Mass killing in Cairo on July 27, 2013

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During the mass killing on July 27, 2013 , Egyptian security forces used extreme violence against demonstrators in the protest camp on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square near the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in the Nasr City district of Cairo , who were there against the military coup of September 3. July 2013 and for the reinstatement of the first democratically elected President of Egypt, Mohammed Morsi , who had been detained in an undisclosed location since the coup , protested.

According to the unelected interim government supported by the military under military council chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi, at least 82 people died, according to doctors and the Muslim Brotherhood, which is close to the ousted president, many more died. Egyptian and international human rights organizations put the number of protesters killed at 95 and the number of security guards killed at one police officer. According to other independent sources, there were over 100 fatalities.

After the mass killing in Cairo on July 8, 2013 , it was the second mass killing by the security forces in Cairo within two weeks and the most serious state-carried out massacre in Egypt since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011. Human Rights Watch classified the mass killing on 27 June 2013 July 2013 as an “extrajudicial mass execution”. It was sometimes referred to as the "Rābiʿa massacre", which must be differentiated from the one that took place two and a half weeks later and the "extrajudicial mass execution" of demonstrators by the security forces called the " Rābiʿa massacre ".

In Alexandria there were serious clashes on the night of July 27 and during the day, with at least ten dead.

On July 28, interim president Adli Mansur granted interim prime minister Hasim al-Beblawi by decree the power to allow the military to arrest civilians, which made it easier for the army to participate in the evacuation operations of the protest camps that had been announced for weeks.

The foreign ministers of the United States , John Kerry denied shortly after the event on 27 July, the seizure of power by the military and praised the military for having restored the overthrow Mursi at the request of the population democracy.

After the excesses of violence against Morsi supporters in Cairo in July 2013, Western media saw the danger that Egypt could slide into civil war.

prehistory

In the run-up to and in the wake of the July 3rd military coup , the security forces used gun violence against pro-Morsi demonstrators and their protest camps in Nasr City, Heliopolis and in front of Cairo University . At the end of July 2013, supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood have been protesting in front of the Cairo University in the Giza - Dokki district and on the square in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in Nasr City for almost a month .

Nasr-City: meaning and historical symbolism

The Cairo district of Nasr-City, in which the Rābi -a-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp was located, is a stronghold of middle-class families with sympathy for the Islamists and a place with high national and historical symbolism. Within Cairo, Nasr City is seen as the center of the Muslim Brotherhood, which continued to support President Mohammed Morsi, who was overthrown by the military, even after the military coup on July 3, 2013. The center of the pro-Mursi protests at the end of July 2013 was the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in Nasr City on Nasr Street . The Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque has a high level of mystical and religious symbolism, as the religious narrative to the namesake of the mosque, Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya , who died over twelve centuries before and is venerated as a saint in Islam , is cultivated in Egypt and Islamist coup opponents offers opportunities to identify with the saint who, according to the story, lived as a slave during the day and prayed at night. After the mass killings of pro-Mursi protesters on July 27 and August 14, 2013 in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in Nasr City, the R4bia campaign also made reference to the name the saints and the square and became a lasting symbol for the anti-coup movement of the Muslim Brotherhood.

In addition, the checkerboard-like satellite city of Nasr City, located in the east of Cairo, with its wide streets, had the greatest concentration of military facilities and subsidized housing for military personnel in Cairo. In the 1970s there was still a large restricted military area with barracks. After the Yom Kippur War in 1973, a chain of high-rise buildings with apartments for army officers was built on the wide main street leading to the airport . The name Nasr (German: "the victory") is reminiscent of the numerous army buildings located in the district, including the Ministry of Defense. Other facilities in Nasr City related to the military included (as of 2007) the headquarters of the army, the military academy, the headquarters of the secret police, a military hospital, a military museum, tenement houses for the military, various officers' clubs, and a number of military companies industrial complex as well as several military owned hotels.

The military parade took place on wide Nasr Street in 1981, during which President Anwar al-Sadat was shot dead in an attack by radical Islamist officers. Opposite is Sadat's grave and the pyramid arch of the Monument to the Unknown Soldier, built on the occasion of the losses in the Yom Kippur War. In Nasr-City, along with the headquarters of the Egyptian secret service, there are also the notorious underground prisons, where the Muslim Brotherhood suspected many of their supporters to be in custody after the coup on July 3, 2013.

  • Satellite image of Nasr-City with the chessboard-like apartment blocks and long streets

  • Pyramid arch of the monument to the Unknown Soldier in Nasr City, inaugurated in 1975

  • Opposite the memorial, where Anwar al-Sadat was killed in 1981

  • Anwar as-Sadat's tomb opposite the grandstand

  • One of the underground prison cells of the State Security in Nasr City

  • Nasr City Autostrade

2nd / 3rd July

Selected locations in connection with the bloodily suppressed protests by Pro-Mursi demonstrators (red) in Cairo after the military coup of July 3, 2013 : July 8 : Protest camp on the grounds of the Republican Guard July 27 : Protest camp in front of the Rābiʿa-al- ʿAdawiyya Mosque August 14 : Protest camps in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque and at Al-Nahda Square August 16 : Ramses Square and May 15 Bridge October 6 : u. a. Marches from Dokki and Ramses Square (with Al-Fetah Mosque) to Tahrir Square

Even before the end of the 48-hour military ultimatum on July 3, which initiated the military coup on July 3, thousands of supporters of the Morsi government had gathered in front of Cairo University to protest against the ultimatum issued by the military, which made it “difficult Clashes between supporters of Morsi and security forces ”. In a single incident near Cairo University alone, 16 people were killed on the night of July 3. After the ultimatum set by the military expired on July 3, 2013, military units sealed off the barracks into which Morsi had withdrawn with barriers and barbed wire. The military took power in Egypt, suspended the constitution and surrounded the presidential palace with army tanks. According to information from the Muslim Brotherhood, President Morsi, who was arrested and deposed by the army command, was being held in the barracks of the Republican Guard in the Cairo district of Heliopolis. In the districts of Nasr City, Heliopolis and near the university there was a massive riot of troops. Pro-Mursi demonstrations in Cairo were sealed off with dozen of tanks.

5th July

When Adli Mansur, who had been appointed as interim president by the military the day before, was sworn in on July 5 and dissolved the previous parliament, the Shura Council, in his first decree, in which the Muslim Brotherhood and Salafists had an elected two-thirds majority, camped on the grounds around the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in the Nasr City district continued to attract thousands of pro-Mursi protesters. On the same day, elite soldiers shot at the supporters of the ousted president outside the nearby headquarters of the Republican Guards in Heliopolis, officially killing four Morsi supporters as protesters tried to hang portraits of the ousted President Morsi there. Since July 5, protesters have gathered in front of the headquarters of the Republican Guard and camped in tents to demonstrate for the release of Morsi, as rumors said that the president, who had been ousted by the military, was being held there.

8th of July

On July 8, Egyptian security forces shot dead over 50 Morsi supporters who, according to official reports, wanted to storm the building of the Republican Guard in Cairo, where Morsi was being held. According to Western sources, however, it was a coordinated attack by the security forces on mostly peaceful civilians, the "bloodiest state-run massacre since the fall of Hosni Mubarak" and "one of the bloodiest incidents in recent Egyptian history". The ultra-conservative Party of Light of the radical Islamist Salafists, which until then had been on the side of the anti-Morsi alliance, thereupon declared its withdrawal from the negotiations on a transitional government and justified the decision as a reaction to the "massacre".

15./16. July

With the beginning of the fasting month of Ramadan on July 10, the protests initially decreased, but escalated again on the night before the swearing-in of the transitional government on July 16 after a week of relative calm, when demonstrations clashed with security forces and seven people, all Mursi supporters who perished. At least 92 people had been killed within two weeks since the military coup against President Morsi. When the unelected, military-backed and anti-Islamist interim government was sworn in, the commander of the armed forces Sisi was given significantly more powers and an influential post in the interim government as the first deputy of interim prime minister Hasim al-Beblawi . This increased the evidence that the military would play a stronger political role than had been expected according to Western accounts.

Neither of the two Islamist parties that had jointly won Egypt's free elections for the first time since the popular uprising in 2011 (including two parliamentary elections, one presidential election and two constitutional referendums) and, as a result, around three-quarters of the seats before the coup were involved in the new transitional government had taken in parliament.

19./20. July

On July 19, 2013, according to official Egyptian reports, at least three women were killed in "clashes" (Daily News Egypt) between supporters and opponents of the ousted President Morsi in Mansura. Supporters of Morsi took to the streets in Daqahliyya / Mansura to take part in protest marches against the coup, which the Muslim Brotherhood had called for in all governorates. The protest marches, chanting anti-military slogans, started in front of the Mansura University stadium and moved towards Al Teraa Street, where the "clashes" occurred. While the authorities confirmed the deaths of three women (Hala Mohamed Abu Sheshaa, Islam Ali Abdul Khaleq and Amal Farahat), while the Muslim Brotherhood and the state newspaper Al-Ahram reported a fourth death identified as Ferial Ismail. The National Coalition to Support Legitimacy (NCSL), a coalition of Islamist parties against the coup and in support of the ousted president, accused both "thugs of the former [Mubarak] regime" and security forces of killing four women and injuring 200 people . "Thugs" are reported to have been involved in the clashes until the morning of July 20. The April 6 Youth Movement in Daqahliyya issued a statement on July 19 condemning the clashes. The April 6 Youth Movement rejected what it called what it called " media framing the incident as clashes between protesters and supporters" and stressed that it "actually happened between Morsi supporters and thugs of the previous regime". The April 6 Movement statement went on to say: "We emphasize our rejection of the protesters' demands to reinstate the ousted President Morsis, but we also oppose attacks on them." The statement also demanded: "Our political conflicts must not kill our humanity." The youth movement also declared leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood responsible for the "clashes" because they had refused to change the roure of the protest marches, although they had known that " Thugs ”would have been waiting for them.

July 24th to 26th

After the army leadership and the interior ministry announced several times that they wanted to evacuate the protest camps of the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo, with which they had been demonstrating against Morsi's impeachment for weeks, military chief Sisi called on the population on July 24th to take to the streets in "millions" to give the armed forces a “mandate to fight terror”. On July 26th, hundreds of thousands of people responded to Army Chief Sisi's call to take to the streets for the army and thus give it a mandate to fight “potential terrorism”. Tanks secured the entrances to Tahrir Square. Military helicopters circled over the cheering crowds in Tahrir Square all day. Posters were distributed with the image of Sisi and the statement: "I authorize the military and the police to fight terrorism." The demonstrators' posters and banners could be interpreted as approving the harsh actions of the security forces against the Muslim Brotherhood, which was portrayed as terrorists become.

As a result, Sisi repeatedly invoked the mass demonstration on July 26th on Tahrir Square as an alleged “mandate” of the people for the action of the military in the fight against the pro-Morsi protests. Critics saw the alleged mandate “to fight terror” as a covert threatening gesture towards the protesters in the protest camps and as a euphemistic pretext for an operation against largely peaceful demonstrators who have demonstrated with sit-ins and protest marches in several Egyptian cities since the overthrow of Morsi by the military , including in the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp.

The Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist groups called for a rally against the "bloody military coup" near their protest camp in Nasr City to counter the protests of July 26th by supporters of the military. In front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque, the center of the pro-Mursi protests, people gathered and shouted slogans such as: “Get rid of Sisi! Mursi is my president! "

On July 26th, the small group of "Third Square" with around 100 demonstrators protested on Sphinx Square in the Cairo district of Giza, who neither spoke to the supporters of the deposed President Morsi in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque, nor to the Supporters of the military chief Sisi identified in Tahrir Square. They protested against the fact that the military chief Sisi "wants to kill Egyptians under the guise of counter-terrorism" and chanted slogans such as "Down with Morsi, down with Sisi".

The army leadership gave the Muslim Brotherhood a 48-hour ultimatum entitled “The Last Chance”. Either they join “the nation's start into the future” by the evening of July 26th and take part in the so-called “reconciliation process” or the military leadership will change the previous strategy for dealing with terror and violence to a tougher pace.

Procedure and sacrifice

Dead bodies of Morsi supporters.jpg
Corpses of Mursi supporters who were killed on July 27, 2013 during the operation of the security forces in a makeshift morgue.
Woman killed at Rabia el-Adawiya mosque in Cairo 27-July-2013.jpg
A Mursi supporter kisses the body of a woman who was killed on July 27 at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque during a security operation.


Boy shows shotgun shell after mass killings in Cairo 27-July-2013.jpg
A boy shows a shotgun shell after the July 27 clashes.
Morsi supporter after mass killings of 27-July-2013.jpg
Pro Mursi sit-in demonstrator after the July 27 mass killing with a poster showing Hala Mohamed Abu Sheshaa who was killed on July 19: "Killing will not prevent me from speaking my mind."


Places where demonstrators were killed in July are marked with paving stones (August 12, 2013).
Scene after the fire on the Muslim Brotherhood stage in front of the mosque in Port Said (July 28, 2013)

On the night of July 26-27, security forces, many of them in plain clothes, violently went for eight hours against pro-Mursi protesters in the protest camp on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square, near the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque Nasr City, a district of Cairo that is considered the center of the Muslim Brotherhood. who had previously been surrounded by soldiers. According to eyewitness reports, local residents are said to have participated in the fighting. Snipers aimed down at people from surrounding rooftops. Photos and videos showed masked members of the black-clad special forces as well as civilian snipers firing specifically at the demonstrators. Some media described the event as a clash between security forces and armed men in civilian clothes on the one hand and Mursi supporters in the protest camp in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in Cairo on the other. The victims were supporters of President Morsi who were killed by police officers in clashes.

According to a statement by the Muslim Brotherhood on July 27, or according to eyewitness reports, the violence is said to have started after the security forces first burst into the crowd of pro-Morsi demonstrators in the early hours of the morning (depending on the report at two o'clock, later shortly after midnight) Nasr-City fired in order to drive them apart, but then (according to some information at 1 a.m.) shot the crowd with live ammunition. Initial reports indicated that the violence broke out after supporters of Mursi attempted to block the main road 6 October Bridge to the airport , which passed near their protest camp, overnight, provoking a military response.

According to the state, at least 82 people died, and many more, according to doctors and the Muslim Brotherhood. Doctors at the field hospital at the large pro-Morsi protest camp in Nasr City said at least 200 protesters were killed and 4,500 injured, most of them from attempted fatal shots. Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim said at a press conference on July 27th that 14 police officers and 37 soldiers had been injured, two officers shot in the head. According to a declaration signed by 13 Egyptian and international human rights organizations - including Amnesty International , Human Rights Watch and the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies , on December 10, 2013, police were deployed on Nasr Street in Cairo on July 27, 2013 , 95 protesters and one police officer killed without a police misconduct investigation. According to the independent website Wiki Thawra , the Al-Nasr Street clashes on July 27 resulted in a death toll of 109 people.

According to the paramedics, many of the victims died from targeted headshots. The human rights organization Human Rights Watch , which was present with representatives in the field hospital when many of the dead and wounded were admitted there, said after the bloodbath that around 80 percent of the victims were shot with targeted shots in the head and chest. According to Human Rights Watch both video and confirmed eyewitnesses, the shooting of many of the victims shot in the head or chest. As early as July 27, it was reported that, according to the statement by the Muslim Brotherhood, almost all of the victims - at least 75 according to information from the local emergency services and 120 according to other sources - were killed by targeted bullets in the head, neck or chest should have been. Several of those killed had injuries to the head and chest that suggest snipers. Several of the doctors interviewed by Human Rights Watch said that the angles of the gunshot wounds indicated that the victims had been shot from above. Several victims also suffered sternum and rib fractures, consistent with the use of water cannons at close range. Dozens of victims had injuries to their respiratory tract, according to doctors' reports, suggesting that the tear gas used had been modified accordingly. Police officers in uniform could be seen aiming at Mursi supporters without looking for cover for themselves, so it is obvious that they feared no counterfire. Nadim Houry, Assistant Director of Human Rights Watch for the Middle East and North Africa, said it was inconceivable that there would have been so many deaths without the intention of killing.

Serious clashes broke out in Alexandria on the night of July 27 and continued on July 27. According to initial information, at least ten people were killed and many dozen injured. A group of 200 Mursi supporters, including women and children, were locked in a mosque for hours by armed thugs.

Less than twelve hours after the mass killing, Mursi supporters were again sitting behind a wall they had built themselves at the monument to the Unknown Soldier . In the Rabija al-Adawija protest camp, the protesters had already erected seven successive stone rings as walls by July 27, blocking Nasr Street away from the tent city.

On July 28, interim president Adli Mansur , who himself had been appointed interim president by the military after the coup, gave interim prime minister Hasim al-Beblawi by decree the authority to give the military new powers in dealing with political activists. He was subsequently able to allow the military to arrest civilians, which made it easier for the army to participate in the evacuation operations of the protest camps that had been announced for weeks. According to Mansur's order, Beblawi was able to issue new instructions to the army and transfer their implementation directly to the responsibility of the generals. In addition, Beblawi received special supervisory powers over the armed forces. In cases involving state security, he should be able to issue amnesties and soften sentences. In addition, Beblawi was able to appoint a judge to investigate the measures taken by the armed forces and examine lawsuits against the army. The expansion of military competencies was based on the points mentioned in the transitional constitution regarding the reintroduction of emergency law.

On the night of July 27th to 28th and 28th, according to media reports, there were sometimes fatal clashes between supporters of Mursi and local residents, such as in Port Said and Mahalla, where Mursi supporters had attended funerals of members of the Muslim Brotherhood who died on They were killed on July 26 in the incident near Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya. In addition, a group of local residents violently broke up a sit-in by Mursi supporters at the Tawheed Mosque in Port Said, with dozens of Mursi supporters trapped inside the mosque and only freed by the military after hours of conflict. Clashes between pro-Mursi demonstrators and local residents were also reported from Helwan near Cairo on July 28th. In Minufiya , Morsi opponents set fire to the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood, according to the state news agency MENA.

Reactions

Muslim Brotherhood and Anti-Coup Alliance

The Muslim Brotherhood condemned the security forces' actions against the protest camp as a "massacre". They announced that they would keep the protest camps occupied until the democratically elected president was released from custody. In the Mursi supporters' protest camp in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque, thousands of protesters still held out after the bloodbath, surrounded by hundreds of soldiers and police officers who tried to keep foreign journalists away from the camp. The spokesman for the Muslim Brotherhood, Gehad al-Haddad, accused Sisi of having issued "clear, previously agreed murder orders" to the security forces.

On August 1, the anti-coup-pro-democracy alliance repeated its call for a peaceful mass sit-in under the motto "Egypt against the coup" for August 2nd. The group that opposed the military's overthrow of President Morsi promised to defy tough crackdowns ordered by the transitional government, such as the interior ministry of the transitional government did on August 1 against the sit-ins in Nahda Square and Rābiʿa-al -ʿAdawiyya Mosque had announced. The alliance added in a statement that it “gives the coup leaders full responsibility for all acts of violence and all killings” and that “the Egyptian people” know well “after a month has passed since the bloody coup and after several massacres who them Terrorists are those who pray or fast and who have killed women and children. "

Transitional government and Egyptian media

The military-backed Egyptian transitional government denied that the police had fired sharply at the crowd gathered at the protest camp since the military coup. Interim Interior Minister Ibrahim said at a press conference on July 27th that the police had not started shooting but had been attacked. The police only used tear gas. Media quoted him with statements from the press conference such as "We, the police, have never pointed any gun at the chest of any protester" or "We never have and will never fire a single shot at an Egyptian". The interim government said the security forces tried to prevent rival sides from fighting each other, and eight security officers were injured. The use of the water cannons was only supposed to help people cool off before the summer heat. The interior minister responsible, Ibrahim, did not address the high number of those shot at his press conference. He blamed the Muslim Brotherhood for the violence: "It was a ploy by the Muslim Brotherhood to provoke an incident and win sympathy for itself."

At the same time, the transitional government threatened to evacuate the protest camp. She announced that she would stop the sit-in "within the law". Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim said on the morning of July 27th that he had made the decision to end the week-long pro-Mursi sit-ins in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque after local residents complained about the continued presence of Islamist demonstrators and against the protest camp complained. According to Ibrahim, “there will soon be decisions by the public prosecutor's office”. Ibrahim underlined that there were numerous complaints from residents around the tent area at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque and Nahda Square in front of Cairo University in Giza. The two pro-Mursi camps will be brought to an end in a legal manner, “soon and with as few losses as possible”. Ibrahim also promised that the surveillance police for political and religious matters could be reactivated, which under Hosni Mubarak had been responsible for torturing Islamists, among other things.

Less than 24 hours after the mass killing, Army Chief Sisi received a standing ovation at a televised graduation ceremony for the national police school on July 28th . Interior Minister Ibrahim called him “Egypt's devoted son” and promised a cheering crowd that he would accept “the mandate of the people” to fight “terrorism” in a militarily led “fresh start”.

Interim Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmy

Interim Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmy called the dismissal of Morsi and the further action of the security forces a "peaceful revolution" against an impending Islamist regime under Morsi. He rejected the term "military coup" for the events of July 3, 2013 in Egypt.

Internationally known liberals such as Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohammed el-Baradei - Vice President of the transitional government since July 9, 2013 - initially held back against the security forces' actions (July 27) , according to Raniah Salloum ( Der Spiegel ). Over the next few days, el-Baradei condemned the use of force as "excessive violence" and called for a peaceful solution. He tweeted, "It is high time we put an end to the miserable state of polarization through the use of common sense." On August 14, 2013, he finally resigned in protest against the policy of violence. He was the only one from the new Egyptian leadership to complain about the “use of disproportionate force and the death of the victims”, although without clearly naming those responsible.

On the morning after the mass killings in the sit-in in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque, most Egyptian TV channels and newspapers failed to report the deaths or solely accused the Muslim Brotherhood of responsibility and cheered Sisi for doing a "brave" job strip. At that time, the state media were demonizing the pro-Mursi protest camp on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square. The participants in the protest camp were portrayed as foreign agents or as "torturing beasts that dwell in the garbage". Egyptian state television claimed that weapons caches, torture tunnels and foreign terrorists were hidden under the speaker's platform in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square, where the demonstrators shared a kitchen.

In the days that followed, the interim government tightened its crackdown on supporters of the disempowered president and declared the pro-Morsi protests illegal. Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim announced that the Islamist protest camps would be evacuated soon. On July 28th, at a graduation ceremony for police students in Cairo, he affirmed: "We will not allow crazy, hateful people to disturb the peace." Ibrahim, who had already risen under Mubarak and was responsible for Egypt's prisons and who considered it a mistake had announced that Mubarak's security apparatus was disbanded after the 2011 revolution, announced hours after the July 27 bloodbath that several of the State Security departments that had been abolished after the revolution were already working again, and planned to reactivate those after the fall Mubarak's officially abolished political police force. A day later, even the militarily loyal Tamarod campaign, which had initiated the mass protests against Morsi on June 30, 2013, warned against the return of the notorious state security apparatus, whose alleged abolition in 2011, according to representatives of the human rights organization Human Rights Watch, was merely a deception was assessed. On July 28th, military chief Sisi again demanded that the demonstrators disperse immediately and again referred to the mass demonstration on Tahrir Square on July 26th as an alleged “mandate” for him, against “black terror” - a new one Terminology for the Muslim Brotherhood - proceed.

The interim cabinet declared on July 31 that the protest camp on the street, which has been occupied by supporters since the fall of Morsi at the beginning of July, posed a threat to public safety. The interim government stated that the protest camps would emit “acts of terrorism”. Minister of Information Doria Sharaf Al-Din said on July 31, "The continuation of the dangerous status of the Nahda and Rābiʿa sit-in and the resulting acts of terrorism and roadblocks are unacceptable." A televised statement announced : "The government has decided to take all measures to end these risks". The cabinet had instructed the interior minister to take action. On August 1, the Ministry of the Interior urged the supporters of the ousted president in a statement read on state television to leave their protest camps in Cairo to be safe. The Interior Ministry said that the police would start disbanding sit-ins in Nahda Square and the Rābiʿa-al-Adawija Mosque. The Ministry of the Interior told the media that there was no specific deadline for clearing the camps.

The protesters in the camps kept quiet and made preparations to ward off eviction attempts. At the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya camp, they cleared the streets of rubbish to make it easier for ambulances to get there. They prepared buckets filled with sand to extinguish tear gas grenades and piled stones behind barricades made of bricks and sandbags so that they could be used as projectiles.

US Government Position and Reaction to Kerry's August 1st military praise

  • John Kerry on August 1st:
    Praise for the military and overthrow Mursi - "Democracy restored"

  • Rainer Stinner (FDP):
    reprimanded Kerry's statement for "selective understanding of democracy"

  • Philipp Missfelder (CDU):
    held on to Kerry and Mursi's fall - Mursi's "anti-Semitism was unbearable"

In this situation, the military-backed transitional government received diplomatic support from the United States, which had so far held back in assessing the overthrow of the elected president. US Secretary of State John Kerry publicly praised the overthrow of the Egyptian president and declared in Pakistan on August 1 that the Egyptian army had restored democracy with the deposition of Morsis. The military did not take power, but rather created a civil transitional government. While the foreign policy spokesman for the FDP, Rainer Stinner , accused Kerry of a “selective understanding of democracy” and the foreign policy spokesman for the SPD, Rolf Mützenich, stressed that the actions of the military had not calmed the situation in Egypt, but intensified it, justified the foreign policy spokesman for the CDU , Philipp Missfelder , the statements of the US Secretary of State: “I agree with Kerry. Mursi was a threat to the stability of the region. His anti-Semitism was unbearable ”.

In addition to a number of German politicians, the Muslim Brotherhood criticized Kerry's statements. Mohammed Ali Bishr, one of the leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, appealed to the US to correct its position: “The US is a country that talks about democracy and human rights and then says something like that. I hope that they will reconsider their position and correct it. ”The Turkish government also criticized Kerry's remarks. On August 2, Deputy Prime Minister Bekir Bozdağ contradicted Kerry's statement via Twitter that the Egyptian army had “restored democracy” and instead declared: “Coups do not bring democracy, they ruin and destroy the path to democracy. Just like in Egypt. "

In addition, the extremist organization Al-Qaeda spoke up about the conflict in Egypt and sent an Internet message to the Muslim Brotherhood to call for a government based on Islamic law (Sharia). Al-Qaeda leader Aiman ​​Al-Zawahiri announced on the background of statements by US Secretary of State John Kerry, who had defended the coup against Morsis as “restoring democracy”, that developments in Egypt would prove that democracy is the way to Islamic rule not good. Legitimacy lies not in elections and democracy, but in Sharia.

International reactions and diplomatic mediation

UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon called on the transitional government to "ensure the protection of all Egyptians". Several states urged the military-backed rulers of Egypt to seek a compromise with the Muslim Brotherhood and "end the bloodshed".

Catherine Ashton was able to speak to Mursi on July 29 in an undisclosed location

The EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton met on July 29 as the first high-ranking foreign politician after the "excess of violence against Mursi supporters' representatives of the Egyptian leadership, including Egypt's" new strong man army chief Abdel Fattah al-Sissi, who behind the disempowerment Morsis stood on July 3 ”and urged the Egyptian transitional government to abandon its“ course of confrontation against the Muslim Brotherhood of the deposed president ”. While Ashton said her goal was an "inclusive transition process involving all political groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood," a spokesman for interim President Mansur denied that Ashton was acting as a mediator between the interim government and the Muslim Brotherhood. Nonetheless, Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmi welcomed Ashton's willingness to engage in talks with the various sides and stressed the need to avoid further bloodshed. Deputy Interim President el-Baradei assured Ashton that "the country's new leadership will do everything in their power to end the crisis peacefully." He is confident that the Muslim Brotherhood protests can be ended peacefully. El-Baradei stated that the ousted President Morsi was not a political prisoner but an ordinary prisoner under investigation. On July 29, the military admitted a high-ranking foreign representative, Ashton, for the first time to “the arrested President” Morsi, who was being held in isolation from the public by the military-backed coup plotters. Ashton said she was flown to him by helicopter to an unfamiliar location and talked to him for two hours. He is fine and has access to information on television and newspapers.

Republicans John McCain and Lindsey Graham were among the international envoys who visited Egypt in late July with an arbitration mandate . The well-known US Senators McCain and Graham sharply criticized the new Egyptian leadership and called for the release of Mohammed Morsi and the "release of all political prisoners". McCain, who in February 2011 had taken the position that it was "a mistake of historic size" to involve the Muslim Brotherhood in a transitional government and that it was a "thoroughly anti-democratic" and "radical group," who is primarily concerned with applying the Sharia ”and who worked with terrorists, now called the overthrow of Morsi an unjustified coup. Lindsey Graham took a similar position: "The current transitional government is not elected while the elected government is behind bars."

Before storming the anti-coup sit-in at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque, pro-Morsi protesters had been camping there for more than a month.

On August 4, media reports reported that, through Western mediation, both the Morsi supporters who persisted in the protest camps and the transitional government set up by the military showed signs of willingness to compromise. A spokesman for the Pro-Morsi Alliance declared his respect for the demands of the mass movement that demonstrated on June 30th. He expressed his readiness to negotiate with the National Salvation Front, in which the secular parties of the transitional government were united. Talks with the country's new leadership should be conducted on the basis of the military-suspended constitution. But the sections of the army responsible for the coup and their Sisi should not be involved in the political dialogue about the future of Egypt. A political solution is ready as long as it is based on the legitimacy of the constitution. The Basic Law suspended by the military must be put back into force.

The interim government continued to insist on closing the two Mursi supporters' protest camps in Cairo, but stressed that it was relying on a blockade and not on a storm that could trigger another bloodbath. After the military apparently blocked the camps, the Interior Ministry promised Morsi's supporters free retreat and “political integration”. However, those who committed crimes would have to answer. Interim Vice President el-Baradei said on television: “There is no solution in Egypt that can be based on exclusion. Salafists, Muslim Brotherhood, seculars, liberals and whoever - we are condemned to live together. "

Alternative opposition

On July 28, 2013, the small group “Third Place” demonstrated on Sphinx Square in the Muhandisin district of Giza (Greater Cairo) against both the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood and the military-backed transitional government.

After the horror of the bloodbath of nearly 100 Muslim Brotherhoods on July 27, 2013 by the security forces, the small group AlMidan AlTalat (“The Third Place”) demonstrated on Sphinx Square in with around 100 to 300 liberals, leftists and moderate Islamists Cairo-Giza, against both Morsi and the military, spoke out in favor of a “third way”, rejecting both the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood and the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood with slogans such as “Down with Mubarak, down with Morsi, down with al-Sissi” the interim government set up by the army and claimed - similar to the Morsi and Sisi supporters - to represent the so-called revolution of 2011. With the “third place”, the group attempted a “third way”, a middle way through the nationwide gap between the Muslim Brotherhood, which particularly appeared on the square at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque, and the supporters of the military coup against the president who dominated Tahris Square To find Morsi, which corresponded to the split of the Egyptian population into the Morsi and military supporters. According to the media, however, its members were "a few lonely Egyptian activists" of wealthy and urban origins. Among them were supporters of Abdel Moneim Abul Futuh and his party, Strong Egypt , which was founded by young Muslim Brotherhood after the fall of Mubarak, as well as members of left-wing movements.

The Tamarod group, which organized the anti-Morsi mass protests at the end of June 2013 and supported the transitional government installed by the army after the coup on July 3, 2013, accused the “third place” group of splitting up the Egyptian “revolutionary forces” . The Tamarod campaign itself, which was financed by the Coptic billionaire Naguib Sawiris, was infiltrated to the top by the Egyptian State Security and, in retrospect, its enormously exaggerated misstatement of allegedly 22 million anti-Morsi signatures collected in June 2013 sharply down had to correct, was even subsequently criticized for her closeness to the military chief and the military.

Around 300 people from the “Third Place” group had been waiting in a tent camp on Sphinx Square in Cairo-Giza since the end of July 2013.

Valuations and meaning

Pro Mursi demonstration in Paris with the slogan "Yes to democracy - No to violence" (July 29, 2013)

Patrick Kingsley spoke in the Guardian of a "police massacre of pro-Mursi supporters," which was viewed as an attempt to intimidate the protesters into leaving the camp. It is the worst state-carried out massacre in Egypt since the fall of Mubarak and the second massacre by the security forces of Morsi supporters within two weeks.

By the evening of July 28, official information put the number of known fatalities, which was still increasing at that time, at 82. Since the coup against Morsi on July 3, the number of officially reported deaths from the clashes has been almost 300 at the beginning of August. After the excesses of violence against Morsi supporters in Cairo in July, western media saw the danger that Egypt could slide into civil war. These measures of emergency law, with which Interim President Mansur authorized interim Prime Minister Beblawi to give the army and the generals new competencies in dealing with political activists, were interpreted as a bad omen for the way in which the army planned to proceed against the protest camps of the Muslim Brotherhood.

After the transitional government declared the international mediation efforts to have failed at the beginning of August, the liberal political scientist, human rights activist and leader of the opposition party Freedom Egypt , Amr Hamzawy , said in an interview published on August 9 with Zeit Online , all human rights violations after June 30, 2013 should be investigated and clarified. This applies both to the acts of violence with over 130 dead "in front of the Club of the Republican Guard" ( mass killing in Cairo on July 8 ) and "in front of the monument of the Unknown Soldier" (mass killing in Cairo on July 27), as well as the supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood had gathered there, as well as "for acts of violence in which the Muslim Brotherhood are involved". Egypt threatens to "sink into a spiral of violence and counter-violence". The removal of the elected president by the army in connection with a mass mobilization had put the Muslim Brotherhood in a politically hopeless position. In such a situation the willingness to use violence increases. At the same time, the forces that had supported the disempowerment of the Muslim Brotherhood, including the “old Mubarak Guard, who are still anchored in the administrative apparatus and in the security organs and allied with parts of the business elite”, “made little effort to relax the situation”. These circles would reinstall the old system, ban the Muslim Brotherhood from politics and also want to exclude the democratic forces. After the coup, the new rulers were “running a real hunt” on the democrats when they protested against human rights violations and called for the rule of law and democracy.

Further development

After EU foreign affairs representatives Catherine Ashton, John McCain, Lindsey Graham and other international envoys visited Egypt on July 30 with a mediation mandate, Ashton met with government and opposition leaders, including ousted President Morsi, who was held in secret, and US - Foreign Minister Kerry described the military coup of July 3rd on August 1st as the restoration of democracy and denied a military takeover for which he had been criticized internationally, prosecutors on August 4th announced the start of a trial of six Muslim Brotherhood leaders for " Incitement to Murder ”for August 25th. On August 7, the Egyptian interim President Mansur declared the diplomatic efforts to find a peaceful solution between the military-backed interim government and the Muslim Brotherhood as a failure. The interim government threatened to crack down on pro-Morsi demonstrations after showing restraint during the holy month of Ramadan for Muslims. On August 11, security forces threatened protesters with disbanding the ongoing pro-Mursi protest camps at Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque and Nahda Square within 24 hours.

As a result, the country was hit by the greatest wave of violence in recent Egyptian history, in which more than 1,000 people were killed within a few days, most of the cases involving Islamists killed by the police and the military and predominantly from the Muslim Brotherhood.

During the storming of the extensive protest camps on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Al-Nahda Square in Cairo on August 14, 2013, the riot police killed more than 600 according to official information from the transitional government, around 1000 according to recent Western media reports and according to the Muslim Brotherhood over 2000 pro-Mursi protesters.

References

Web links

Commons : Protests in Egypt 2013  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Video reports:

Publications from human rights organizations :

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Egypt crisis: 'we didn't have space in the fridges for all the bodies' - As the death toll rises, a report from Cairo's main mortuary after the police massacre of pro-Morsi supporters ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, July 28, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Situation in Egypt ever more serious - “We sacrifice our blood for Mursi” ( memento of October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, July 29, 2013, archived from the original .
  3. ↑ Maximum security prison in Egypt: Mursi is now in solitary confinement ( memento from November 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , RP Online, November 14, 2013, archived from the original .
  4. ↑ a b c d e 80 killed, 299 injured in Cairo's Nasr City violence: Health Ministry ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, July 29, 2013, archived from the original .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Egypt after a new excess of violence on the edge of the abyss ( memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, July 28, 2013, archived from the original .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Egypt: More than 100 killed in Cairo massacre ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Asharq al-Awsat , July 27, 2013, archived from the original .
  7. ↑ Mursi Trial in Egypt - The Courtroom as a Political Stage ( Memento of November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, November 4, 2013, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h At least 120 Morsi supporters reported killed in Egypt clashes ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, July 27, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
  9. ↑ a b c 120 killed in army action on Morsi loyalists ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Independent, July 28, 2013, archived from the original .
  10. ↑ a b c Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings Set Up a Fact-Finding Committee as a First Step ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
  11. ↑ a b c d Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
  12. ↑ a b 2013 a 'black year' for human rights ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, December 30, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Egypt - Police officers massacre Mursi supporters in Cairo ( memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, July 27, 2013, from Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
  14. ↑ a b c d The Morning After Egypt's Rabaa Massacre ( Memento from June 21, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The Daily Beast, July 29, 2013 by Sophia Jones, archived from the original .
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  16. ↑ Egypt: Killings in Rabaa and Other Killings Arguably Crimes Against Humanity - No Justice One Year After Series of Fatal Attacks on Protesters ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) , Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, archived from the original .
  17. ↑ a b John Kerry backtracks Egypt Comments That Military What 'Restoring Democracy,' Not Taking Over ( Memento of 21 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Huffington Post, August 2, 2013, by Deb Riechmann, archived from the original .
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  25. ↑ Who is Egypt's Rabaa al-Adawiya? ( Memento of 26 November 2013 Webcite ) (English). Al Arabiya News, Aug. 24, 2013, by Ramzy Baroud, archived from the original .
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  27. ^ Protests in Ankara: Thousands of Turks show solidarity with Mursi , German Turkish News, August 25, 2013, accessed on August 26, 2013.
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  38. ↑ a b Protocol - The day when the military deposed Morsi ( memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , stern.de, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
  39. ↑ a b Egypt - military overthrows President Mursi ( memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
  40. ↑ Ex-President Mursi was held captive on a naval basis ( memento from November 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, November 13, 2013, archived from the original .
  41. ↑ a b Coup in Egypt: Military deposed Morsi. ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Deutsche Welle, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
  42. ↑ a b c Several dead in protests - bloody clashes in Egypt ( memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Der Tagesspiegel, July 5, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
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  49. ↑ More than 30 dead in protests Süddeutsche Zeitung July 8, 2013 (accessed July 8, 2013)
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  55. ↑ Deadly clashes in Mansoura - Clashes leave three women dead and seven people injured ( Memento from July 3, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, July 20, 2013, by Nouran El-Behairy, archived from the original .
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  57. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Cairo laments "black terror" - Egypt's generals justify action against the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Neues Deutschland, July 29, 2013, by Oliver Eberhardt, archived from Original .
  58. ↑ a b Military against Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt - Third place - Supporters and opponents of the Muslim Brotherhood are irreconcilable in protest. But on July 26, demonstrators who reject both the military and the Islamists came together in a square in Cairo ( memento from March 13, 2014 on WebCite ) , zenith online, July 28, 2013, by Ragnar Weilandt, archived from the original .
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  66. ↑ a b c d e Egypt after the Morsi putsch - pogrom mood against democrats - the Egyptian military built the Muslim Brotherhood as an overpowering, dark danger for the disempowerment of Morsi. They put large parts of the Egyptians in a frenzy, which is characterized by thirst for revenge, agitation and malice. In this frenzy, few notice that a breathtaking reinterpretation of everything that has to do with the revolution has begun. A comment by Jürgen Stryjak ( memento from March 19, 2014 on WebCite ) , Qantara.de, August 12, 2013, by Jürgen Stryjak, archived from the original .
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  82. ↑ "Without a doubt we had a democratic election in Egypt" - FDP politician Stinner is critical of Morsi's dismissal - FDP foreign politician Rainer Stinner criticizes that it shows a "selective understanding of democracy" when US Foreign Minister John Kerry overthrows the Egyptian president Mursi describe as justified. This could lead to problems in the event of a controversial change of power in other countries ( memento from May 3, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutschlandfunk, August 2, 2013, by Rainer Stinner in conversation with Christoph Heinemann, archived from the original .
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  100. ^ Egypt - The Power of Martyr Logic ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 17, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
  101. ↑ “Today is tortured again” ( memento from December 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Tages-Anzeiger, October 30, 2013, by Christof Münger (interview with Maha Azzam), archived from the original .
  102. ^ Egyptian police storm second Islamist stronghold ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
  103. ↑ Cairo under the curfew: all-night parties ( memento of October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, October 6, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
  104. ^ State of emergency in Egypt - government confirms more than 600 dead ( memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Some sources state that millions of people followed the call. Sources: Army Shoots Egypt , The Daily, July 29, 2013; 120 killed in army action on Morsi loyalists ( Memento of 24 October 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Independent, July 28, 2013, archived from the original .
  2. ↑ According to some sources, the victims were killed by the military (Sources: Army shoots Egypt ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper, July 29, 2013, archived from the original ; 120 killed in army action on Morsi loyalists (English) The Independent, July 28, 2013). Other sources speak of riot police troops or police (Sources: Egypt crisis: 'we didn't have space in the fridges for all the bodies' - As the death toll rises, a report from Cairo's main mortuary after the police massacre of pro -Morsi supporters ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) . The Guardian, July 28, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original ; the situation in Egypt increasingly serious - “We are sacrificing our blood for Mursi” ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, July 29, 2013, archived from the original ). According to the opinion of 13 human rights organizations of 10 December 2013 2,013 police were in the mass killing of July 27 used: Egypt: No acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings ( Memento of 25 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .

Coordinates: 30 ° 4 ′ 2.5 ″  N , 31 ° 19 ′ 29.7 ″  E