussels Times of June 15, 2020
  19. ↑ Niels Anner: 130 years ago a coronavirus paralyzed the world , in: NZZ am Sonntag of August 30, 2020