Horseshoe bats
Horseshoe bats | ||||||||||||
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Great horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus ferrumequinum ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
Rhinolophidae | ||||||||||||
JE Gray , 1825 | ||||||||||||
Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
Rhinolophus | ||||||||||||
Lacépède , 1799 |
The horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae) represent a family from the order of the bats . The family comprises 109 species, all of which belong to the genus Rhinolophus . The round-leaf noses (Hipposideridae) are sometimes incorporated into the horseshoe bats as the subfamily Hipposiderinae.
distribution
Horseshoe bats are common in Eurasia , Africa, and Australia . Five species can also be found in Europe , namely
- the greater horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus ferrumequinum ),
- the lesser horseshoe bat ( R. hipposideros ),
- the Mediterranean horseshoe bat ( R. euryale ),
- the Blasius horseshoe bat ( R. blasii )
- and the Meheley horseshoe bat ( R. mehelyi ).
Other species of the genus are:
- Pointed horseshoe bat ( R. acuminatus Peters, 1871)
- Congo horseshoe bat ( R. adami Aellen & Brosset, 1968)
- Java horseshoe bat ( R. affinis Horsfield, 1823)
- Alkyone horseshoe bat ( R. alcyone Temminck, 1852)
- R. andamanensis Dobson, 1872 (differentiated from Andaman horseshoe bat, see below)
- R. anderseni Cabrera, 1909
- Luzon horseshoe bat ( R. arcuatus Peters, 1871)
- Kerala horseshoe bat ( R. beddomei Andersen, 1905)
- Belligerator horseshoe bat ( R. belligerator Patrick & McCulloch & Ruedas, 2013)
- Bukhara horseshoe bat ( R. bocharicus Kastschenko & Akimov, 1917)
- Borneo horseshoe bat ( R. borneensis Peters, 1861)
- Tanduy horseshoe bat ( R. canuti Thomas & Wroughton, 1909)
- Cape horseshoe bat ( R. capensis Lichtenstein, 1823)
- Sulawesi horseshoe bat ( R. celebensis K. Andersen, 1905)
- Ledang horseshoe bat ( R. chiewkweeae Yoshiyuki & Lim, 2005)
- Arabian horseshoe bat ( R. clivosus Cretzschmar, 1828)
- Saluen horseshoe bat ( R. coelophyllus Peters, 1867)
- Andaman horseshoe bat ( R. cognatus K. Andersen, 1906)
- Baberton horseshoe bat ( R. cohenae Taylor & Stoffberg & Monadjem & Schoeman & Bayliss & Cotterill, 2012)
- Pahang horseshoe bat ( R. convexus Csorba, 1997)
- Horn horseshoe bat ( R. cornutus Temminck, 1835)
- Sandakan's horseshoe bat ( R. creaghi Thomas, 1896)
- R. darlingi K. Andersen, 1905
- R.deckii Peters, 1867
- R. denti Thomas, 1904
- R. eloquens K. Andersen, 1905
- R. euryotis Temminck, 1835
- R. francisi Soisook et al. 2015
- R. fumigatus Rüppell, 1842
- R. guineensis Eisentraut, 1960
- R. hildebrandti Peters, 1878
- R. imaizumii Hill & Yoshiyuki, 1980
- R. inops K. Andersen, 1905
- R. keyensis Peters, 1871
- R. landeri Martin, 1838
- R. lepidus Blyth, 1844
- R. luctus Temminck, 1835
- R. maclaudi Pousargues, 1897
- Big-eared horseshoe bat ( R. macrotis Blyth, 1844)
- Malay horseshoe bat ( R. malayanus Bonhote, 1903)
- R. marshalli Thonglongya, 1973
- R. megaphyllus Gray, 1834
- R. mitratus Blyth, 1844
- R. monoceros K. Andersen, 1905
- Rhinolophus nereis K. Andersen, 1905
- Osgood's horseshoe bat ( R. osgoodi Sanborn, 1939)
- R. paradoxolophus (Bourret, 1951)
- Pearson's horseshoe bat ( R. pearsonii Horsfield, 1851)
- R. philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843
- R. pusillus Temminck, 1834
- R. rex GM Allen, 1923
- R. robinsoni K. Andersen, 1918
- R. rouxii Temminck, 1835
- R. rufus Eydoux & Gervais, 1836
- R. sedulus K. Andersen, 1905
- R. Shameli Tate, 1943
- Siamese horseshoe bat ( R. siamensis Gyldenstolpe, 1917)
- R. silvestris Aellen, 1959
- R. simplex K. Andersen, 1905
- R. simulator K. Andersen, 1904
- Chinese horseshoe bat ( R. sinicus K. Andersen, 1905)
- Southern brown horseshoe bat (aka Selangor horseshoe bat, R. stheno K. Andersen, 1905)
- Vietnamese horseshoe bat ( R. microglobosus , considered a subspecies)
- R. subbadius Blyth, 1844
- R. subrufus K. Andersen, 1905
- R. swinnyi Gough, 1908
- R. tatar Bergmans & Rozendaal, 1982
- R. thomasi K. Andersen, 1905
- R. trifoliatus Temminck, 1834
- Yellow-faced horseshoe bat ( R. virgo K. Andersen, 1905)
- R. yunanensis Dobson, 1872
description
The animals get their name from the leaf-like skin formations that surround the nostrils. These consist of a horseshoe-shaped lower flap, which is sunk in the middle and in which the two nostrils are located, and a saddle, which closes the nostrils at the top and is reminiscent of an ax lying behind . There is also a lancet, a triangular, pointed structure on the forehead. This nose is used by the horseshoe bats to amplify the sound. The ears have a noticeably broad base and taper to a point.
The wings of the animals are very broad, and the short tail is completely integrated into the flight membrane. The flight of the animals seems rather slow and wobbling with long gliding distances, but the maneuverability of the animals is very good.
Horseshoe bats reach a head body length of 35 to 110 millimeters and a weight of four to 30 grams.
Way of life
In their roosts, the animals usually hang individually and are completely smashed into their flight skin. If they are disturbed, they can start straight away without long lethargy. Like other bats, the animals hunt at night and use echolocation to find their way around . The sounds are emitted through their nostrils. They very often catch their prey, mainly insects and spiders , with the arm fly skin.
Medical importance
In September 2005, four Rhinolophus species, the red-brown Chinese horseshoe bat ( R. sinicus ), the great horseshoe bat ( R. ferrumequinum ), the big-eared horseshoe bat ( R. macrotis ) and the Pearson's horseshoe bat ( R. pearsoni ) became natural reservoirs of SARS coronavirus-like viruses (subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus ) identified, and thus the origin of the SARS outbreaks in 2002-2004.
literature
- Wilfried Schober, Eckhard Grimmberger: The bats of Europe. Know, determine, protect. 2nd updated and expanded edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07597-4 .
- Hans Schneider , Franz Peter Möhres : The ear movements of the horseshoe bats (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae) and the mechanism of picture hearing. In: Journal of Comparative Physiology . Vol. 44, No. 1, 1960, pp. 1-40, doi: 10.1007 / BF00297861 .
- Hans Schneider: The sinus hairs of the great horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum (Schreber, 1774). In: Journal of Mammals . Vol. 28, 1963, pp. 342-349, ( online ).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799 at ITIS
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Horseshoe-nosed bats , on: Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald , Oberursel from December 16, 2015
- ↑ a b c Chelmala Srinivasulu, Aditya Srinivasulu, Bhargavi Srinivasulu and Gareth Jones. 2019. Integrated Approaches to Identifying Cryptic Bat Species in Areas of High Endemism: The Case of Rhinolophus andamanensis in the Andaman Islands. PLoS ONE. 14 (10): e0213562. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0213562
- ↑ a b c Hong Zhou, Xing Chen, Tao Hu, Juan Li, Hao Song, Yanran Liu, Peihan Wang, Di Liu, Jing Yang, Edward C. Holmes, Alice C. Hughes, Yuhai Bi, Weifeng Shi: A novel bat coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV-2 contains natural insertions at the S1 / S2 cleavage site of the spike protein . In: Current Biology. May 11, 2020 (pre-proof), doi: 10.1016 / j.cub.2020.05.023 .
- ↑ [Mammalogy • 2019] Rhinolophus andamanensis • Integrated Approaches to Identifying Cryptic Bat Species in Areas of High Endemism , on: novataxa of October 31, 2019
- ↑ a b c Stefan Hintsche: System of living beings: Rhinolophidae (2013)
- ↑ Li, W., Zhengli, S., Meng, Y., et al. : Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses . Science 310 (5748), October 28, 2005, pp. 676-679, doi: 10.1126 / science.1118391
- ↑ Lau, S., Woo, P., Li, K. et al. : Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 102 (39), September 27, 2005, pp. 14040-14045, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0506735102