Human coronavirus NL63

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Human coronavirus NL63
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Pisuviricota
Class : Pisoniviricetes
Order : Nidovirals
Subordination : Cornidovirineae
Family : Coronaviridae
Subfamily : Orthocoronavirinae
Genre : Alphacoronavirus
Subgenus : Setracovirus
Type : Human coronavirus NL63
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear
Baltimore : Group 4
Symmetry : helical
Cover : available
Scientific name
Human coronavirus NL63
Short name
HCov-NL63
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 277944
ICTV Taxon History: 201851853

The Human coronavirus NL63 ( scientifically Human coronavirus NL63 , HCoV-NL63 ) is a species in the virus - Family Coronaviridae has been identified, the end of 2004, a seven-month-old child with bronchiolitis in the Netherlands.

The virus is enveloped and has a genome made up of a single- stranded RNA with positive polarity .

The virus particles (virions) occur in the host cell a in which they at their converting enzyme angiotensin 2 - receptors (ACE2 receptor) bind.

Infections with the virus have been confirmed around the world and the infection is linked to a number of common symptoms and diseases. The signs associated with this include mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections and severe lower respiratory infections, croup, and bronchiolitis .

HCoV-NL63 is mainly seen in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory diseases. In the temperate climates there is a seasonal association. In a study conducted in Amsterdam , the presence of HCoV-NL63 was estimated in about 4.7% of the most common respiratory diseases. HCoV-NL63 has its origins in coronaviruses from infected musangs and bats . HCoV-NL63 is one of seven known representatives of the Coronaviridae that infect humans, including HCoV-229E , HCoV-OC43 , HCoV-HKU1 , MERS-CoV , the original SARS-CoV (i.e. SARS-CoV-1) and SARS- CoV-2 . It is estimated that the last common ancestor with HCoV-229E existed about 1000 years ago; it has likely been circulating in humans for centuries.

Symptoms

The first cases of HCoV-NL63 infection were found in young children admitted to hospitals for severe lower respiratory diseases. The clinical presentation of infection can be severe, but there are also mild cases of respiratory infections. Because there are often multiple infections from HCoV-NL63 and other pathogens, it is difficult to determine the specific symptoms of the virus. A study of clinical symptoms in HCoV-NL63 patients without secondary infection found that fever, cough, rhinitis , sore throat, hoarseness, bronchitis , bronchiolitis , pneumonia, and croup are the most common symptoms. An early study in children with lower respiratory diseases found that HCoV-NL63 was found more often in outpatients than in hospitalized patients. This suggests that it is a cold virus and that it is similar to HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, so it generally causes less severe symptoms. However, the high incidence of croup is specific to HCoV-NL63 infection.

Spread

The seasonal distribution of HCoV-NL63 shows a highest detection frequency between November and March

HCoV-NL63 is believed to spread through direct person-to-person transmission in densely populated areas. The virus particles can survive outside the human body in aqueous solutions at room temperature for up to a week and on dry surfaces for up to three hours. Most people will get infected with a coronavirus at some point in their life, but some segments of the population are more prone to HCoV-NL63. These include children under the age of 5, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. HCoV-NL63 appears to have a seasonal preference; in temperate climates it is most common in the winter months. In more extreme and tropical climates, the virus has no preference for a particular time of year. Many studies have reported the coexistence of HCoV-NL63 with other human coronaviruses, influenza A viruses , human orthopneumoviruses ( human respiratory syncytial virus , hRSV), parainfluenza viruses, and human metapneumoviruses (hMPV).

Transmission and cycle of reproduction

The transmission of HCoV-NL63 probably occurs through the expulsion of droplets from the airways, either through the air or through smear infection , such as close personal contact. The virions can persist in respiratory secretions for up to seven days and remain infectious at room temperature. As soon as the virus particle has penetrated the host organism, it binds to cellular receptors with the help of spike proteins , similar to other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-COC,), but also HIV-1 . The virions can angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ( English angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 use ACE2) as an entry receptor to enter cells to bind to the target and into this. The exact way in which the virions enter the host cells has not yet been determined; entry into the cell occurs either through direct cell fusion with the plasma membrane or through endocytosis , followed by a fusion (fusion) of the capsid shell of the virions with the cellular surrounding them Membrane. As a cDNA clone of the HCoV-NL63 genome is not yet available, research on the replication cycle is limited. Since it is a single-stranded RNA virus (ssRNA virus) of positive polarity , the replication processes should take place via transcription and translation in the cytoplasm of the infected cell.

diagnosis

It is difficult to distinguish between symptoms caused by infection with HCoV-NL63 virus and those caused by other common human viruses, making diagnosis and detection complex. The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of samples collected through a nasopharyngeal swab is the most common method used to detect the virus. Virus culture or blood serum tests for antibodies can also be used to confirm infection.

prevention

The US Centers for control and prevention of diseases ( English Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , CDC) recommend various measures to prevent infection by HCoV-NL63, including: Frequent hand washing with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick And not touching eyes, mouth or nose.

Course of the disease and treatment

Treatment for infection with HCoV-NL63 will depend on the severity of the symptoms associated with it. Most mild to moderate infections go away on their own. Symptoms can be relieved by taking pain relievers or fever medication, taking a hot shower, or using a humidifier. Antiviral treatment may be required for infected patients receiving intensive care for an acute respiratory infection. Intravenous immunoglobulin is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved HCoV-NL63 inhibitor that is also used to treat primary immunodeficiency (primary means no sequelae of another disease), hRSV, and Kawasaki syndrome .

Systematics

External system

According to ICTV (and NCBI) the species HCov-NL63 is placed together with the related species NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b in the common subgenus Setracovirus of the genus Alphacoronavirus :

  • Genus Alphacoronavirus
  • Setracovirus subgenus

Internal system

The NCBI lists three strains in the species HCov-NL63:

  • Species Human coronavirus NL63
  • Human coronavirus 1196/2001 / NL
  • Human coronavirus 3363/2000 / NL
  • Human group 1 coronavirus associated with pneumonia

According to other sources, a coronavirus originally found in New Haven, Connecticut appears

  • "New Haven Coronavirus" ("HCoV-NH")

being a subtype of HCoV-NL63 (however, a coronavirus found there later belongs to HCoV-HKU1 ).

Current research

Recent data suggest an association of HCoV-NL63 infection with Kawasaki syndrome , a systemic vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) in children that can lead to aneurysms of the coronary arteries . In developed countries, Kawasaki syndrome is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children.

A further analysis of the HCoV-NL63 pathogenicity therefore seems appropriate, especially on the basis of the more recent evidence that this virus uses the same cellular receptor ACE2 as the representatives of the SARS-CoV species (including the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic ).

HCoV-NL63 was also found in the intestinal tract of infected people and is then associated with gastroenteritis . This type of infection is the direct result of viral invasion of the lining of the intestine . The role of HCoV-NL63 in gastroenteritis is also unclear here due to typical co-infection with other viruses under the given conditions. Infection with HCoV-NL63 is due to its role in many mild to moderate respiratory infections and comorbidity (the simultaneous occurrence) probably often not detected with other diseases. Therefore, more extensive, population-based studies have been proposed to investigate the effects of this virus on areas of the body outside the airways.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b v2 MSL # 34v, March 2019.
  2. ↑ a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  3. ↑ a b c d S. Abdul-Rasool, B. C. Fielding: Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63 . In: The Open Virology Journal . 4, May 2010, pp. 76-84. doi : 10.2174 / 1874357901004010076 . PMID 20700397 . PMC 2918871 (free full text).
  4. ↑ Alex Knapp: The secret history of the first coronavirus 229E
  5. ↑ RefSeq: ACE2 angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 - genes . February 28, 2020. Accessed March 21, 2020: “The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the angiotensin converting enzyme family of the dipeptidyl carboxydipeptidases and has considerable homology to the human angiotensin 1 converting enzyme. This secreted protein catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I into angiotensin 1-9, and angiotensin II into the vasodilator -angiotensin 1-7. The organ- and cell-specific expression of this gene suggests that it could play a role in the regulation of cardiovascular and kidney function as well as fertility . In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike - glycoprotein of the human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and the human heavy-acute airway syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 ( COVID-19 virus). " English original text: " The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme family of dipeptidyl carboxydipeptidases and has considerable homology to human angiotensin 1 converting enzyme. This secreted protein catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I into angiotensin 1-9, and angiotensin II into the vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. The organ- and cell-specific expression of this gene suggests that it may play a role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function, as well as fertility. In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus). "

  6. ↑ A. R. Fehr, S. Perlman: Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis . In: Springer: H. J. Maier, E. Bickerton, P. Britton (Eds.): Methods in Molecular Biology . 1282, 2015, pp. 1–23. doi : 10.1007 / 978-1-4939-2438-7_1 . PMID 25720466 . PMC 4369385 (free full text).
  7. ↑ a b L. van der Hoek, K. Pyrc, B. Berkhout: Human coronavirus NL63 , a new respiratory virus . In: FEMS Microbiology Reviews . 30, No. 5, September 2006, pp. 760-773. doi : 10.1111 / j.1574-6976.2006.00032.x . PMID 16911043 .
  8. ↑ Yvonne Xinyi Lim, Yan Ling Ng, James P. Tam, Ding Xiang Liu: Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus – Host Interactions . In: Diseases . 4, No. 3, July 25, 2016, ISSN  2079-9721 , p. 26. doi : 10.3390 / diseases4030026 . PMID 28933406 . PMC 5456285 (free full text). "See table 1."
  9. ↑ David Cyranoski: Virology: Portrait of a Killer , online edition of the article in Spectrum of Science No. 8, August 2020, pp. 40–49
  10. ↑ K pyrC: Mosaic structure of human coronavirus NL63, one thousand years of evolution. . In: J. Mol. Biol. . 364, 2006, ISSN  0022-2836 , pp. 964-973.
  11. ^ L. van der Hoek, B. Berkhout: Questions concerning the New Haven coronavirus . In: The Journal of Infectious Diseases . 192, No. 2, July 2005, pp. 350-351; Answer of the authors pp. 353–354. doi : 10.1086 / 430795 . PMID 15962232 .
  12. ↑ Human Coronavirus . In: Public Health Agency of Canada . August 19, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  13. ↑ a b c H. Hofmann, K. Pyrc, L. van der Hoek, M. Geier, B. Berkhout, S. Pöhlmann: Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 102, No. 22, May 2005, pp. 7988-7993. bibcode : 2005PNAS..102.7988H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0409465102 . PMID 15897467 . PMC 1142358 (free full text).
  14. ↑ About Coronavirus . In: Center for Disease Control . Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  15. ↑ NCBI: Setracovirus (subgenus)
  16. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  17. ↑ NCBI: NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b (species)
  18. ↑ NCBI: Human coronavirus NL63 (species)
  19. ^ Lia van der Hoek, Ben Berkhout: Questions concerning the New Haven Coronavirus , The Journal of Infectious Diseases 192 (2): 350-351, August 2005; doi: 10.1086 / 430795 , PMID 15962232
  20. ↑ Frank Esper, Carla Weibel, David Ferguson, Marie L. Landry, Jeffrey S. Kahn: Coronavirus HKU1 Infection in the United States . In: Emerging Infectious Diseases . 12, No. 5, 2006, pp. 775-779. doi : 10.3201 / eid1205.051316 . PMID 16704837 . PMC 3374449 (free full text).
  21. ↑ Kawasaki Disease . In: Mayo Clinic . Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  22. ↑ B. C. Fielding: Human coronavirus NL63: a clinically important virus? . In: Future Microbiology . 6, No. 2, February, pp. 153-159. doi : 10.2217 / fmb.10.166 . PMID 21366416 .

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