Human coronavirus HKU1

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Human coronavirus HKU1
Coronavirus-HKU1.png

Formation of large, multinucleated giant cells ( syncytia ) from human alveolar cells that are infected with HCoV-HKU1. The cells were stained green with fluorescein using a special procedure , the cell nuclei were stained blue with DAPI . An efficient infection with the spread from cell to cell and the formation of syncytia can be clearly seen.

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Pisuviricota
Class : Pisoniviricetes
Order : Nidovirals
Subordination : Cornidovirineae
Family : Coronaviridae
Subfamily : Orthocoronavirinae
Genre : Beta coronavirus
Subgenus : Embecovirus
Type : Human coronavirus HKU1
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear
Baltimore : Group 4
Symmetry : helical
Cover : available
Scientific name
Human coronavirus HKU1
Short name
HCoV-HKU1
Left

The Human coronavirus HKU1 ( scientifically Human coronavirus HKU1 , HCoV-HKU1 ) is a type (species) in the virus - Family Coronaviridae . In humans, infection results in upper respiratory disease with symptoms of the common cold , but it can also lead to pneumonia and bronchiolitis . The virus originally came from infected mice. It was first discovered in two patients in Hong Kong in January 2005 . Subsequent investigations showed that it has a global distribution and must have originated earlier.

The virus is enveloped and has a genome made up of a single- stranded RNA with positive polarity . The virus particles (virions) enter into the host cell on by them to their N-acetylneuraminic - receptors bind. HCoV-HKU1 has the hemagglutinin esterase gene ( HE gene , English hemagglutinin esterase gene ), which identifies it as a member of the genus Betacoronavirus and subgenus Embecovirus (Equine and Murine Betacoronaviruses).

discovery

HCoV-HKU1 was first identified in January 2005 by Woo et al. in a 71-year-old man in Hong Kong identified that with acute shortness of breath and a radiologically confirmed bilateral pneumonia (bilateral pneumonia) has been hospitalized. The patient had recently from Shenzhen ( mainland China returned) to Hong Kong.

Systematics

External system

HCoV-HKU1 is one of seven known coronaviruses that infect humans, alongside HCoV-229E , HCoV-NL63 , HCoV-OC43 , MERS-CoV , the original SARS-CoV (or SARS-CoV-1), and SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19 ).

Woo et al. were unsuccessful in their attempts to grow a cell line with HCoV-HKU1. However, they were able to determine the complete genome sequence . The phylogenetic analysis showed that HCoV-HKU1 is most closely related to the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV, "murine hepatitis virus", species Murine coronavirus ). The same species also contains the puffinosis coronavirus (PV), which affects the Atlantic shearwater ( Puffinus puffinus ). The species Betacoronavirus 1 with the human pathogenic representative HCoV-OC43 is somewhat more closely related . All of these coronaviruses belong to the subgenus Embecovirus .

When analyzing the genes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N), contradicting phylogenetic relationships were discovered. Complete genome sequencing of 22 strains of HCoV-HKU1 confirmed that this was due to natural recombination ( reassortment ). These results confirm once again that coronaviruses have this ability even though their RNA genome, in contrast to influenza A viruses, consists of only a single piece (unsegmented or monopartite). Such a process must also have taken place when the original SARS virus SARS-CoV-1 developed. Similar suspicions are also made for the development of SARS-CoV-2 , the causative agent of COVID-19. As with the influenza A virus , a double infection of a host with genetically similar virus strains is a prerequisite .

Internal system

According to the NCBI, three strains or isolates N1 to N3 of the species HCoV-HKU1 are distinguished:

Epidemiology

A traceability analysis of SARS-CoV -negative nasopharyngeal aspirates (these are samples from the nasopharynx with inhaled foreign material) from patients with respiratory diseases during the SARS pandemic of 2002/2003 showed the detection of RNA in a sample of a 35-year-old patient with pneumonia from CoV-HKU1.

Following the initial reports of the discovery of HCoV-HKU1, the virus was identified in 10 patients in Northern Australia that same year . Breath samples were taken between May and August (i.e. during the Australian winter). It was found that most of the HCoV-HKU1-positive samples came from children in the later winter months.

The first known cases in the Western Hemisphere were discovered in 2005 by virologists at Yale-New Haven Hospital , New Haven, Connecticut . They conducted a study on samples collected from 851 infants and children over a period of 7 weeks (December 2001 to February 2002). These children had respiratory infections (so severe in one girl that mechanical ventilation was required) at the time the sample was taken. Samples from nine children had tested positive (present) for HCoV-HKU1, however tests fell for other possible causes like that

through direct immunofluorescence tests , as well

by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( English reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction , RT-PCR) negative.

The strains found in New Haven should therefore not be confused with the strain HCoV-NH (New Haven Coronavirus), a strain of HCoV-NL63. Instead, the researchers found that the strains identified in this New Haven study were similar to those found in Hong Kong, suggesting a global distribution of HCoV-HKU1.

Six more cases were reported in France in July 2005. The French researchers used improved techniques to obtain the virus from nasopharyngeal aspirates and from stool samples.


Individual evidence

  1. ICTV Master Species List 2018b v2 MSL # 34v, March 2019.
  2. a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  3. Yvonne Xinyi Lim, Yan Ling Ng, James P. Tam, Ding Xiang Liu: Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus – Host Interactions . In: Diseases . 4, No. 3, July 25, 2016, ISSN  2079-9721 , p. 26. doi : 10.3390 / diseases4030026 . PMID 28933406 . PMC 5456285 (free full text). "See Table 1."
  4. David Cyranoski: Virology: Portrait of a Killer , online edition of the article in Spectrum of Science No. 8, August 2020, pp. 40–49
  5. a b c d e S. K. P. Lau, P. C. Y. Woo, C. C. Y. Yip, H. Tse, H.-w. Tsoi, V.C.C. Cheng, P. Lee, B.S.F. Tang, C.H. Y. Cheung, R.A. Lee, L.-y. So, Y.-l. Lau, K.-h. Chan, K.-y. Yuen: Coronavirus HKU1 and Other Coronavirus Infections in Hong Kong . In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 44, No. 6, 2006, pp. 2063-2071. doi : 10.1128 / JCM.02614-05 . PMID 16757599 . PMC 1489438 (free full text).
  6. A. Vabret, J. Dina, S. Gouarin, J. Petitjean, S. Corbet, F. Freymuth: Detection of the New Human Coronavirus HKU1: A Report of 6 Cases . In: Clinical Infectious Diseases . 42, No. 5, 2006, pp. 634-639. doi : 10.1086 / 500136 . PMID 16447108 .
  7. Alex Knapp: The secret history of the first coronavirus 229E , in Forbes from April 12, 2020
  8. Yvonne Xinyi Lim, Yan Ling Ng, James P. Tam, Ding Xiang Liu: Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus – Host Interactions . In: Diseases . 4, No. 3, July 25, 2016, ISSN  2079-9721 , p. 26. doi : 10.3390 / diseases4030026 . PMID 28933406 . PMC 5456285 (free full text). "See Table 1."
  9. Patrick C. Y. Woo, Yi Huang, Susanna K. P. Lau, Kwok-Yung Yuen: Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis . In: Viruses . 2, No. 8, August 24, 2010, ISSN  1999-4915 , pp. 1804-1820. doi : 10.3390 / v2081803 . PMID 21994708 . PMC 3185738 (free full text). "In all members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A, a haemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene, which encodes a glycoprotein with neuraminate O-acetyl-esterase activity and the active site FGDS, is present downstream to ORF1ab and upstream to S gene. See Figure 1. "
  10. P. C. Y. Woo, S. K. P. Lau, C.-m. Chu, K.-h. Chan, H.-w. Tsoi, Y. Huang, B. H. L. Wong, R. W. S. Poon, J. J. Cai, W.-k. Luk, L. L. M. Poon, S. S. Y. Wong, Y. Guan, J.S. M. Peiris, K.-y. Yuen: Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia . In: Journal of Virology . 79, No. 2, 2004, pp. 884-895. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.79.2.884-895.2005 . PMID 15613317 . PMC 538593 (free full text).
  11. Raoul J. de Groot: Revision of the family Coronaviridae ( en ) 2009. Retrieved on January 23, 2020: “ Murine coronavirus (new) (comprised of existing species Murine hepatitis virus , Rat coronavirus and puffinosis virus ) […] Species Murine hepatitis virus ; Puffinosis coronavirus ; Council coronavirus (these are to be united in a new species Murine coronavirus in a new genus Betacoronavirus ) "
  12. P. C. Y. Woo, S. K. P. Lau, C. C. Y. Yip, Y. Huang, H.-W. Tsoi, K.-H. Chan, K.-Y. Yuen: Comparative Analysis of 22 Coronavirus HKU1 Genomes Reveals a Novel Genotype and Evidence of Natural Recombination in Coronavirus HKU1 . In: Journal of Virology . 80, No. 14, 2006, pp. 7136-45. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.00509-06 . PMID 16809319 . PMC 1489027 (free full text).
  13. NCBI: Human coronavirus HKU1 (species)
  14. T. Sloots, P. McErlean, D. Speicher, K. Arden, M. Nissen, I. MacKay: Evidence of human coronavirus HKU1 and human bocavirus in Australian children . In: Journal of Clinical Virology . 35, No. 1, 2006, pp. 99-102. doi : 10.1016 / j.jcv.2005.09.008 . PMID 16257260 .
  15. ^ Lia van der Hoek, Ben Berkhout: Questions concerning the New Haven Coronavirus , The Journal of Infectious Diseases 192 (2): 350-351, August 2005; doi: 10.1086 / 430795 , PMID 15962232
  16. Frank Esper, Carla Weibel, David Ferguson, Marie L. Landry, Jeffrey S. Kahn: Coronavirus HKU1 Infection in the United States . In: Emerging Infectious Diseases . 12, No. 5, 2006, pp. 775-779. doi : 10.3201 / eid1205.051316 . PMID 16704837 . PMC 3374449 (free full text).

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