State crisis in Egypt 2013/2014 (Beblawi cabinet)
After the military coup of July 3, 2013 , in which the Egyptian military in alliance with the judiciary and security apparatus overthrew the elected President Mohammed Morsi , suspended the constitution and dissolved parliament, the Egyptian military set up an anti-Islamist and unelected transitional government under interim prime minister Hasim al-Beblawi , while the military chief Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi is seen as a real decisive power-political actor behind the coup and the transitional government.
The Beblawi cabinet , to which the military chief himself belonged as defense minister, was sworn in on July 16, 2013 and surprisingly resigned at the end of February 2014. During the reign of the Beblawi cabinet, the state crisis in Egypt escalated . Protests by opponents of the coup, especially supporters of the ousted president, have continued since the coup. There were bloody clashes and mass killings in which well over a thousand people, largely civilian opponents of the coup and members of the Muslim Brotherhood , were shot by the security forces. The military-backed transitional government imposed a three-month state of emergency, which gave authorities and emergency services special rights in dealing with protests and gatherings and made it difficult for the media to work in the country. The Vice President Mohammed el-Baradei resigned in protest against state power and evaded arrest by fleeing abroad. Even after the state of emergency ended, freedom of the press was restricted by restrictive legislation. According to independent censuses, more than 21,000 people - mostly Morsi supporters - have been arrested and the leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood imprisoned. All organizations of the Muslim Brotherhood were banned, their assets were confiscated and the organization was finally declared a terrorist organization by the transitional government. Even before mid-January 2014, the death toll since the military coup had reached 2,665 people according to independent censuses. In October 2013, the US government, which initially justified the coup, froze parts of its military aid to Egypt for the time being.
The Beblawi interim government was accused of failing to effectively counter the skyrocketing terrorist attacks in the country, for which the military-backed government had blamed extremists with ties to Morsi and his Muslim Brotherhood, even though experts considered the Muslim Brotherhood to be responsible for terrorist attacks as unlikely. The ousted President Morsi has been held in an undisclosed location since the coup on July 3 until the start of his trial on November 4, 2013 and brought to justice together with other leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood on threats of life imprisonment or the death penalty .
Despite billions in financial aid from the Gulf states of Saudi Arabia , Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates , the economic crisis in Egypt got out of hand during the reign of the Beblawi cabinet. The aggravation of political uncertainty and growing instability in Egypt caused by the power struggle between the transitional government set up by the military and the Muslim Brotherhood after the coup was also reflected in significant losses in the tourism industry, which is important for the country's economy . Massive strikes hit numerous areas of Egypt.
prehistory
Installation of a transitional government by the military
On the night of July 16, 2013, when the transitional government was sworn in, seven Mursi supporters were again killed in protests. At least 92 people had been killed within two weeks since the military coup against President Morsi.
With the swearing-in of the "democratically illegitimate transitional government" on July 16, military chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi received an influential post in the transitional government and significantly more powers. In addition to the defense department, he has now also taken over the post of first deputy to interim prime minister Hasim al-Beblawi.
The "liberal economist" Hasim al-Beblawi , who was appointed interim minister- president of the transitional government on July 9 with the support of the coup leadership, had already served as social democratic finance minister for three months in 2011 before he resigned because of a massacre by security forces of demonstrators.
Most of the 33 members of the cabinet belonged to the liberal political camp or were experts not affiliated with the party. Neither of the two Islamist parties that had supported the previous government under President Morsi and that had jointly won five elections since the 2011 popular uprising (two parliamentary elections, one presidential election and two constitutional referendums) were involved in the new government.
Composition of the military-backed interim government (Beblawi cabinet):
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Adli Mansur Interim President |
Vacant Interim Vice President until August 14, 2013: Mohammed el-Baradei |
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Hasim al-Beblawi interim prime minister (application for resignation submitted: February 2014) |
Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi Deputy Interim Prime Minister |
Ziad Bahaa El Din Deputy Interim Prime Minister (until mid-January 2014) |
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| 32 ministers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Blue: civil; Yellow: military; Green: civil and military
Military-backed transitional government - Beblawi cabinet
The military-backed or military-led interim government began work on July 17, 2013. However, the situation remained unsettled. Every day there were violent clashes between supporters and opponents of the ousted President Morsi, exchanges of fire with the security forces and numerous deaths. A reconciliation meeting proposed by interim President Mansur on July 23 was rejected by both the Muslim Brotherhood and groups allied with them. The transitional government set up a ministry for transitional justice and national reconciliation in July, but did not assign any tasks to it.
From August 14, the greatest wave of violence in recent Egyptian history gripped the country. According to Bassem El-Smargy of the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS), between 1000 and 1500 people were killed within less than a week during the violent evacuation of two Islamist protest camps by the military and police and the subsequent riots be. The vast majority of the victims were Islamists killed by the police and the military, mostly from the Muslim Brotherhood. At the end of August, the Süddeutsche Zeitung described the events following the overthrow of President Morsi as "the worst unrest in the 60-year history of the Egyptian Republic". At the end of October, the political scientist and former foreign policy advisor to the Morsi government, Maha Azzam, claimed that “3,000 to 5,000 people” had been killed under Sisi.
Propaganda against the Muslim Brotherhood and reprisals against the media
The restrictions on the freedom of the press and propaganda against the Muslim Brotherhood that began with the military coup of July 3, 2013 continued after August 14, 2013. After the reporting in newspaper comments and on state television in the previous weeks, which was characterized by "hate speeches against the Islamists" ( Tagesspiegel ), the carnage of August 14 did not generate any sympathy among the rest of the population for the Morsi supporters. Especially after the bloodbath of August 14th, the coverage of the Egyptian media and politics became completely different from the international ones. The military-backed leadership of Egypt and the public that supported it exaggerated the conflict as - according to the Middle East correspondent Martin Gehlen from Cairo - "apocalyptic struggle" of the "heroic security forces" against a "terrorist Islamist camp". According to Gehlen, millions of Muslim Brotherhoods were a blanket When terrorists were defamed , the bloodbath of the police and army on August 14th, "which is one of the most terrible excesses of violence by a political leadership against its own people in the history of the civilian world" (Gehlen), was masked out in a chauvinistic and polarizing mood and was instead "Monstrous fantasies of annihilation towards the Muslim Brotherhood" (Gehlen) developed rhetorically .
After the bloodbath of August 14th, all Egyptian TV channels faded in "Egypt is fighting against terror" as a permanent logo . While presenters in military uniform appeared on the CBC station, all television channels through which Islamists could have presented their perspective had been banned since the military came to power through the coup. Finally, the new leadership threatened the Qatar- based TV broadcaster Al Jazeera , the only TV broadcaster where demonstrations by the Muslim Brotherhood were still shown or their speakers could have their say, with the withdrawal of its license, as it incited violence and endanger the internal security of Egypt. Given the gleichgeschaltet active and set by the management information relaying Egyptian media remained the Muslim Brotherhood for the presentation of their version of events only foreign media. In this situation - and according to the assessment of the former diplomat Gunter Mulacks under the influence of the structures of the deep state - a few days after the bloodbath on August 14, according to a survey by an independent institute, 67 percent of Egyptians declared themselves to be the tough stance of the coup government towards the as Terrorists treated the Muslim Brotherhood with consent, while the Muslim Brotherhood was supported by around a third of the entire population of Egypt.
Mustafa Hegasi, the advisor to the interim president, said on the weekend after the carnage on August 14th that one felt “deep bitterness” about the previous reporting by Western media, which reported unbalanced in favor of the Muslim Brotherhood and ignored its violence and terrorist acts. The accredited foreign correspondents said the Information Ministry , the military coup was an "expression of popular will" and the use of state violence a "legitimate fight against terrorism". Michael Thumann, on the other hand, ruled on August 15 in Die Zeit that “astonishingly” many western politicians and observers had overlooked the violence triggered by the putschists' violent elimination of the democratically elected government. The US government was also accused of having welcomed and supported the military coup against President Morsi on the part of the Muslim Brotherhood. According to the political scientist Gamal Soltan from the American University in Cairo , anti-Western sentiment developed in the media and during demonstrations, as well as the opinion that “the West has been betrayed”: “On the one hand, feel the government does not get enough support from the West in what it calls the fight against terrorism. And on the other hand, the Muslim Brotherhood feel abandoned by the West in their struggle for what they consider to be the principles of democracy and human rights. ”At the beginning of October, the Egyptian state media authority, State Information Service (SIS) , turned in less than two times for the second time Months in her function of press control directly to the foreign correspondents accredited in Egypt to criticize their reporting and denied "reports of restrictions on media freedom in Egypt". The SIS expressed "deep disappointment" with a report by the organization Reporters Without Borders , which accuses the new rulers around Army Chief Sisi Censorship, "clear hostility to media who refuse to praise the army" and the arrest of critical journalists.
On October 3, Al Jazeera released a video allegedly from the months before the coup against Morsi, showing Army Chief Sisi in front of officers who urge him to crack down on the press and radio. In the video, Sisi then asks how he is supposed to “terrorize” the media and adds that it takes a long time “to be able to influence and control the media”. You have not yet achieved what you intend, but you are working on it.
According to Michael Thumann, seven weeks after the military coup against Morsi, Egypt was back to the state of the Mubarak period from a legal point of view. ARD correspondent Jörg Armbruster expressed the fear that Egypt would develop into a new military state with a merely advanced civilian government. The actual ruler is military chief Sisi, while democratization is "very much thwarted". According to the political scientist, human rights activist and chairman of the opposition party Freedom Egypt , Amr Hamzawy , there was a rise in the security apparatus, which, using the same means as under Mubarak before the 2011 revolution, pressured opposition politicians, arrested leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood and restricted freedoms and human rights. The intervention of the military in politics after the coup is increasingly in the direction of the establishment of a security state. By imposing the state of emergency on August 14, as in the time of Mubarak, in which 800 demonstrators were killed, the military had full powers to eliminate political opponents and condemned any resistance to their regime as tough terror to fight. According to the organization Reporters Without Borders, 80 journalists have been arbitrarily arrested since the coup of July 3 until the beginning of September and five (July 8: Al-Horreya wa al-Adala photographer Ahmed Samir Assem El-Sanoussi, August 14: Rassd News Network - Photojournalist Mosab Al-Shami, Al-Akhbar - Reporter Ahmad Abdel Gawad, Sky News - Cinematographer Mick Deane, August 19: al-Ahram - Regional Office Director Tamer Abdel Raouf) killed. Sherif Mansur, Middle East coordinator of the Committee for the Protection of Journalists , ruled that "representatives of the media are legally and physically more in danger than under Hosni Mubarak". As under the rule of Mubarak, reporters were again spied on during on-site research by staff who recorded the events with cameras on cell phones . In addition, foreign correspondents working in Egypt have been kidnapped by civilians and handed over to the police or the military during their reporting since the 14 August bloodbath . Even if they were usually released after a few hours, this was understood as a signal that critical reporting would be met with reprisals . After the judgment of Bassem El-Smargys from the CIHRS, the constant indoctrination by the co-ordinated media appealed to the national consciousness of the Egyptian population and suggested to them a danger from foreigners present in the country, so that a feeling of solidarity with the Egyptian military against the artificially created enemy image of the non- Egyptians was created. The Muslim Brotherhood, on the other hand, was soon described in the state media only as terrorists who were responsible for the excessive violence of the police and the security forces themselves. According to Lina Attalah, editor-in-chief of the alternative news site Mada Masr , the Egyptian media, which has now largely been aligned, both newspapers and television stations, spread the “narrative of the military one-to-one”: “Not only the state, but also the private media have become PR agencies made by the military. "
Observers saw the danger that parts of the Islamists could react with radicalization to violence and terrorist attacks because of the repression and excessive violence against the group and that a new level of escalation would be reached that could make stabilization of Egypt impossible.
On September 3, an Egyptian court announced the closure of the Al Jazeera country office in Egypt and three other broadcasters. The institutions were accused of discrediting the transitional government and inciting unrest. Al Jazeera accused the transitional government of jamming the frequencies for the Egyptian branch of the station by jamming signals from "military facilities" east and west of Cairo.
Media campaign and restrictions against refugees
According to Ahmad Awadalla of the refugee organization Africa and Middle East Refugee Assistance (AMERA), all refugees in Egypt have been affected by a precarious security situation since the fall of Mohammed Morsi. A negative media campaign against them after the overthrow of Morsi brought Syrian citizens in particular into distress.
According to AMERA, the introduction of a general visa requirement for Syrians as one of the first measures of the new transitional government, the Awadalla as a “stab in the back” for all people, was more decisive than the hostile atmosphere in large parts of Egyptian society against the refugees since the fall of Morsi Fleeing violence in Syria ”. Syrian refugees, around 300,000 of whom lived in Egypt, were unanimously discriminated against as “mercenaries of the Muslim Brotherhood” by the media, but especially by the state. In October the number of Syrian refugees in Egypt was given as at least 120,000 people, according to the UN Refugee Agency.
According to Mohamed Dayri, ambassador of the UN refugee organization UNHCR in Egypt, the media campaign against the refugees created concrete problems for those seeking protection, for example the change in school access for the children of Syrian war refugees, who were only downgraded as "foreign citizens" by the transitional government and for whom school access was made difficult by a lengthy and bureaucratic process. The UNHCR advised all Syrian refugees to behave inconspicuously, to stay in their homes after dark and to wait for the political situation to improve for them. In the second half of August, around 300 refugees are said to have been arrested in Egypt, some for no reason. According to Mohamed Amjahid ( Die Zeit ), the "negative campaign against Syrians" was particularly helpful for the military and the police, since it created an "international terrorist organization" to be fought with tanks and secret services through the connection between alleged "Syrian mercenaries" and the Muslim Brotherhood "Offered an argument to" eliminate "the Muslim Brotherhood.
According to a report published on October 17 by Sherif al Sayed-Ali, head of the refugee rights department at Amnesty International , the Egyptian authorities are said to have committed massive violations of international law when dealing with Syrian refugees . Since the Egyptian authorities have issued new entry restrictions for Syrians, which those arrested cannot comply with, the refugees often only have the choice between permanent detention or deportation. In the prisons there are also “numerous children” among the 946 detainees, some without their parents. Even young Syrian children under two years of age would be detained in prison for weeks. Hundreds of cases are known to have been forcibly expelled to other countries in the region, including deportations of more than 70 people to Syria.
Mass killing of Mursi supporters in the protest camp on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square (July 27)
On July 27, 2013, security forces used extreme violence against pro-Morsi demonstrators in the protest camp on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square near the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in Nasr City , a district in Cairo that is considered the center of the Muslim Brotherhood. According to the state, at least 82 people died, and many more, according to doctors and the Muslim Brotherhood. Since the coup against Morsi on July 3, the number of officially reported deaths from the clashes has been almost 300 at the beginning of August.
Patrick Kingsley spoke in the Guardian of a "police massacre of pro-Mursi supporters," which was viewed as an attempt to intimidate the protesters into leaving the camp. It is the worst state-carried out massacre in Egypt since the fall of Mubarak and the second massacre by the security forces of Morsi supporters within two weeks. After the excesses of violence against Morsi supporters in Cairo in July, western media saw the danger that Egypt could slide into civil war.
In Alexandria there were also serious clashes on the night of the 27th, which continued on July 27th. According to initial information, at least ten people were killed and many dozen injured. A group of 200 Mursi supporters, including women and children, were locked in a mosque for hours by armed thugs.
On July 28, interim president Mansur granted interim prime minister Beblawi by decree the authority to allow the military to arrest civilians, which made it easier for the army to participate in the evictions of the protest camps that had been announced for weeks.
The Muslim Brotherhood condemned the security forces' actions against the protest camp as a "massacre". They announced that they would keep the protest camps occupied until the democratically elected president was released from custody. In the Mursi supporters' protest camp in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque, thousands of protesters still held out after the bloodbath, surrounded by hundreds of soldiers and police officers who tried to keep foreign journalists away from the camp.
The Egyptian interim government denied that the police had fired sharply at the crowd gathered in the protest camp since the military coup. At the same time, the transitional government threatened to evacuate the protest camp.
Vice-Interim President el-Baradei condemned the use of force as “excessive force” and called for a peaceful solution.
In the days that followed, the interim government tightened its crackdown on the supporters of the disempowered president, declared the Pro-Morsi protests illegal and announced that the protest camps would be evacuated soon. On July 28, military chief Sisi once again demanded that the demonstrators disperse immediately and again referred to the mass demonstration on Tahrir Square on July 26 as an alleged “mandate” for him, against “black terror” - a new one Terminology for the Muslim Brotherhood - proceed.
The interim cabinet declared on July 31 that the protest camp on the street, which had been occupied by supporters since the fall of Morsi in early July, posed a threat to public security. On August 1, the Ministry of the Interior demanded the supporters of the ousted president in a statement read out on state television to leave their protest camps in Cairo for safe conduct.
John Kerry on August 1st:
Praise for the military and overthrow Mursi - "Democracy restored"
Rainer Stinner (FDP):
reprimanded Kerry's statement for "selective understanding of democracy"
Philipp Missfelder (CDU):
held on to Kerry and Mursi's fall - Mursi's "anti-Semitism was unbearable"
In this situation, the military-backed transitional government received diplomatic support from the United States, which had so far held back in assessing the overthrow of the elected president. US Secretary of State John Kerry publicly praised the overthrow of the Egyptian president and declared in Pakistan on August 1 that the Egyptian army had restored democracy with the deposition of Morsis. The military did not take power, but rather created a civil transitional government. In addition to numerous German politicians and the Turkish government, the Muslim Brotherhood also criticized Kerry's statements.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon called on the transitional government to "ensure the protection of all Egyptians". Several states urged the military-backed rulers of Egypt to seek a compromise with the Muslim Brotherhood and "end the bloodshed".
The EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton met on July 29 as the first high-ranking foreign politician after the "excess of violence against Mursi supporters' representatives of the Egyptian leadership, including army chief Abdel Fattah al-Sissi, and urged the Egyptian transitional government, from their" confrontation with the Muslim Brotherhood of the deposed President ”to move away. Deputy Interim President el-Baradei assured Ashton that "the country's new leadership will do everything in their power to end the crisis peacefully." El-Baradei stated that the ousted President Morsi was not a political prisoner but an ordinary prisoner under investigation. On July 29, the military admitted a high-ranking foreign representative, Ashton, for the first time to “the arrested President” Morsi, who was being held in isolation from the public by the military-backed coup plotters. Ashton said she was flown to him by helicopter to a location unknown to her and talked for two hours with Mursi, who is in good condition.
On August 4, media reports reported that, through Western mediation, both the Morsi supporters who persisted in the protest camps and the transitional government set up by the military showed signs of willingness to compromise. A spokesman for the Pro-Morsi Alliance declared his respect for the demands of the mass movement that demonstrated on June 30th. He expressed his readiness to negotiate with the National Salvation Front, in which the secular parties of the transitional government were united. Talks with the country's new leadership should be conducted on the basis of the military-suspended constitution. But the sections of the army responsible for the coup and their Commander-in-Chief Sisi should not be involved in the political dialogue on the future of Egypt. One is ready for a political solution as long as it is based on the legitimacy of the constitution. The Basic Law suspended by the military must be put back into force.
The interim government continued to insist on closing the two Mursi supporters' protest camps in Cairo, but stressed that it was relying on a blockade and not on a storm that could trigger another bloodbath. After the military apparently blocked the camps, the Interior Ministry promised Morsi's supporters free retreat and “political integration”. However, those who committed crimes would have to answer. Interim Vice President el-Baradei said on television: “There is no solution in Egypt that can be based on exclusion. Salafists, Muslim Brotherhood, seculars, liberals and whoever - we are condemned to live together. "
Bloodbath due to the evacuation of the protest camps in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Al-Nahda Square (August 14)
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After the civilian government installed by the army announced that it would dismantle the tent camps by force if necessary and the US government subsequently approved the military coup shortly after the mass killing in the protest camp at the Rābi ala-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque on July 27, the military left the morning of August 14th with great severity against the supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood. Security forces stormed the two pro-Mursi protest camps in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque in Cairo-Nasr-City and on Nahda Square in front of the Kaio University in Giza- Dokki . Riots broke out on the same day and spread across Egypt.
The Guardian called the bloody dissolution of the protest camps in Cairo a "massacre by the security forces of around 1,000 pro-Morsi demonstrators" and the worst of the three mass killings since the fall of Morsi in early July. Human Rights Watch spoke of the "worst unlawful mass killings in the modern history of Egypt" and accused the forces of violating the simplest international police standards. Markus Bickel also wrote in the FAZ at the beginning of November that "the massacre of more than 800 demonstrators [was] the largest in the modern history of Egypt".
Since that escalation, the military-backed interim government officially allowed the police to use live ammunition "to defend themselves or important government buildings". On the afternoon of August 14, interim president Adli Mansur imposed a month-long state of emergency and night curfews in Cairo and eleven other provinces, including the cities of Alexandria and Suez . This gave the police extensive powers to make arrests without a judicial decision. The government justified this step with the “danger to security and order” through “targeted sabotage and attacks on private and public buildings” and deaths “by extremist groups”. Nationwide, more than 560 people are said to have been arrested by the police by August 15. Mohammed el-Baradei's reasoning for his resignation as Vice President on August 14, 2013: "It has become difficult for me to continue to take responsibility for decisions that I do not agree with and the effects of which frighten me". The interim vice- president and Nobel Peace Prize winner Mohammed el-Baradei resigned on August 14 in protest against the violence and resolutely distanced himself from the imposition of a state of emergency and curfews.
state of emergency
The state of emergency imposed by the military-backed interim government since the "massacre of Islamists" by the security forces and on the occasion of this bloody suppression of the mass protests against the overthrow of the elected President Mohammed Morsi on August 14 was extended by two months to mid-November 2013, which justified the interim government with a persistently critical security situation.
The three-month state of emergency gave authorities and emergency services far-reaching special rights to deal with protests and gatherings, and were able to carry out arrests without an arrest warrant and house searches without a judicial order. In addition, a controversial curfew between 1 and 5 a.m. - on Fridays between 7 and 5 a.m. - came into effect. In addition, the emergency laws, which were reactivated after the fall of Morsi, made the work of the press more difficult by entitling the armed forces to arrest critics of any kind at any time and, if necessary, to bring them to a military court. In the days following the declaration of the state of emergency, the number of those killed rose to more than a thousand since August 14. In the weeks following the declaration of the state of emergency, more than 2,000 members of the Muslim Brotherhood were arrested, including almost the entire leadership of the Islamists. The number of participants in the protests against the military coup has fallen significantly since then.
Observers saw the series of violence that has continued since the fall of Morsi in July as a sign of growing instability in Egypt. The economy and tourism in Egypt already suffered significantly from the political instability at the beginning of October. Amnesty International reported on 10 September that at least 1,089 people were killed between 14 and 18 August alone, many as a result of excessive, grossly disproportionate, unlawful and fatal use of force by the security forces. Of the more than 1,000 people who died in July and August 2013, almost all of them were civilians who had demonstrated against military chief Sisi and were shot dead by the security forces. At the beginning of October the number - as far as it became known - was up to 2,000 who had been killed since the fall of Morsi, and it continued to grow every week.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) welcomed the November 12 court ruling to end the state of emergency on the same day. The HRW chairman in Egypt, Heba Morajef, criticized the fact that in practice the state of emergency "only secured the curfew and the rights of the military for arrests", the Egyptian Interior Ministry seemed to be of the opinion that "suppressive laws have a deterrent effect". In its response to the end of the curfew on November 12, the US government referred to the impending announcement of the revision of a law to deal with protest movements, which is highly controversial even among members of the government and their supporters. Foreign Office spokeswoman Jennifer Psaki welcomed the court decision, but at the same time pointed out that the government was considering “other security laws” and called for “respect for the rights of all Egyptians”.
Conditions for a state of emergency and curfew
On August 24, the interim government shortened the night curfew, which was in place in 14 of the 27 provinces and was part of the state of emergency imposed by the military. With the exception of Fridays, on which Mursi supporters often demonstrated after the prayers, the start of the curfew, which continues to end at 6 a.m., was postponed by two hours from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m., which was seen as a sign that the After the violent clashes between the military and demonstrators, the government was again in a position to control the situation.
At the beginning of September, the interim president Adli Mansur announced on state television that the emergency laws would end and a return to a regular government as planned for mid-September if the security situation continued to improve. According to media reports citing the AFP news agency, the “situation in the country relaxed slightly” after the transitional government had previously given up “the plan to ban the Muslim Brotherhood”.
On September 12, the state of emergency that had previously been imposed on 14 provinces for a month was extended for a further two months by the interim president Adli Mansur, who was appointed by the military and who had promised an end to the emergency laws in mid-September at the beginning of September. The number of Morsi supporters arrested by the security forces from August 14 to mid-September exceeded 2,000.
After Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim lifted the state of emergency on November 11th, i.e. exactly three months after the start of the measure, the Supreme Administrative Court in Cairo decided on November 12th that the curfew associated with the controversial night curfew and according to plan on November 14th, the state of emergency should expire with immediate effect. The court used September 12 as the reference date, on which the state of emergency had been extended for two more months. The interim government announced on November 12th that it would implement the court ruling as soon as the ruling was in writing.
After the administrative court ordered the official lifting of the state of emergency at 4 p.m. on November 12, the Ministry of the Interior ordered security forces to be deployed on the grounds that they wanted to secure the country's roads. There are concerns that with the end of the state of emergency and the curfew, protests by supporters of the ousted President Morsi could increase again.
On November 13th, the interim government declared the end of the three-month state of emergency and the associated night curfew for November 14th. A checked and implemented security plan includes an increasing number of police operations as well as mobile and fixed checkpoints in the streets: "All attempts to destabilize the country or to undermine the state or the security of the citizens," according to the official statement, "are firmly punished in Compliance with the Law ”.
Persecution of the Muslim Brotherhood and banning of their organizations
Immediately with the fall of Morsi, the suspension of the constitution by Sisi and the dissolution of the upper house by Mansur, the arrest of leading cadres of the Muslim Brotherhood by the old repressive security apparatus began. He came to mass arrests of pro-Morsi demonstrators and arrests in the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood .
While the UN Secretary-General , Ban Ki-moon , called on the Egyptian authorities and “political leaders” on August 17 to come up with a credible plan to contain the violence and revitalize the political process after the carnage on August 14 , they examined Egyptian transitional government, according to media reports, the possibility of declaring the Muslim Brotherhood illegal at the suggestion of Beblawi. Beblawi declared that there could be “no reconciliation with those with blood on their hands”. The transitional government threatened to take action against “terrorism” with an “iron fist”. Authorities investigated 250 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood for murder, attempted murder and terrorism.
Seven weeks after the coup, according to Matthias Gebauer ( Der Spiegel ), the “entire management staff” of the Muslim Brotherhood, persecuted “relentlessly” after August 14, were either “dead or imprisoned” as a result of the rigorous wave of arrests; according to other press reports, at least most of them were imprisoned. The head of the Muslim Brotherhood, Muhammad Badi'e, was among those arrested. Across the country, the interim government had hundreds of Morsi supporters arrested and broken the organization's chain of command to their base. The public prosecutor's office opened an investigation into the killing of demonstrators in front of the Ittihadija Palace in December 2012 against the deposed President Morsi, who at the time was in custody for alleged conspiracy with the radical Palestinian movement Hamas to free inmates of a prison in 2011 entered Cairo without disclosing any information about Morsi's role in the violent attacks on the demonstrators. After the August 14 bloodbath, the military and police strictly prohibited any rally. On the planned routes for protest marches, snipers were posted on roofs and threatened with sharp shots on state television.
On the night of August 20, the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, Muhammad Badi'e, was arrested after an arrest warrant had been issued against him on July 10. His son was among the 900 people killed since the coup at that time. His lawyer later alleged that the 70-year-old Badi'e had been ill-treated at the beginning of his detention.
While another trial session against former President Hosni Mubarak and his sons Alaa and Gamal was held in Cairo on August 24, another trial against leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, including Mohammed Badie and five other leadership cadres, was held a few minutes later. October postponed.
On August 28, interim prime minister Beblawi announced that the interim government was no longer seeking to dissolve the Muslim Brotherhood and exclude it from politics. At this point in time, and thus within the two weeks following the bloodbath of August 14, around 2,000 Muslim Brotherhood, including almost all of their leadership, had already been arrested.
On September 2, a legal body advising the transitional government filed a motion to ban the Muslim Brotherhood, citing a law that prohibits non-state actors from forming paramilitary groups. According to information from the judiciary, the start of the trial before the State Council was expected on November 12th. After the allegations of espionage, mismanagement, corruption and others, Morsi and 14 other Muslim Brotherhoods were charged with inciting murder in early September. According to the Egyptian judiciary, at least seven demonstrators were killed when a rally in front of the presidential palace was violently broken up in early December 2012. Experts criticize the trial, saying that the indictment is helping the transitional government to continue its tough stance against the Muslim Brotherhood. Joachim Paul, head of the North Africa office of the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Tunis , interpreted the indictment as evidence that “the current government and those in power are using all legal means to push the Muslim Brotherhood underground”. Ronald Meinardus from the Friedrich Naumann Foundation in Cairo criticized the transitional government's approach as a “campaign of criminalization”. On September 7, the public prosecutor's office accused Morsi of libel in the judiciary for accusing 22 judges of fraud in the 2005 general election.
On September 23, 2013, a court in Cairo declared the Muslim Brotherhood illegal in an urgent procedure and in the absence of representatives from the Muslim Brotherhood in the first instance and banned it and “any institution that originated from it or that it belongs to” any activity. This could also mean a ban on the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Party for Freedom and Justice.
At the same time, the judge ordered the government to confiscate the property and real estate of the Muslim Brotherhood. Thus, the military-backed interim government went further with its repression against the Muslim Brotherhood than President Husni Mubarak, who was overthrown in 2011 and enabled members of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was also banned at the time, to participate in parliamentary elections as "independents". A few days earlier, the fortunes of leading Muslim Brotherhood had been frozen.
The prohibition decision meant a further escalation in the dispute between the military-backed transitional government and the supporters of the ousted President Morsi. The Muslim Brotherhood condemned the prohibition decision as a “corrupt and politically motivated decision”. In a statement posted on the Muslim Brotherhood's official Twitter account, she said that the judiciary could not change that the Muslim Brotherhood was an integral part of Egyptian society. It will continue to "remain present" after its official dissolution.
In the western press on the same day it was pointed out that the ban on the Muslim Brotherhood affected the organization that emerged as the strongest force in the first free elections in the most populous Arab country. The trial in the express court followed a lawsuit brought by the left-wing Tagammu party, which argued that the Muslim Brotherhood was a threat to national security. The application for the court order to ban a party came from a competing splinter party, which in the first free parliament in Egypt, with only four seats, had far less legitimacy than the faction of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was thirty times stronger in terms of votes. At the same time, the Handelsblatt expressed the opinion: “The democratic new beginning in Egypt will continue - but without the Muslim Brotherhood.” Martin Gehlen commented at the time that the attempt to stigmatize a quarter of the Egyptian population as terrorists jeopardized the reconciliation between the political camps , deepen the polarization to an extent never seen in the recent history of Egypt and carry the risk of an uncontrollable escalation of violence. Although the entire leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood was imprisoned, all news about the ousted President Morsi was missing, the organization of the Muslim Brotherhood was banned by court order and their assets were confiscated, "thousands upon thousands of demonstrators" were "tortured" in the detention facilities and more than a thousand people through by early October Police and military had been shot, the new rulers would not get the situation in Egypt under their control.
After the Muslim Brotherhood Party had previously been banned, the transitional government also revoked the Muslim Brotherhood's status as a non-governmental organization. All organizations that assisted the Muslim Brotherhood or were financed by them were deprived of their legal basis as NGOs. The Minister of Social Solidarity, Ahmed El-Borai, issued a resolution on October 9, based on Article 42 of the NGO Law, to officially dissolve the NGO of the Muslim Brotherhood, which had been working in Egypt outside the legal framework for decades and is only now was formally registered as an NGO in March 2013. At the same time, the Tamarod movement, which had contributed significantly to the overthrow of President Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood as the ruling party in June, but which itself had neither party status nor a political program, announced its start in the parliamentary elections planned for early 2014.
While almost the entire leadership of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was already in custody, on the night of October 30, the police also arrested the Deputy Head of the Freedom and Justice Party , Issam al-Irian, who went into hiding in his apartment in the summer An arrest warrant had been issued against him.
In early November, an estimated 3,000 Muslim Brotherhoods were imprisoned alongside their leaders. On November 6, an urgent appeal court in Cairo upheld the ban on the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. Another appeal could be filed against the verdict. The court thus dismissed the complaint made by the Muslim Brotherhood, who wanted to prevent the implementation of the ban on all of their activities. The court ruling was seen as an indication that the Muslim Brotherhood would be excluded from the military-appointed interim government for 2014.
On November 10, 14 alleged supporters of Morsi, who had been charged with participating in violent protests, were surprisingly acquitted.
Trial of the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood
With more than 2,000 prisoners, dozens of defendants and allegations ranging from corruption to the appeal for murder to treason, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was facing the largest wave of lawsuits in its 85-year history at the end of October. Observers anticipated at least a dozen trials and a three-digit number of accused, many of whom could face the death penalty if convicted. Experts considered the procedures to be opaque and instead called for efforts to achieve national reconciliation. Supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood and many human rights activists warned against show trials. Compared to the trials of supporters of the Hosni Mubarak regime, the number of accused and the allegations are more serious than those of the Muslim Brotherhood trials. Observers suggested that the trials were primarily for political purposes. In addition to the charges aimed at classifying the Muslim Brotherhood as an international terrorist organization, the defendants' inadequate legal assistance was also criticized. A lawyer who was supposed to defend Morsi fled abroad after threats, and several other lawyers associated with the Muslim Brotherhood were arrested. Prominent defendants also referred to this when they refused to cooperate during interrogation. The Cairo human rights lawyer Ahmed Usman described the trials as the legal continuation of the power struggle between Islamists and the army, which is largely about "revenge".
The head of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie, his deputies Chairat al-Schater and Mohammed Raschad Bajumi and 33 other leading members were charged by the prosecution of inciting the killing or murder of nine people who took place in a violent demonstration the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo were shot dead by the organization's security service on June 30, 2013. However, the bloody clashes just a few days before the military coup are considered unexplained. In fact, the headquarters in Cairo's Mokattam district was burned down by violent anti-Islamists without the police intervening. Whether the violence of the demonstrators was triggered by the shots of the security guards or whether the security guards had to use gun violence to protect the occupants from the demonstrators remained controversial.
The trial was formally opened at the end of August but was immediately adjourned. The main defendants were not brought before the court for "security reasons".
When the defendants were due to appear in court for the first time on October 29, the responsible court surprisingly abandoned the trial. In a statement, the Senate of the South Cairo Criminal Court indicated its bias , without further explanation , as to how the "reasons of conscience" used by the judges were interpreted. Observers suspected political pressure behind the decision. The judges thus withdrew from the case on the second day of the hearing, so that the trial had to be heard by another chamber of the criminal court, for which no date was initially announced. The judgment was thus postponed further after the adjournment at the beginning of the trial.
Before they withdrew, the judges ordered the 35 defendants to be kept in custody. All of them face the death penalty in Egypt if found guilty of incitement to murder .
The Middle East expert Michael Lüders described the arrest of the entire leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood as an action by the army and said that they would be placed under “absurd charges”.
In mid-November, police arrested Bassem Uda, a former minister for national trade affairs in the Morsi government, who was also accused of inciting violence, in hiding near Alexandria.
Trial of Mursi
An arrest warrant was issued against Morsi on July 26th. Since then, the president, who was being held in an undisclosed location by the military, has been formally held in custody on judicial orders. President Morsi, who was ousted by the military, faced several trials and, if found guilty, life imprisonment or the death penalty.
On October 9, the media announced that President Morsi, who had been put in a coup and had been detained in an undisclosed location since the beginning of July, will appear in court on November 4 for “inciting the murder of demonstrators” ( Die Zeit ) or “torture and Killing of demonstrators ”( Reuters ).
The defendants were charged with contributing to the deaths of demonstrators in clashes on December 5, 2012. The indictment against Morsi and fourteen other leading members of the Muslim Brotherhood thus related to the events in front of the presidential palace in Cairo's Heliopolis district, where around a dozen people were killed in violent clashes alleged to have protested against the decision of the then president, his powers to be expanded by decree. The criminal proceedings against Morsi, announced for November 4, 2013, thus ran on charges similar to those of the Brotherhood leaders in relation to the June 30, 2013 incident. Morsi himself was charged with responsible for the deaths of demonstrators by inciting murder When, in the end, Muslim Brotherhood security guards killed ten demonstrators after the authorities failed to intervene in the bloody clashes in front of the presidential palace, similar to the case of June 30, 2013, and ended up killing ten demonstrators. Specifically, the charge against Mursi is "a call to murder". The Germany Kultur reported on November 4, 2013, thugs of the Muslim Brotherhood were drawn on December 5, 2012. the presidential palace, where Mursi's opponents protested. They beat up the Mursi opponents and destroyed their protest camp. In the end, nine people were killed. The nine dead included at least four Muslim Brotherhoods and an Egyptian journalist. Astrid Frefel wrote in the Tagesspiegel that during the demonstrations there were bloody clashes in which at least seven people died. Morsi's opponents were to blame for the violence at that time. According to Karim El-Gawhary ( taz ), Morsi was charged with being responsible for the deaths of at least eight protesters in the clashes.
In further trials, Mursi will answer for treason , among other things . He was accused of escaping from a prison northwest of Cairo during the 2011 revolution. The public prosecutor's office also accused him of plotting against Egypt together with the Palestinian Hamas.
Critics warned that the trial of Morsi was the last chance that the transitional government and the Muslim Brotherhood could negotiate a political solution together. The trial against Morsi cemented the differences in Egyptian society. It does not offer a solution, but is a reflection of the political crisis and the unstable situation in Egypt.
Trial and detention conditions
The upcoming trial sparked concerns at home and abroad that the army would increasingly turn the country back into a police state. Even before the start of the trial, the court proceedings were less important in the legal process than in their complete politicization. The judiciary itself was one of Morsi's “bitterest opponents”. The Western media came to the conclusion that the post-coup regime with the trial of Morsi was primarily trying to obtain a legal justification for the disempowerment of the Muslim Brotherhood. During the Morsi trial, human rights activists expressed concern about political developments in Egypt. Egyptian human rights activists doubted that the trial against Morsi would be fair. They pointed out the lack of transparency in the process and warned of political pressure behind the scenes. The director of Human Rights Watch in Egypt, Heba Morajef, said that “about the Mursi trial” is worrying that the judicial system is very selective and that there is almost impunity for the security forces in connection with the killing of hundreds of protesters: “And in such a case The climate of politicized accusations puts the chance of real justice at risk. ” Amnesty International declared the process to be a“ test ”of whether the transitional government respects human rights.
In connection with Morsi's detention in a secret location, unfair trial conditions were objected to: while the defense in the case of the former ruler Husni Mubarak had been able to discuss the defendant, the human rights attorney Usman criticized that no one was able to contact him in the Morsi case , no lawyers either. According to Amnesty International, even keeping Morsi in a secret location since the coup violates human rights. Mursi seemed almost cut off from the outside world while in custody. He allegedly did not have a lawyer at the interrogation. He is said to have only been allowed to make phone calls to his family twice. The EU special envoy Catherine Ashton and representatives of the African Union were only allowed to visit him at the beginning of his arrest. According to Egyptian television, Morsi was taken to the Borg el-Arab prison near Alexandria after the first day of the trial until the trial continued , and the other co-defendants were returned to the Cairo Torah prison. The Torah prison in Cairo was originally named, but the plan is said to have been discarded because supporters of Mursi can easily mobilize masses in the capital. Since Morsi was deposed by the military after mass protests, the 62-year-old has been kept in a secret location, isolated from the environment. It was initially unclear whether Mursi should remain in de facto solitary confinement until January 8.
The withdrawal of the judges of the Senate of the South Cairo Criminal Court from the case against the Muslim leadership was interpreted in Western media as a sign that an objective clarification in the political climate prevailing after the coup, in which the declared aim of the military is the complete smashing of the already Even a formally forbidden organization of the Muslim Brotherhood was not guaranteed.
The lawyer Hoda Nasrallah, who represented victims both in the proceedings against Husni Mubarak and in the parallel proceedings against Mohammed Morsi, compared the two trials against Morsi and Mubarak. The reason why Mubarak may be acquitted “for lack of evidence”, while Morsi faces life imprisonment or the death penalty, although Mubarak was accused of the death of 840 demonstrators and Morsi of 8 demonstrators, she said that in the case of Mubarak, the security authorities de facto the Refused to cooperate with the court and even made evidence disappear, while in the Morsi case the court could be sure of the cooperation of the state authorities, especially since the police and the military would play no role in the proceedings. Karim El-Gawhary sees the sabotage of state institutions in the Mubarak process as an indication of “how much the security apparatus is still operating in the sense of the old [Mubarak] system” and speaks in a comment in the taz of a “selective accountability” by the Egyptians Judiciary.
The attitude of Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood
Mohammed Morsi, as the democratically elected Egyptian President who had been overthrown by the military, did not recognize the court, but instead denied its legality. He insisted that he should continue to be the legally elected head of state, representing a position that was also represented by individual lawyers who were not close to the Muslim Brotherhood.
In the course of his interrogations, Mursi had remained silent on this grounds and consequently did not hire any lawyers to defend him, but rather waived any legal counsel. A team of more than a dozen lawyers was formed under the leadership of the former presidential candidate Mohamed Selim El-Awa , but its members did not have any power of attorney and therefore referred to themselves as observers. The Muslim Brotherhood's legal team also said that Morsi considered the trial to be unlawful and would not defend himself. He will stand before the court without a lawyer to make it clear that the process is illegitimate.
At the end of October, the democracy alliance led by the Muslim Brotherhood had declared that the ousted president, who had been overthrown by the military, “did not recognize the trial or any other act resulting from the coup”. Since he considers neither the court nor the pending trial against him to be legitimate, he also refuses from the outset to be defended by lawyers. He therefore intended to defend himself. One of his lawyers. Mohammed el-Damati said it was "a prime example of an unfair trial" to be expected as the "corollary of the coup". A judgment on Morsi should simulate the “legitimacy of the coup government”: “But for us it is not just about Morsi. It is about the legitimacy of the constitutional order. "
procedure
On Friday November 1st, hundreds of demonstrators responded to the call for daily protests against the trial of Morsi announced for the following Monday. In riots in Alexandria between supporters and opponents of Morsi, seven people were injured and 60 protesters were arrested, according to official information. There were also clashes in Cairo. Several hundred supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood demonstrated in the outskirts and outskirts of Giza, Maadi , Nasr City and Helwan.
On November 4, the first day of the trial against Morsi and 14 co-defendants took place, seven of whom (including Mohammed al Beltagi , Issam al-Irian, Ahmed Abd al Ati and Asaad Schiha) were present while seven others were on the run. Morsi's first public appearance since his fall on July 3rd began with a scandal and tumult. Mursi explained the procedure for an illegal show trial of a military junta and began with the words: “What is happening here now is a military coup. I am beside myself that the Egyptian judiciary is to be used as a fig leaf for this criminal coup. ”A television station reported that Morsi had also brought the judge against himself because Morsi had resisted his order to wear the white prison overalls as the clothing of a detainee. but appeared in a dark suit for the trial and said: "I am your rightful president and you are not right!" When the Mursi took his seat, the defendants' lawyers as well as simple supporters raised their hands with clasped thumbs in a Morsi or R4bia greeting as a gesture of solidarity, whereupon some journalists “Execution! Execution! ”Chanted. Journalists present in the courtroom reported "absolute chaos". According to The Guardian's Patrick Kingsley , the defendants and their lawyers chanted against the army, while some anti-Morsi journalists loudly called for the death penalty and there were brawls between lawyers. Several defendants shouted: “Down with the military dictatorship!” Again and again, parts of the approximately 300 spectators in the courtroom voted in the chants of the Muslim Brotherhood leaders like “Illegitim! Illegitimate! "," Down with the military rule "and" The people want the overthrow of the regime! " Journalists from the Press Syndicate lifted pictures in the courtroom of reporter Husseini Abu Dief, who was killed in protests outside the presidential palace in December 2012. The judge said the hearing would not resume until Morsi was ready to wear his prison clothes. He interrupted the session ten minutes after it started. An hour later the judge resumed the trial, but postponed it a second time after repeated interjections from the defendants, this time to January 8, when the new constitution would be adopted as the first part of military chief Sisi's “roadmap” should. This should also give the defense time to familiarize themselves with the indictment. If Morsi still refuses to recognize the authority of the court, he could be represented by a lawyer.
In contrast to the trial of Husni Mubarak, in which the court had also met in the police academy in Cairo, the Egyptian television viewers did not get to see the accused this time. State television refrained from broadcasting it live, citing security reasons, so the trial was not broadcast on state television. The few journalists who were allowed to enter the courtroom had to surrender cell phones and cameras. Karim El-Gawhary suspected in the taz that the decision against a live broadcast should prevent Morsi from being given a political platform. Only state television was allowed to film in the courtroom, which then cut its version and presented it as the only moving image available worldwide. Mursi could be seen in it on his arrival and later in a black suit in silence in the prosecution cage, from where he observed the tumultuous scenes in the courtroom. These subsequently shown recordings of Mursi entering the courthouse and in the courtroom were broadcast without sound.
Tens of thousands of Morsi's supporters gathered in front of the grounds of the police academy in Cairo, which had been hermetically sealed for kilometers and where Morsi was tried, but also in other parts of Cairo, to protest against the Morsi trial. Other media only spoke of hundreds of demonstrators in support of Morsi. They held up posters with the R4bia symbol "to commemorate the mass murder of Rabaa" (Markus Bickel / FAZ) as well as posters with the slogan "No to the army coup, yes to legality", sprayed "CC [for" Sisi "] is a murderer" on passing vehicles and presented Mursi's likeness on cardboard masks and T-shirts. Morsi's followers were on the streets all over Cairo, for example in front of the State Court in the city center and in front of the Constitutional Court on the banks of the Nile, where Morsi took his oath of office at the end of June 2012 because the military had recently dissolved parliament. At the start of the trial, there were clashes between supporters and opponents of Mursi. Passers-by attacked Morsi supporters who were protesting the trial in front of the Constitutional Court in Cairo. Street battles break out in Alexandria. Occasional clashes occurred on November 4th. Islamists attacked several pro-government journalists, and the police arrested a few dozen demonstrators in Cairo and Alexandria. A stranger shot a military officer in the city of Ismaelija.
Because of the trial and in preparation for the threat of new protests, security measures across the country had been tightened before the trial began, with the most extensive security measures ever implemented in Egypt. The metro stations remain closed. Cameras, metal detectors, explosive dogs, and snipers were used. Tahrir Square in Cairo was cordoned off by the military with barbed wire. 20,000 police officers and soldiers, several times the number of staff employed at the start of the trial of Morsi's predecessor Mubarak in August 2011, were called in by the military-backed transitional government to secure the makeshift courtroom in Cairo's Tora district, and the Interior Ministry used tear gas. The place of the trial had not been made public until shortly before the start of the trial.
A few hours before the start of the trial, the Egyptian authorities refused to allow Osama Mursi, a son Morsi who was politically behind his father and the goals of the Muslim Brotherhood and who allegedly wanted to fly from Cairo to Malaysia on the night of November 4, to leave the country. Observers suspected that this was to prevent Osama Mursi from organizing a campaign to support his father from abroad.
Attacks on Christians (mid-August)
Immediately after the army in Cairo "caused a bloodbath with hundreds of dead" when the Islamists' seated protests were violently triggered, attacks on at least 42 churches, 122 shops, five schools and 51 houses, in particular in Upper Egypt, which is partly more Christian the counties or provinces of Minya, Asyut, Fayum, Giza, Suez, Sohag, Bani Suwaif, Luxor, and North Sinai, of which at least 37 were set on fire or damaged on August 14th. The Muslim Brotherhood had previously accused the Christians of supporting the military. At least four people, including three Coptic Christians and one Muslim, died in the attacks in Delga, Minya City and Cairo , according to Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International . Across the country, Amnesty International said more than 200 Christian-owned properties were attacked, with serious damage to 43 churches. In the nearby town of Delga, near Minya, where 62 Coptic families were driven from their homes and two Copts were killed, security forces did not end the Sharia state proclaimed there by Islamists until the end of September.
Official information from the Egyptian government indicates that "followers of Morsi" ( Die Zeit ) set three Christian churches on fire after security forces began to clear two Morsi supporters' protest camps in Cairo.
Human rights groups initially blamed various groups or individuals, and actions by provocateurs from the secret service became known.
Early reports
Immediately after the violent evacuation of the Morsi supporters' protest camps on August 14, 2013, according to Christian activists in social networks , radical Islamists attacked three churches and started fires in front of churches in the provinces of Minya and Sohag . According to the Anglican Diocese of Egypt in Cairo, Mursi supporters attacked the Anglican Church in Suez with stones and incendiary devices. A Catholic church in Suez was also attacked. The Coptic Catholic Bishop of Asyut , Kyrillos William Samaan , told Church in Need that churches in the cities of Sohag , Fayum and Bani Suwaif as well as on the Sinai Peninsula had been attacked by Islamists and Christians threatened.
According to security sources, a Coptic church was burned down by extremists in Abanub in Asyut province . The Christian newspaper Watani stated that Islamists had attacked a total of 35 churches or other Coptic institutions. According to a report in Der Spiegel , the army shot at a crowd of 3,000 Islamists marching past the church on August 16 from the Church of St. George in Cairo. According to members of the army, several Islamists are said to have been killed in heavy fighting.
Victims and damage
According to Christian activists, 85 attacks on Christian churches, schools and community centers as well as on Christian-owned shops and houses took place between August 14 and August 17, 2013. According to other sources as of August 18, Christian websites reported 49 attacks in the previous days. On August 18, Martin Gehlen summarized that “in an unprecedented campaign of revenge by Islamist radicals” since the carnage of August 14, 63 churches had been set on fire and looted. The wave of raids up to this point concentrated mainly on central Egyptian cities with strong Islamist forces and a Christian population of up to 30 percent, such as Bani Suwaif , Fayum, Minya, Sohag and Asyut. Amnesty International reported in October that 43 churches had been seriously damaged.
Examples of attacks that have become known:
- Five Catholic schools in Minya, Suez and Asyut burned down to the ground.
- Two monasteries were destroyed in Suez and Asyut.
- A church orphanage in Minya was badly damaged. A 33-year-old Christian waiter and a Muslim cook were burned alive in a toilet on the restaurant ship Mermaid, in which they had previously barricaded themselves.
- In Cairo's city center, according to Al Jazeera, the convent of the Franciscan Sisters was attacked.
- In Alexandria, the mob lynched a Coptic taxi driver in the street who accidentally got into a pro-Morsi demonstration with his car.
- According to the Catholic church leadership, 58 houses, 85 shops and 16 pharmacies were looted in Cairo.
- Three Coptic owned hotels were set on fire in Luxor .
- In Bani Suwaif, according to the headmistress of the AP news agency, three nuns from the Franciscan School were sexually abused on the street and the Franciscan School was plundered and set on fire.
- Islamists proclaimed a Sharia state in the small town of Delga in the Upper Egyptian province of Minya . 40 Christian families fled the village after their houses were burned down. The members of the Christian minority who remained in Delga were terrorized by Islamists with extortion and kidnapping for four weeks until security forces were able to restore state control over the place.
Reactions and evaluations
The representative of the Bishops' Conference in Cairo and pastor of the German-speaking, Catholic St. Mark's Congregation in Cairo, Monsignor Joachim Schroedel , spoke on ZDF on August 15 that churches had been set on fire, which would prove that the "fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood" were not democratic demonstrators, but rather "terrorist elements". Despite hundreds of deaths, he rated the deployment of the security forces against the Muslim Brotherhood protest camps as “very responsible behavior” by the police and the military. According to his feelings and intuition, from the point of view of many people, the Mursi sympathizers failed to react to “all offers”, but remained “fundamentalist”, which is why “new ways had to be described” with the forced evacuation of the camps. Months later, Schroedel, when asked about the criticism in Germany of his TV statements on the Egyptians' attitude to life and death in the face of the August 14th bloodbath, repeated his formulation that the camps had been evacuated “with high losses”. He reiterated that, compared to the high number of people living there, “the majority of Egyptians will accept several hundred deaths”. “All bishops, including Pope Tawadros of the Copt,” continued Schroedel, “thanked the military in greetings for ending Morsi's rule. The dead were officially sanctioned by the church. An Egyptian has a different relationship to life and death. ”For the majority of Egyptians,“ the rule of the Islamists under Morsi was a black, dark cloud ”.
The German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle distanced himself from this assessment in the same Heute Journal broadcast after Schroedel appeared on ZDF , instead assessing it as a "defeat of international diplomacy" that it had not been possible to prevent "a bloodbath in Egypt", stressed at the same time that the protection of Christians in Egypt was an important concern of German politics.
On the night of August 16-17, the Coptic Orthodox Church declared its support in the fight against "violent armed groups and black terrorism" and its solidarity with the police and the army, which a few months earlier had appeared as the declared enemy of Christians and killed 28 Christian protesters in October 2011.
The Muslim Brotherhood condemned the attacks on churches and urged their supporters to show restraint, but in a statement they accused the Copts of complicity in opposing the Muslim Brotherhood.
The reason for the attacks on the Copts is not considered to be their membership of a religious minority, but the fact that the Christian minority supported the coup against President Morsi. The fact that the Patriarch of Alexandria , Pope Tawadros II , had attended General Sisi's speech on the speaker's stage on the day of the coup on July 3, is linked to the joint responsibility of the Coptic minority in the fall of Morsi . Salafists and the Muslim Brotherhood are said to have blamed the Copts for this. Tawadros II had at this point in his still short term of office already from the policy of his predecessor, Pope Schenuda III. , solved. From 1971 until his death in March 2012, he led the church by avoiding political positions and striving for close cooperation with the state. Tawadros II, on the other hand, publicly praised the coup against Morsi with gestures of thanks to the army. The second enemy of the Islamists is the Coptic entrepreneur Naguib Sawiris , who, in open rejection of the Muslim Brotherhood, financed the activist movement “Tamarod”, whose protest marches preceded the coup.
On the evening of August 18, the transitional government forbade the population to set up vigilante groups: the formation of “people's committees” to secure neighborhoods, according to the interior ministry, “that are used to commit illegal acts” is prohibited. General Sisi promised the Christians in August that the army would pay for the construction of the destroyed churches from its own resources. But it was criticized that the new non-Islamist rulers had shown themselves unwilling or unable to protect the Copts by state security forces. Sectarian conflicts already existed in the years before the overthrow of Husni Mubarak in February 2011, but since the revolution of 2011 the old regulatory mechanisms, in which representatives of the Coptic Pope Shenuda III, who died in March 2012, police officers and representatives of the Muslim Azhar had solutions Protection found by the Copts no longer works. In view of the lack of protection, there is a risk that the Copts will continue to emigrate, despite the will to coexist in the affected communities. Example:
The Egyptian Center for Public Policy Studies (ECPPS), which describes itself as a “liberal” Egyptian non-governmental organization, named in its report “Oppressed under different regimes - Egypt's Christians between sectarian violence and state negligence” of September 2013 the destruction of 30 places of worship and over 60 Christian ones Shops, houses and cars in August 2013 were the "most violent scenes of violence in Egypt's recent history," but did not name the initiators of the attacks.
In a report by Amnesty International distributed on October 9, the human rights organization accused the Egyptian military government of not having adequately protected Christians against attacks by Islamists, which led to the devastating wave of violence against the Coptic minority in mid-August. According to Amnesty International, after Morsi's dismissal in early July, security forces should have known that “part of the Muslim Brotherhood” ( Die Welt ) was venting their anger on Christians, but timely precautions were not taken to stop the violence. Amnesty International called for an independent investigation into the incident. From graffiti of the attackers on the walls documented by Amnesty International with slogans such as “Morsi is my president” and “They killed our brothers during prayer”, the human rights organizations concluded that the attacks were most likely confessional and related to the events of the “tough crackdown on the security forces against Mursi supporters in Cairo ”. The attacks were often preceded by incitement in local mosques and by religious leaders. Hassiba Hadj Sahraoui, the deputy director of the Middle East and North Africa Department at Amnesty International, also criticized the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood: “Given that these attacks were carried out in retaliation for crackdown on pro-Morsi sit-ins, commented the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood too late and evasive to the attacks by blaming thugs for the attacks. ”The“ Christian community all over Egypt ”was“ selected by some supporters of the deposed President Mohamed Morsi to take revenge for to hold out the events in Cairo ”. The Middle East expert Ruth Jüttner from Amnesty International in Germany criticized "that Coptic Christians were apparently chosen by supporters of the former President Morsi for acts of revenge and that the government does not protect them."
R4bia campaign
The military-backed interim government announced in mid-August on state television that any protest would be crushed immediately. The broadcasters, which have been reporting strictly in accordance with the government policy for weeks, had advised the population to stay at home, as the "fight against terrorism", which is widely praised by the media, could lead to violence.
In this situation, for example, on 23 August, at largely peaceful rallies in front of 28 mosques in Cairo, thousands of Morsi's supporters demonstrated against the army leadership and protested at the demonstrations that broke up in the afternoon with the new symbol of their protest movement, a black hand on a yellow background, the so-called Mursi greeting with four outstretched fingers and the thumb placed across the palm of the hand.
This " R4bia " emblem was intended to commemorate the hundreds of times the army killed demonstrators in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque on August 14 and alluded to the Arabic meaning of the maiden name Rābiʿa (German: "Fourth"). In addition, the R4bia symbol stood for Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Egypt, which had become the central demonstration site for Mursi supporters. As a symbol of the bloody storming of the largest protest camp by the Islamists by the security forces, it became a lasting symbol of the resistance of the Muslim Brotherhood.
The R4bia symbol was also used transnationally by demonstrators as a symbol of the pro-Mursi protests, such as the following weekend at a solidarity rally organized by various trade unions, associations and civil rights movements of thousands of people on the central Sāhhiye Square in Ankara, Turkey, or on March 17 and August 24 at demonstrations in Berlin, Germany . The German protection of the constitution assigned the international R4bia movement, which opposed the takeover of power by the Egyptian military and to which demonstrations in Stuttgart with several thousand participants were connected, to the Muslim Brotherhood.
When the top striker of the football club and Champions League winner al Ahly Cairo , Ahmed Abd el-Zaher , presented the R4bia symbol as a four-finger greeting from the Muslim Brotherhood in November when celebrating a goal after scoring a goal in a final second leg , his club responded with the Abdel-Zahers suspension and froze his salary payments because of the display of political sympathy. The Egyptian Football Association EFA was commissioned to investigate the incident and, if necessary, to ban the footballer. Egyptian Sports Minister Taher Abouzeid said he expected Abd el-Zaher to be banned and fined by his national sports federation in the same way as the Egyptian kung fu athlete Mohamed Yousuf Ramadan. He had been banned from participating in international championships for two years after wearing a T-shirt with the R4bia symbol when the gold medal was awarded at the World Championships in Saint Petersburg in October. Mohamed Yousuf Ramadan gave humanitarian rather than political reasons for using the R4bia symbol. With the T-shirt he wanted to remember personal friends from childhood who were killed in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square and were among the thousands of victims of state violence.
With the official classification of the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization by the military-backed transitional government on December 25, 2013, the use of the R4bia symbol was also made a criminal offense. As a penalty for using the R4bia mark on social media, a five-year sentence was pronounced on December 27, 2013.
- Gallery: Anti-coup demonstration with R4bia symbols in Cairo-Maadi on September 20, 2013:
Violence and bloodbath continue at Al-Fetah Mosque in Ramses Square (August 16)
Islamist protests:
red : selected places of Islamist protests from 14-16 August yellow : Other locations relevant to the national crisis |
After the Friday prayers, tens of thousands demonstrated in several cities in Egypt on August 16 against police violence and the disempowerment of President Morsi.
According to the transitional government, clashes between security forces and supporters of the ousted president on August 16 again killed at least 173 civilians across the country and injured 1,330 people. 95 of them died in Cairo alone, where a son of the head of the Muslim Brotherhood, Muhammad Badi'e , was shot. Four demonstrators were killed in Ismailia, according to information from hospitals. According to paramedics, eight demonstrators died in the port city of Damiette.
The center of the protests in Cairo was Ramses Square, where thousands of demonstrators moved from the mosques to a central rally after Friday prayers. The police shot with tear gas and live ammunition, and witnesses reported that stones and incendiary devices were thrown. Patrick Kingsley reported for the Guardian that he was “eyewitness to a massacre” of at least 19 people in Ramses Square. The Guardian testified to seeing dozens of bodies lying on the floor of the Al-Fetah Mosque in Ramses Square. A spokesman for the Muslim Brotherhood said that 45 people were killed in Ramses Square by the putschists. The Interior Ministry said dozens of demonstrators had attacked the nearby Ezbekija police station, whereupon a gun battle broke out on both sides, in which several bystanders were killed.
A second center of violence in Cairo was the May 15 Bridge. It became the main site of bloody skirmishes between security forces and protesting supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood on August 16. People jumped off the bridge in a panic.
Since August 14, the official number of dead in all of Egypt has risen to more than 800, the number of police officers killed to 57. The government made mass arrests. According to official figures 1,004 people, a brother were detained from August 16 to August 17, including as specified security sources al-Qaida boss Ayman Al-Zawahiri .
On August 17, after a violent but bloodless exchange of fire with armed supporters of Morsi, members of a special unit violently evacuated the Al-Fateh mosque in downtown Cairo, which was besieged by police, military and a crowd After the curfew began on August 6th, they were barricaded and, according to eyewitness reports, negotiated to leave the mosque free for fear of the security forces and gangs of thugs. According to the transitional government, 385 people were arrested.
A report by Amnesty International , which examined the results of a team from the human rights organization during a visit to hospitals and morgues in Cairo, described numerous bullets in the head and chest as an abnormality among the victims. The Egyptologist Henning Franzmeier stated that the security forces “would not differentiate between peaceful demonstrators and demonstrators prepared to use violence”.
Mass death of prisoners on remand (August 18)
On August 18, 2013, 37 people were suffocated during a prisoner transport. After arrests among Islamist demonstrators, the prisoner transporter stood for hours in the blazing heat in the courtyard of Abu Saabal prison on August 18, 2013. When the 45 prisoners crammed into the overcrowded police car became restless, the police sprayed tear gas inside the car. 37 of the prisoners died. They were part of a convoy with around 600 prisoners. The fourth bloodbath of supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, which this time took place in police custody, also evoked appalling reactions from Morsi opponents and supporters of the military coup.
The incident was part of police actions to bloody crackdown on the mostly peaceful protests of the Islamists who demonstrated against the overthrow of President Morsi by the military in July 2013. The court ruling against the perpetrators from the ranks of the police on March 18, 2014 was the first and only conviction in connection with the uprisings in Cairo in summer 2013, when at least 1400 people were suppressed in often brutal operations by the security forces had been killed by systematic shootings.
Depiction of the military regime
According to the official version, the Ministry of the Interior had presented the incident in such a way that 36 prisoners were killed who had tried to escape from custody. Again, different reports were circulated about the course of the alleged violent clashes during the attempt to escape.
The military-backed transitional government said the prisoners tried to escape from the police vehicle when they were about to be taken to prison. The police used tear gas to prevent the outbreak, with 36 of those willing to flee being suffocated. In addition, the prisoners took a police officer hostage.
Representation of the Muslim Brotherhood
On the part of the Muslim Brotherhood, 52 of its members were initially given as fatalities, later corrected to 35. According to their account, it was not an attempt to escape.
Prosecution
On October 22, the attorney general ordered an urgent procedure in which four police officers "had to answer for the killing of 39 Islamists" (WAZ). The charges were murder and negligent assault. According to security sources, the public prosecutor's office started an investigation immediately after the incident on August 18. A total of seven police officers were involved. Four of the police officers were charged with killing prisoners. The prosecution was convinced that the Muslim Brotherhood had been arrested and put in a police vehicle into which the police later fired tear gas grenades. The attorney general said the investigation revealed that the officers had transported 45 prisoners in a vehicle that was only designed for a maximum of 24 people. Then the police fired tear gas into the interior of the vehicle, which resulted in "the deaths of 37 prisoners and two other people".
On March 18, 2014, a Cairo court sentenced one policeman to a ten-year prison term and three other policemen to one-year suspended sentences for the deaths of 37 prisoners during the prisoner transport. The allegations in the proceedings were negligent homicide or negligent bodily harm. The policeman, sentenced to a long prison term for manslaughter, was also sentenced to forced labor.
The prosecution refuted the statements of the police officers, who had previously stated that the inmates had attempted an escape. The exact course of the incident remained unclear despite the testimony of surviving transport inmates. The prosecution concluded that the officers were guilty of extreme neglect of their official duties.
Departure of el-Baradeis (August 18)
Vice-President Mohammed el Baradei, who had resigned the previous week in protest against the excessive force exercised by the military during the evacuation of the Muslim Brotherhood camps, flew to Vienna on August 18, according to media reports out of fear for his life.
Mubarak trial and Sisi's possible presidential candidacy
Morsi's supporters and human rights groups accused the military of wanting to restore the Hosni Mubarak regime after the military coup against Morsi.
Trial of Mubarak and his release from prison
In January 2013, a first judgment against Mubarak, who ruled Egypt authoritarian as president until 2011, was declared invalid after an objection by his lawyers. After the coup in July, the Egyptian people paid little attention to the trial of Mubarak compared to the emotions triggered by the first appearance in the modern history of the Arab world by a former head of state in court on August 3, 2011.
The anti-Islamist sentiment promoted by a smear campaign by the Egyptian media supported the work of Mubarak's lawyers at an important stage. On the one hand, the Mubarak Defense worked to paraphrase the events of the 2011 revolution, according to which the security forces should no longer be responsible for the violence against the demonstrators, but the Muslim Brotherhood. On the other hand, due to the loss of confidence in the Muslim Brotherhood, it became increasingly unlikely that the results of an investigation report commissioned by Morsi, which re-examined the 18-day popular uprising in the "Revolution" of 2011 and for both the police and the army, were taken into account for the trial incriminated serious human rights violations.
Observers of the process also criticized the lack of transparency. Although Judge Mahmud al-Raschidi had initially promised that all court sessions would be televised, he imposed a news blackout for the coming court days, citing national security concerns.
After Hosni Mubarak was released from prison on August 22nd, it was feared that the situation in Egypt would worsen again. The dismissal of Mubarak, against which several lawsuits were still pending, was given symbolic value, as his legal conviction thus appeared to have failed. The Muslim Brotherhood, who from the outset viewed the overthrow of Morsi by the military as an attempt to restore the old conditions as under Mubarak, saw Mubarak's release from prison as evidence of this and announced protests.
Question of the restoration of Mubarak structures
Instead of popular protest, however, Mubarak's release from prison was followed in August by an Internet campaign to persuade the autocrat Mubarak, who was ousted in 2011, to run for the presidency again. Markus Symank spoke in Deutsche Welle about a “Mubarak nostalgia” in the Egyptian population.
Also in August, the interim president Mansur appointed one and a half dozen governors, most of whom were former generals from the police or army, which observers in the FAZ saw as a sign of the continued existence or renewed strength of the repressive apparatus from the time under Mubarak. Increasing evidence that the military was consolidating its position included the press conference held by Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim, a member of the old security apparatus, on the evening of August 14. He highlighted that 21 police stations had been attacked and promised that after the situation stabilized, security in Egypt would be better than it was before January 25, 2011, when the uprising against Mubarak began.
Question of Sisi's presidential candidacy
According to Markus Symank, the "Mubarak nostalgia" that soon prevailed in Egypt after the coup was "lost in a Sisi euphoria in many places."
After the military coup, the generals named Adli Mansur, a judge who was considered uncharismatic and had no political ambitions, as interim president. Shortly afterwards, media reports first launched the idea that military chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi could run for president in 2014.
In an interview with the Washington Post on August 4, the military chief Sisi, who has been considered "the strong man of Egypt" since the coup against Musi, described himself as a person who did not strive for rule and indicated that despite his increasing popularity he held the presidency for exclude each other.
At the same time, however, since he had ousted President Morsi, Sisi established a network of contacts that he had cultivated since his appointment as army chief in 2012. During the state crisis caused by the fall of Morsi, he held meetings with top clerics , writers and young activists and balanced sensitive foreign relations with the US, Europe and Arab allies. He also maintained close ties with the vice-president of the new, army-backed transitional government, Mohammad el-Baradei.
Sisi, who had studied Egyptian politics, was considered politically savvy. One of his first steps was to reorganize the Army's public relations department , which was now working to secure public support for him.
At the beginning of September, support continued to grow for a possible candidacy for Sisi's presidential election, which is expected to be held in early 2014. As the “strong man” responsible for the coup against Morsi in the lead, he had achieved solidarity among a large part of the people with the army with his repeated brutal military actions against the Muslim Brotherhood in the previous weeks. In particular, he also played a central role in the transition process in Egypt, at the end of which new elections and a revised constitution were announced.
Abdel Hakim Gamal Abdel Nasser, the youngest son of former President Gamal Abdel Nasser , had been traded as a potential presidential candidate for several months. However, when possible political ambitions of Sisi became apparent, Nasser held back. On September 28, in the presence of hundreds of "Nasserists" on the 43rd anniversary of his father's death, he told the newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm : "I hope that Colonel-General Al-Sisi will lead Egypt in the next phase."
According to media reports, Mubarak also appeared to be an admirer of Sisi. On a tape recording that was leaked to the Egyptian newspaper Youm7 , in a discussion with friends about the political situation in Egypt, he took a position that hardly differed from the position of the coup government in Egypt: The statement of a person speaking on the tape: “We need someone with sense, someone from the army "added Mubarak with" It has to be someone from the military, someone who is strong and has clear goals. There are good people in the army. "
According to reports on October 9, the military chief Sisi, who was “significantly involved in the fall of Morsi”, kept open in an interview whether he was aiming for a candidacy in the 2014 presidential election. He currently considers it inappropriate "to ask this question in the light of the challenges and risks the country is going through". At this point in time, a heated discussion was already going on about his possible presidential candidacy, and attempts were made to get him to do this by collecting signatures. As the leader of an alliance of prominent personalities from the Mubarak era, representatives from the police and military apparatus, the business elites and many politicians who became known after the revolution, his portrait was omnipresent “on billboards, satchels and on candy” . The online edition of the German mass newspaper Bild-Zeitung commented in connection with the lack of exclusion of his candidacy in an interview with Sisis and the candidacy campaign for Sisi that the army leadership had always denied political ambitions before, but the "current interim president Adli Mansur [...] basically applies taken as al-Sisi's puppet ”. Mansur, who was personally appointed deputy head of the highest Egyptian court by Mubarak, controlled both the legislature and the executive as a "puppet of the military" (Markus Bickel / Die Zeit ) and head of the constitutional court since the putsch against Morsi and thus united as much as possible Power of disposal in his office.
In October, the news site Rasd , which sympathizes with the Islamists, published audio recordings that were allegedly unapproved and that were supposed to come from a conversation between Sisi and Yasser Rizk, editor-in-chief of the state newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm , and that were intended to serve as evidence that Sisi was the military chief even after the new elections planned soon in the official political timetable and the election of a new government, regardless of the outcome of the elections, he wanted to secure far-reaching powers that would make his position inviolable. In the conversation published by Rasd , Sisi is supposed to tell the editor-in-chief: “You should start a campaign with other intellectuals. Demand that the constitution be given an article giving General Sisi immunity from his position as defense minister and allowing him to remain in office. Even in the event that he does not become president. ”Whether or not Sisi wanted to run in the presidential elections, the general had left open. The signature campaign calling for Sisi to become the next president should, by this point, have reportedly collected millions of signatures. Who was behind the campaign was not known.
In mid-October, both the government paid painters and residents painted over the facades with white paint, which was sprayed night after night by Sisi opponents with messages such as "CC murderer" or "CC traitor" (the letters "CC") English are pronounced for the name of the military chief "Sisi"). In the climate of a “fanatical personality cult” (Raniah Salloum / Der Spiegel ) around the person of Sisi, dissenting voices were not tolerated and opponents of Sisi were classified as Islamists and enemies of the state.
Military operation on Sinai
After the fall of Husni Mubarak, Islamist militias and smugglers' gangs had established themselves in the northern Sinai Peninsula. The region became a stronghold for militant Islamists. Since the army overthrew President Morsi in early July, jihadists have stepped up their attacks on government facilities, police stations and military bases in Sinai. The army then took massive action against armed groups near the Israeli border in a military offensive.
At the beginning of September, the Egyptian army launched a large-scale offensive against militant Islamists who had established bases on the Sinai Peninsula, which is considered to be the largest such offensive in the recent past. By the beginning of October, the official casualties of the security forces amounted to 125 dead and almost 1,000 other injured.
The south of the strategically important Sinai Peninsula, where the seaside resort of Sharm El-Sheikh is also located, remained quiet at the beginning of October until twelve police officers died on October 7 and dozen were injured when a car bomb in front of the security forces' headquarters in at-Tur detonated.
The Egyptian state media unequivocally supported the new leadership's course and stated that the people of Sinai, including Bedouins, tribal leaders and local dignitaries, welcomed the army offensive. The almost complete cordon off the Sinai Peninsula by the military made it difficult for journalists to get an objective picture of the situation. In September, reporter Ahmad Abu Draa, who had previously reported attacks by the army on civilians, was arrested by security forces and charged by the military with spreading false reports and waging an “information war” against the interim government forces.
In October the media reported that journalists from US online magazines Slate and McClatchy had managed to penetrate the Sinai. Their reports confirm Abu Draa's allegations that the Egyptian army in the region not only acts against alleged insurgents, but against anyone who has contact with alleged rebels, which affects almost every person in the tribal Bedouin society.
Emerging conflicts between liberal opposition members and the state apparatus
Since the coup on July 3, 2013, Tahrir Square has been dominated by pro-military demonstrations, while pro-Morsi demonstrators initially settled in the protest camp on the square near the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque. The Egyptian population split equally into two groups of Morsi and military supporters, who both claimed to continue the 2011 uprising. As an exception to this division of society, the small group AlMidan AlTalat ("Third Place") demonstrated on July 28, 2013, after the horror of the bloodbath of the security forces of 80 (according to recent sources: almost 100) Muslim Brotherhood Around 100 to 300 liberals, leftists and moderate Islamists in a “third place”, Sphinx Square in Cairo-Giza, against both Morsi and the military, spoke out in favor of a “third way” and both rejected the leadership the Muslim Brotherhood as well as the interim government appointed by the army. According to media reports, however, its members were young and affluent urban people who, as “a few lonely Egyptian activists”, tried to strike a balance between the nationwide rift between the Muslim Brotherhood and supporters of the military coup against President Morsi. The Tamarod group, which organized the anti-Morsi mass protests and supported the transitional government installed by the army after the coup, accused the “third place” group of splitting up the Egyptian “revolutionary forces”.
While the Salafist Al-Nur party, which had agreed to help shape the transition period, was exempted from state repression, media reports said in September that those in power after the coup did not limit themselves to the Muslim Brotherhood and their allies to fight with great severity, but also the activists of the "democracy movement" saw themselves threatened by them. Repressions by the government are directed not only against the Muslim Brotherhood and other supporters of the president who was overthrown by the military, but also against the secular opposition, so that the left, liberals and trade unionists are also affected by the arbitrariness of those in power. Several hundred demonstrators protested in front of the General Prosecutor's Office in Cairo with slogans on their banners such as “Attention, the Mubarak state is back!” And slogans such as “Down with military rule!” Or “Release all prisoners!”. "Among secular activists," said Martin Gehlen at the time , "there is now a fear that, after the Muslim Brotherhood, the security apparatus will also tackle critics from the ranks of the democracy movement." While the "smear campaigns on the TV channels that are switched to the same" If it continued unabated, the signs would increase, according to Gehlen, "that even non-Islamist opposition members should be silenced with exemplary arrests, rumors about investigations, interrogations and threats of charges".
Mohamed el-Baradei
As an early example, Mohamed el-Baradei, who fled to Vienna and resigned his position as interim vice-president in protest against the bloodbath of the security forces in mid-August, was announced by the judiciary for betraying "public trust".
Wael Ghonim, Amr Hamzawy, Israa Abdel Fatta, Ahmed Maher and others
Subsequently, according to Heba Morayef of Human Rights Watch, there was an intimidation campaign by the power apparatus, for example against 35 of the most prominent opponents of the popular uprising against Mubarak in 2011. Among them was the internationally known blogger Wael Ghonim , the liberal political scientist, human rights activist and leader of the opposition Freedom Egypt Party , Amr Hamzawy and the April 6th democracy movement co-founders , Israa Abdel Fattah and Ahmed Maher , all accused of receiving financial contributions from the US and other countries for their political activities. These measures are an intimidating warning for “the entire NGO scene”, since the new authoritarian rulers after the coup against Morsi, like the latter himself, are “not interested in a politically agile civil society ”.
Israa Abdel Fattah, who was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize as a co-founder of the youth movement of April 6, 2011 among other things for promoting non-violence in the protests, had herself justified the killing by the military of the pro-Morsi demonstrators, whom she denounced as terrorists.
Amr Hamzawy said at the beginning of August that the new rulers had organized a “hunt” on all those who protested against human rights violations and called for the rule of law and democracy or called for reconciliation between the two warring camps.
Ahmed Abu Daraa and Haitham Mohamadeen
In the first half of September, the investigative journalist Ahmed Abu Daraa was arrested, interrogated and labeled a "terrorist" in the press after he reported in late August that attacks by Apache helicopters on alleged extremist hideouts had destroyed civilian homes . His reports of attacks by the army against Islamist rebels in Sinai contradicted official information, whereupon he was brought before the military court on charges of spreading false information about the military. Ahmed Abu Daraa was previously best known for reports on people smuggling on the Sinai, in which he also believed the police and the military were involved. According to Robert Mahoney of the NGO Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), "the arrest of Ahmed Abu Deraa [...] was a reminder of the Mubarak era, when journalists were severely prevented from reporting on military activities on the Sinai Peninsula". The trial of Abu Daraa attracted a great deal of attention in Egypt because it touched on the question of freedom of the press and that of military trials against civilians, and thus two central demands of the recent popular uprising against Hosni Mubarak.
At the same time as Daraa, Haitham Mohamadeen, a labor and human rights lawyer and co-founder of the Revolutionary Socialist Party, which was one of the few secular groups to speak out against the new military rule of the putschists against Morsi, was arrested and interrogated. He was considered "one of the familiar faces of the revolution" and was accused of belonging to a secret organization in early September, but was again at large in mid-September.
According to Mohammed Kamal, a member of the leadership of the April 6th Movement , the arrests were part of the fight against the revolutionary opposition of 2011 by the coup regime of 2013: “The regime is against all revolutionaries of January 25th, 2011”. The activists of the April 6th Movement, who played a key role in the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and who were celebrated worldwide as “heroes of the Arab Spring”, are said to be “finally on the defensive” ( taz ) after the military coup against Morsi the new secular leadership that is cracking down on opposition groups. According to Kamal, the activists of the April 6th Movement are now being banned from almost all TV channels and false news is being distributed in a targeted manner in order to discredit critical groups. Despite an official quota for the youth set in the constitutional committee, the activists of April 6th were not considered. The beneficiary is the Tamarod movement, which as the movement that had successfully mobilized against President Morsi and now unconditionally supported the military, was allowed to send two people to the constitutional committee instead of the April 6th movement. According to Bahieddin Hassan, director of the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies , employees of local human rights groups were also demonized by the new rulers after the coup "as the fifth column of the Muslim Brotherhood, as foreign agents or as homosexuals".
Bassem Youssef
Bassem Youssef , who had become a YouTube star with the 2011 protests, while Morsi's presidency as a TV satirist attacked Morsi and had to appear in court and been released on bail, appeared in the first episode of his program “Al -Barnameg ”(The Show) after the military coup, which was broadcast on October 25, was less direct and harsh against General Sisi than against Morsi, but he clearly mocked Sisi. In it he doubted whether a popular revolution was actually behind Morsi's disempowerment. He also made fun of the media coverage, which had grossly exaggerated the number of demonstrators who took to the streets against Morsi at the end of June, and ridiculed the personality cult surrounding the military chief Sisi. In his weekly newspaper column he wrote under the title “Egypt's slide to the right”: “I can understand the intolerance of religious movements and their tendency to the right. But I cannot understand those who claim to defend liberalism and freedom and who are ultimately even more intolerant than the religious. "
The public prosecutor's office took an investigation after a complaint that Youssef was insulting the armed forces as a TV presenter and calling for chaos. The TV program of the well-known satirist was canceled after his criticism of the military leadership a few minutes before the planned broadcast of the second episode on November 1, because the presenter and the producers, according to the private broadcaster CBC, “the editorial Violated principles ”. Youssef was also publicly attacked for ridiculing Siss. Several Facebook groups have requested his arrest. Mocking of the military chief Sisi was also planned for the second episode.
Opinions and ratings
Ezzedine Choukri Fishere, the former Egyptian ambassador to Israel, continued to blame the Muslim Brotherhood for the military coup at the end of August by accusing them of having invited the military to depose Morsi. But he called the military itself undemocratic and saw the time frame in which a “stable democracy” would replace authoritarianism as an unresolved question. Although he distanced himself from viewing the events as a coup or coup, he also spoke of the fact that "in Egypt democrats are coming to terms with the dictatorship" and that there is no alternative to "steering Egypt in the direction of a pluralistic democracy" when "hundreds of innocent civilians were killed" in the course of events. Ultimately, he counts on the fact that “neither of the two non-democratic forces will be able to rule Egypt permanently, neither the Muslim Brotherhood nor the military”. In his opinion, the generals could no longer secure their support by manipulating the media, inventing and launching political figures, and falsifying elections.
According to Cilja Harders, head of the "Politics of the Middle East" department at the Free University of Berlin, at the end of August, the military would have to limit its crackdown on the Islamists to a few months and keep its promise of security and stability during this period. in order not to lose the support of other political circles: "If the other political forces get the impression that the repression can turn against themselves in case of doubt, they will not continue to carry on a tough line of the military indefinitely."
The head of the Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (EFITU), a group formed during the 2011 uprisings that led to the overthrow of Mubarak, warned at the end of September that a “third revolution” could be imminent in Egypt if the interim government did not meet the demands of the accommodating frustrated labor movement. Researchers also indicated that dissolving the Muslim Brotherhood would have a devastating effect on its ability to maintain humanitarian programs that had historically provided medical aid and food to millions of Egyptians. Steven Brooke, who is a scholarly researcher into the level of social work done by the Muslim Brotherhood, said any decision to ban the Muslim Brotherhood will have a strong social impact. The level of medical help provided by the Muslim Brotherhood cannot be achieved by the incapable state and can only be reached with difficulty by other charities. Middle East expert Michael Lüders said that by freezing the Muslim Brotherhood's assets, this money would be lost to the many Egyptians who were supported by the Muslim Brotherhood, while the power clique recruited from the generals would not be interested in investing in the country's development.
Martin Gehlen accused the military-supported regime in early October in the time of "resentment, xenophobia and megalomania" before, let regarded as a terrorist organization, a policy no contradiction Western representatives in the classification of the Muslim Brotherhood: "The followers of the new ruling class fantasize their home now up to the global role model in the fight against terrorism. Like aggressive sect missionaries, they attack every Western interlocutor, accuse him of ignorance, his government as the fifth column of the Muslim Brotherhood and willing followers of an American-Israeli mega-conspiracy to partition Egypt. Anyone who does not share this terrorist narrative, which is immunized against any criticism, is suspect from the start as a conversation partner. Western politicians who are arriving and who are campaigning for the reintegration of the Muslim Brotherhood are at best heard politely. Instead, fact-free resentment, blind hatred of foreigners and chauvinistic megalomania are rampant in such a massive way as if the political self-liberation of the 80 million people with their revolution in January 2011 never happened. "
Patrick Kingsley reported in the Guardian in early October that while Morsi's supporters would continue their protest against the army's "brutal" treatment of Islamists, often well into the nightly curfew, an even smaller minority of Egyptians beat pots and pans during curfew Pans from their kitchen windows wanted to express their opposition to the authoritarianism of both the army and the Muslim Brotherhood. The majority of Egyptians only see the army or the Muslim Brotherhood as a choice and have sided with the army.
Human rights organizations rated the violent crackdown by the security forces after the fall of Morsi as worse than in the past Mubarak years, when complaints were at least occasionally followed up. The Ministry of the Interior was now headed by Mohammed Ibrahim, who was known for his bloody practices, such as in a camp of refugees from Sudan in 2005. At the beginning of October human rights organizations feared an expansion of the circle at risk from state reprisals. During the previous weeks' arrests of more than 3,000 Morsi's supporters in Cairo alone, the police often broke into apartments like a raid at dawn, even though those wanted did not offer any resistance. This was seen as an attempt to re-create a climate of fear. In an Egyptian daily newspaper, Rashid Hammuda, a political scientist living in London, rated the arrest of Mohamadeen and Daraa and the police raid on an office of the youth organization on April 6 as a clear warning from the military leadership to the revolutionary youth that the military leadership could do the same thing with the revolutionaries with the Muslim Brotherhood. Ahmed Maher of the April 6th Youth Movement said it was back to the beginning. The April 6th youth movement led the first, cautious protests against the extension of the state of emergency, to which - as Astrid Frefel commented in the NZZ, "again as much courage as on January 25th, 2011" was required.
The Arab Network for Human Rights said the Justice Department had drafted two new laws with a broad, unclear definition of "terror" that practically included any protest aimed at enforcing restrictions on those who criticize the regime. This is a reversal of the achievements of the 2011 revolution and shows the state's intention to silence people and return to a police state. In addition, the interim government extended pre-trial detention for serious allegations from 15 to 45 days, and the Ministry of Justice gave private security services at universities police powers. Representatives of the transitional government, in particular liberal ministers, stressed again and again that one should not speak of a return to a police state, but rather that the threat through the Muslim Brotherhood should be averted.
The Guardian editorial of October 9th described Egypt as “the land in the grip of a dictatorship”, for which, in addition to the killings, the number of Egyptians leaving the country was significant as well as the confirmation of many who had been in opposition to Morsi such as el- Baradei that Egypt was now moving in the direction of " fascism ". Opponents would be branded as non-Egyptians. At the end of September el-Baradei publicly warned on Twitter that there was a “systematic fascist campaign by 'sovereign sources' and 'independent' media against the insistence on the value of human life and the inevitability of national consensus”. El-Baradei was itself the target of a scorn campaign by journalists and politicians who had described his resignation as Vice-President of the interim government as "unpatriotic" and accused him of abandoning the interim government at a critical moment. He was later accused of collaborating with the international Muslim Brotherhood to sabotage the post-Morsi transitional government.
Khaled Dawoud, spokesman for the liberal Al Dustour party, who had fought against the rule of the Muslim Brotherhood for a full year until the beginning of July and who was convinced that the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood had committed crimes for which they were in court the trials against Mursi and the others nevertheless with skepticism. According to him, the trials were part of a plan that was intended to destroy and humiliate the Muslim Brotherhood, especially since both sides were dominated by the hardliners: “On the one hand there is the Mubarak security apparatus, on the other hand the aged leadership guards of the Muslim Brotherhood. Nobody wants to compromise. "
Protests at universities
Since the new academic year began in mid-September, the major universities in the country have regularly been the scene of demonstrations under the motto “Students against the coup”. In particular, the students demanded the release of all fellow students arrested in the previous weeks, but also complained about the poor conditions at the universities. Occasionally there were clashes with students who stand behind the military and the transition leadership it appointed. The unrest in Egypt that had emerged from the coup against Morsi had also spread to the country's universities.
procedure
At least 29 people were injured when, according to the state media and security circles, clashes between supporters and opponents of Musi broke out in three universities in Cairo and cities in the Nile Delta. Some of those involved were therefore carrying firearms and incendiary devices.
On October 20, the second day of protest in a row took place in Cairo at Al-Azhar University, one of the most prestigious educational institutions in the Islamic world and where many members of the Muslim Brotherhood studied. Al-Azhar University and the mosque attached to it are considered the most important theological authority for Sunni Islam. After the institution's role was formally upgraded during Morsi's government, the leadership approved the military coup against Morsi.
Police and supporters of Morsi clashed during demonstrations by university students against the government and the military. The demonstrators tried to get to the spot where one of the Morsi protest camps had been up until August. Police besieged the university, where hundreds of Mursi supporters were, and used tear gas against them. According to media reports, the students threw stones in the building. The police are said to have arrested a dozen students. The Egyptian Ministry of the Interior claimed that around 3,000 demonstrators blocked the streets around the campus, making the intervention necessary.
On October 28, during a demonstration in Cairo against the impending trial against the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood, rioting broke out between the police and student demonstrators, during which the police arrested 17 demonstrators during the student protest. Previously, there had been fights on a street near the University of al-Azhar between taxi drivers and Islamist students close to the banned Muslim Brotherhood. According to officials from the security services, the protesters moved from the university to a nearby street and blocked it. Police officers and soldiers cleared the street using tear gas and shotgun ammunition.
At the end of October there were unrest at several universities. In Cairo on October 30, a group of Pro-Morsi or anti-coup students ( Students Against the Coup ) broke into the rectorate of Al-Azhar University of Islamic Theology in Cairo, where students have been on the streets for weeks went to show their solidarity with Morsi. The rector Ossama Al-Abd then requested security forces from the prosecutor and the police he called arrested 25 demonstrators and used tear gas against the students at Al-Azhar University. Students threw shop windows and threw chairs out of buildings in protest against the arrest of the Deputy Head of the Freedom and Justice Party , Issam al-Irian. Army chief Sisi was insulted as a dog. In Mansura , on October 30, riots broke out between pro and anti-Mursi students at the university. Since the clashes at Al-Azhar University on October 30, violence in Egyptian universities has escalated.
The outbreak of violence at Al-Azhar University on October 30th, the military-backed government took the opportunity on October 31st to give the security forces the power to be present in front of the university campuses and to authorize the security forces to suppress all unrest on university campuses.
On November 12, Islamist students from the University in Mansura, demonstrating their solidarity with the ousted president, fought in street battles with the police. According to the Internet portal ahram.org , the security forces used tear gas and the students threw stones and incendiary devices at the officers.
From November 16-25, engineering students from Zagazig University staged the longest successful student strike of 2013 as a protest against the arrest of four students from various political backgrounds, the use of tear gas, and the arrest of students by the security forces when they stormed the campus and against the intrusion of anonymous elements who ambushed students and destroyed university property.
Victim
Official statistics for the death toll on university students who died during political events were not presented (as of the end of December 2013). According to the website Wiki Thawra , which is considered to be independent , the Al-Azhar University clashes from October to December 2013 resulted in four deaths (status: end of December 2013). There were clashes on various university campuses. The deaths occurred in November and December 2013:
- Medical student Abdel Ghany Mahmoud was killed on November 20 when security forces stormed the Al-Azhar University dormitory.
- Mechanical engineering student Mohamed Reda was killed on November 28 in Cairo University. Student union chairman Mohamed Badran turned a majority of independent students against him with his alleged allegation that Reda was shot by members of the Muslim Brotherhood with a type of shotgun ammunition that was not used by the Home Office, which Badran said on April 23, 2013 nor had supported his rival by the Muslim Brotherhood.
- Abdel Latif Khalifah died on December 26th.
- Student Khalid Al-Haddad was shot in the chest with live ammunition on December 28 during the clashes at Al-Azhar University.
Arrests
According to statistics from the Student Observatory of the Association of Freedom of Thought and Expression (AFTE), 611 students were arrested from the military coup in early June to late December 2013 . A total of 301 students from Al-Azhar University have been arrested, 101 of them on December 28, the first day of the fall semester exams. From the Mansoura University 66 students were arrested from the University of Cairo and 39 from the Ain Shams University 37th
- Gallery: Continuation of the student protests at Al-Azhar University in Cairo even after the state of emergency has ended (demonstration against military-backed transitional government and media on December 11, 2013):
Water cannons used against students who make the R4bia mark.
Use of tear gas by the riot police.
Throwing stones at the riot police.
An injured person is being helped.
Students burn rubbish during the demonstration.
40th Anniversary of the Yom Kippur War (October 6)
On October 6, 2013, the 40th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War , the breaking up of protest marches by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt by Egyptian security forces resulted in the deaths of at least 57 protesters nationwide. In almost all cases, the victims were supporters of ousted President Morsi. According to the independent website Wiki Thawra , the death toll for the clashes on October 6, 2013 was 82 fatalities across the country. including 64 in the greater Cairo area.
The focus of events on October 6 was the protest marches by coup opponents from the Dokki district in Giza and from Ramses Square to Tahrir Square in Cairo, where supporters of the army had gathered. According to official information, the police arrested over 423 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood who were accused by the Interior Ministry of vandalism and the use of firearms. Egyptian and international human rights organizations rated the October 6 incident as the fifth mass killing of protesters by Egyptian security forces after the July 2013 military coup.
Accusation of impunity for crimes against Morsi supporters
One day after the incidents on October 6th, Markus Symank wrote for Deutsche Welle that no "independent investigations into the massacres of Islamist demonstrators during the past few months" had been carried out. "Security forces as well as civilians fighting on the side of the transitional government," said Symank, "had no consequences to fear in the current climate of impunity." A short time before, a video had become known in which army chief Abdel Fattah al-Sisi den Security forces also assure "that they would have no legal consequences to fear, should demonstrators die as a result of their actions."
Human rights activists expressed concern about political developments in Egypt. The director of Human Rights Watch in Egypt, Heba Morajef, accused the judiciary of partiality: “What worries me about this process is that the judicial system is very selective. In connection with the killing of hundreds of demonstrators, the security forces have almost impunity ”,“ And in such a climate of politicized accusations the chance for real justice is at risk. ”
Freezing of parts of US military aid and Kerry's visit to Egypt
Freezing of Parts of U.S. Military Aid (October 9)
On October 9, the US State Department announced that the US government would withhold certain large-scale military systems and financial support for the Egyptian interim government until "credible progress" has been made in political reforms since the overthrow of President Morsi and new one Government was determined in free and fair elections.
Scope and form of the restrictions
With the decision to restrict military aid, the US significantly cut its annual military and economic aid to Egypt of 1.5 billion dollars for the first time since the Camp David peace treaty that was concluded 30 years ago . Among other things, the delivery of attack helicopters, combat aircraft and tanks was stopped for the time being. The exact amount of the planned cut was not officially announced at first, but of the more than $ 1.2 billion in military aid, $ 260 million in cash benefits were to be frozen for the time being. Neither funds for border protection and internal security nor for health and education are affected by the measure. Shortly before the official announcement, it became known on the same day that the share of the financial aid that goes not to the government but to other institutions in Egypt should remain unreduced. While part of the US military aid to Egypt should be frozen, "funds to fight terrorism and for security on the Sinai Peninsula on the border with Israel" should continue to be paid. The delivery of spare parts and cooperation in military training will also continue. In addition to military support, the continuation of economic aid is also being examined, a decision on which is possible within the same week. Reuters reported that the US government had announced "after the overthrow of Islamist President Mohammed Morsi in July" that it would "suspend the payment of around 585 million dollars for military purposes" and that "according to an insider [...] it now wants to continue". The official announcement of the cut of US military and economic aid to Egypt by several hundred million dollars is expected that same week. Of the full annual US payments "to Egypt" of $ 1.5 billion, military aid amounted to $ 1.3 billion.
The payments were stopped for the time being after the fall of Morsi in July. The unpaid US aid for the 2013 fiscal year of $ 584 million was recently "parked" in a special account to ensure that the US government would still have access to the money after the fiscal year ended on January 1. October remained possible. In the United States, whose government had previously avoided officially referring to the military coup against Morsi because it would be legally obliged to stop the financial aid immediately, more and more congressmen were pleading with reference to the ongoing violence in Egypt for stopping aid payments. A cut had already been under discussion since the overthrow of President Morsi by the military, and at the end of August, US President Obama's security advisers officially recommended a cut. The USA had already stopped the delivery of four F-16 fighter jets to Egypt in July. Other heavy combat equipment such as Abrams M1A1 tanks, anti-missiles and Apache helicopters have not been delivered since the beginning of July.
The money from the annual US military aid to Egypt goes mainly to US arms companies, as the military aid is largely tied to the delivery of US-made weapons.
Reactions and meaning
The US government still did not officially qualify the military coup against President Morsi in July as a “coup”. The outstanding tranche for 2013 was transferred at the beginning of October . US Secretary of State Kerry assured that the US was “in no way about withdrawing from the relationship” with the Egyptian military-backed leadership: “We want the transitional government to succeed.” A direct and clear reference to the restriction of US engagement with the violent one Action by the military government against the demonstrators and supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi was not mentioned.
The Egyptian interim government described the US government's decision as "wrong" and raised the question of "whether the US is ready to support the Egyptian government's efforts to improve security in the country". Egypt will not bow to “foreign pressure” and will continue to “make completely independent decisions” in internal affairs.
Sebastian Sons, Egypt expert at the German Orient Institute , assessed the cuts by the US government as a “rather half-hearted step” and, due to the security risks, did not expect the US government to completely drop the rulers that emerged from the coup. Egypt controlled the strategically important Suez Canal, was the only state in the region besides Jordan to have made peace with Israel and acted as one of the USA's central allies in the region. For example, Egypt has so far been the second largest recipient of US military aid after Israel. According to Sons, the US leadership is convinced that the Egyptian military is the "most trustworthy and safest partner" to implement "stability, security for Israel, the fight against international terrorism, the containment of the Muslim Brotherhood" as goals of US policy. In fact, according to Sons, "the United States is even happy that the Muslim Brotherhood is no longer in power."
Robert Springborg, Egypt expert at the Naval Postgraduate School in the USA, described the cuts as an ineffective and rather “symbolic gesture”: “It will have no effect at all on the behavior of the military and government in Egypt”, “The Egyptian military will not change his strategy because of a few tanks and planes. "
Martin Gehlen, on the other hand, commented at the time that the delivery stop would hit Egypt's army harder than the amounts of money involved would suggest. According to a balance sheet by the Congressional Research Service , 80 percent of all Egyptian arms purchases are financed from the US budget, and the blocked US military technology cannot be replaced even if the rich Gulf states such as Saudi Arabia take over the support. If the US government were to stop deliveries of spare parts and maintenance contracts in a second phase, according to Gehlen, the Egyptian army would rapidly deteriorate because the infrastructure of the Egyptian military was inadequate for the maintenance and repair of its tanks, helicopters and aircraft.
Khaled Elgindy of the US Brookings Institute , complained that the decision to cut “doesn't really hurt anyone”. He does not believe that the US has sent the clear signals that are important with regard to human rights and democracy standards.
The head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde , offered the competent Egyptian authorities cooperation with the IMF in stabilizing the Egyptian economy. The IMF could enter into existing cooperation agreements between Egypt and the Gulf States as a partner. Before the Morsis coup in July there had been negotiations for a $ 4.8 billion IMF loan to Egypt. The new military leadership, which was supported by rich Gulf states with billions after the coup, did not enter into negotiations with the IMF representatives "in view of the unpopular conditions associated with the loan aid" (Reuters).
Visit to Egypt during John Kerry's Middle East trip (November 3)
One day before the start of the trial against Morsi, US Secretary of State John Kerry visited Egypt on a multi-day trip to the Middle East for the first time since the coup against Morsi on July 3. A US official said there was no connection with the trial of Morsi.
With his visit, Kerry tried above all to normalize the relationship between the United States and Egypt, which has cooled down since the US military aid was frozen.
During his visit, Kerry emphasized the vital friendship between the two countries, saying that withholding military aid is not a punishment. Relations between the United States and Egypt should not be measured by aid, but by political and economic ties. The US government is obliged to work with the Egyptian interim rulers.
After talks with the Egyptian interim government installed by the military, Kerry was optimistic that it was advancing the democratization process and said: "So far there are signs that this is their intention." The roadmap developed by the new government for a return to democracy is going to be the best Knowledge advanced.
Kerry pledged further US aid to the military-backed transitional government, but also called for more "compliance" with the Muslim Brotherhood. At a joint press conference with the Egyptian transitional foreign minister, Nabil Fahmi, he said the US government would continue to support the Egyptian transitional government on humanitarian grounds and in the fight against terrorism. He stressed that Egypt's economic success was linked to its stability and democratization. At the same time, Kerry pointed out that US President Barack Obama had accepted the offer of talks by the Egyptian interim government. Kerry did not explicitly address the criminal trial against Morsi, which began the following day, but underlined in general that all Egyptians have a right to fair and transparent legal proceedings. A US State Department official traveling with him said Kerry wanted the November 14th state of emergency not to be extended. The US government decidedly called for the rapid implementation of the political “roadmap”, but continued to avoid the term “military coup”.
The ARD journalist Thomas Aders assessed Kerry's visit that it had angered the USA that the interim government set up by the military kept Morsi prisoner and persecuted the Muslim Brotherhood by all means. The hopes of the US government that it had placed in the "Arab Spring" would be disappointed. He assessed the statements of the US Secretary of State to the military as "hardly concealed warnings". He referred to the halt of a large part of the billion dollar military aid and expected that the Americans would closely monitor the brutal crackdown by the security forces against the demonstrating Islamists.
Legal measures and initiatives
Drafting a new constitution
2012 Constitution
After their victory in the first free Egyptian elections in 2012, the Muslim Brotherhood had appointed a body to replace the Basic Law that was in force under Hosni Mubarak. After the members had not submitted a draft for months, the then newly elected President Mursi finally pushed the development forward in November 2012. According to Stephan Roll from the Science and Politics Foundation , Mursi “put himself above the law and had the constitution passed by the Constituent Committee in rapid succession”. The constitution was approved by the population in a referendum with a majority of 64 percent of the vote, with partial boycott of the opposition and with a turnout of 33 percent. "Since then," said Roll, "the constitution has certainly been a central point of contention between the Muslim Brotherhood and the opposition."
Features of the 2012 Constitution included:
- As in previous constitutions, the principles of Sharia law remained the basis of legislation (Article 2).
- The interpretation of these principles was no longer left to the Constitutional Court but to the scholars of the Al-Azhar Islam Institute (Article 4).
- The independence of the judiciary has been strengthened on some points. Corresponding passages in the constitution could, however, be eroded with laws.
Elaboration of the new draft
On July 3, 2013, after Morsi was overthrown by the military, the constitution was suspended by military chief Sisi. Four constitutional experts and six high-ranking judges were commissioned to work out the first proposals for a new Basic Law from July 21st. Since the beginning of September, the transitional government has had a new constituent committee with 50 members discuss the proposed amendments to the new draft constitution. The draft constitution should then be presented in early November 2013. The plan stipulated that the Egyptian people would then vote in a referendum on the draft constitution within 30 days. The availability of a revised version was seen as a prerequisite for the new elections for a parliament and a state president.
The body included human rights activists, youth activists, politicians and two representatives of the Islamist camp. Although there were significantly more social groups represented on the Constituent Committee than in 2012, the composition of observers was classified as critical. Stephan Roll (SWP) said: “It is not an elected, but an appointed committee. This is problematic from a democracy point of view. ”The legitimacy of the new committee was also called into question because the Muslim Brotherhood was not represented in the body led by the former Secretary General of the Arab League, Amr Mussa, while the Morsi opponents were not represented in the body for legitimation The protests used during the military coup had protested against Morsi, among other things, because they simply felt they were not adequately represented when the old constitution was being drawn up.
This is the second time a committee in Egypt has drawn up a new constitution within just one year. The disputed points in the draft remained roughly the same as in 2012. The most publicly reflected topics were emotionally sensitive issues such as the relationship between religion and the state and the role of minorities. In professional circles, technical issues such as justice and the role of the military were seen as central. While there had been a broad and sharp public discussion about the content of the draft constitution drawn up under Morsi's government, the discussion about the new draft constitution after the coup hardly took place in public.
Professional assessments
Egypt experts such as Stephan Roll and Björn Bentlage (University of Halle) suspected that the controversial Article 4, which is perceived as Islamist, will not be incorporated into the new constitution, while the articles on civil and fundamental rights such as freedom of assembly and freedom of speech will remain. The future role of the judiciary is seen as crucial for democratic development. The experts are paying the greatest attention to the future role of the military, whose prerogatives have not yet been specified in the new constitution. The military continued to show no willingness to forego privileges, but instead stuck to its autonomy to appoint the defense minister in future and not to disclose its budget in full. It also insisted that all military offenses be tried by military tribunals, including those committed by civilians working in the military's widespread economic operations.
"Anti-Terror Law"
In October, a transitional government committee discussed an “anti-terror law” through which some special powers should be retained for the security forces even after the state of emergency imposed by the military government in mid-August was lifted. At the same time as the planned lifting of the state of emergency in mid-November, the transitional government installed by the army was supposed to pass the “Anti-Terror Law” and the planned demonstration law, which would continue to allow the government, the judiciary and the security forces to restrict certain civil rights.
According to the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights ( Egyptian Organization for Human Rights , abbreviation: EOHR) would "anti-terrorism law" as well as the planned demonstration law basic civil rights Lever. In the planned “anti-terror law”, critics saw a covert extension of the state of emergency, which the interim government did not intend to extend beyond November 14, according to a report in the Cairo daily newspaper “Al-Masry Al-Youm” the night curfew would be lifted in mid-November.
Abolition of the House of Lords (Shura Council)
The committee charged with revising the constitution spoke out on November 8th for the abolition of the upper house of parliament (Shura Council), which had been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Constitutional Court on July 3, shortly before Morsi's fall and after Morsi's fall and the Constitutional suspension was dissolved by the military-backed transitional government on July 5. Originally the House of Lords had no legislative power, but after the dissolution of the House of Commons it had become the only legislative body.
Demonstration law
In mid-October, the International Society for Human Rights (ISHR), Egypt's Minister of the Interior, Police General Mohamed Ibrahim, was planning a drastic restriction of the right to demonstrate, which would represent a “severe setback for the young democracy and a relapse into the times of military dictatorship”. The draft law is an only partially modified text by the Muslim Brotherhood, which has been mixed up with provisions on the fight against terrorism. By tightening the right to demonstrate, the military-backed transitional government planned to curb the protests.
The ISHR criticized the complete lack of transparency in the legislative process and the serious interference with the right to freedom of assembly as unacceptable. The wording in the draft law was kept extremely vague, a “right” to assemblies was denied, sit-in strikes would be prohibited in principle. Parts of the locked up bill had previously been leaked to the Egyptian media and published. Human rights groups and liberal politicians expressed concern. Human Rights Watch spoke of a blanket power of attorney to ban protests. The outcome of the debate will show how many political freedoms the new rulers are willing to give in the future. The Egypt-based human rights organization Arab Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI) criticized the draft law as reminiscent of the conditions under Hosni Mubarak and the former Interior Minister Habib al-Adli . Egypt does not need any further laws with restrictions on rights and freedoms.
On November 12, in its response to the official end of the curfew, the US government referred to the impending announcement of the revision of the law on how to deal with protest movements, which was controversial even among members of the government and their supporters. Foreign Office spokeswoman Jennifer Psaki, welcoming the end of the state of emergency, pointed out that the government was considering “other security laws” and called for “respect for the rights of all Egyptians”.
State control over mosques and preachers
In October, the media reported plans by the new rulers to limit the Muslim Brotherhood's influence on religion. The Ministry of Religious Affairs aimed a series of laws to bring the country's mosques more under state control.
Some of the changes implemented or planned:
- Since October, only imams with a degree from Al-Azhar University, which is considered to be moderate, have been allowed to give the Friday sermons.
- This arrangement meant an effective dismissal of around 53,000 preachers by the military-backed transitional government. According to the newspaper " Egypt Online ", the Minister for Religious Foundations, Mohamed Mokhtar Gomaa, justified his measure of September 10, 2013 by saying that the imams were not licensed by the state and that their fundamentalist views pose a threat to the security of the country according to the report, mainly small autonomous mosques and places of worship.
- The dissemination of political messages from the pulpit should in future lead to the withdrawal of the license.
- Markus Symank commented in Deutsche Welle that imams loyal to the regime should continue to mix religion and politics in the future, because the political ban on imams apparently only applies to half of society. In view of the actions of the transitional government, activists had warned that, instead of the Islamists, the new rulers could in future abuse the mosques for their propaganda. In the previous weeks, numerous imams had already "given their blessings" to the security forces who are brutally attacking the Morsi supporters. A sheikh, who preached frequently on Tahrir Square in Cairo, had openly called for the murder of members of Hamas, the Palestinian arm of the Muslim Brotherhood. After the coup, representatives of the Al-Azhar had also instigated against Morsi supporters such as the former Grand Mufti Ali Gum'a. Gum'a had praised Army Chief Sisi for his “extraordinary courage”, but denied the Muslim Brotherhood the right to call themselves Egyptians and called for the protesters to be killed.
- Friday sermons should only be allowed in mosques that are at least 80 square meters.
- While there were more than 110,000 registered mosques in Egypt, the number of imams with Al-Azhar certificates at 58,000 was far too low to be able to supply every mosque with an imam across the board. Especially in Upper Egypt, where the Islamists had their strongholds, many mosques were owned by family clans, which usually also determined who would appear as imam during Friday prayers. The government intended to address this dilemma with further legal restrictions.
Presidential and parliamentary elections schedule
According to the schedule presented by the interim president Adli Mansur in August, 2014 presidential and parliamentary elections were to take place to replace the leaders appointed by the army after the overthrow of the democratically elected President Mohammed Morsi.
In November, Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmi announced that the parliamentary elections would take place “between February and March”, after which the “presidential election in early summer” would take place. The exact date for the presidential election will be announced by the end of spring, after which the election will take place within two months. A referendum on the new constitution will be held before the parliamentary elections in December. These were the most precise information for an end of the transitional government that had been made to the press up to that point.
Fahmi said that the political arm of the banned Muslim Brotherhood would also be allowed to vote in the parliamentary elections.
New Muslim Brotherhood charity
An offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, the group “Brothers Without Violence”, applied for approval as a charity to the Ministry of Social Affairs in Cairo in October, which then stated that it would examine whether the application contradicted the court-imposed ban on the Muslim Brotherhood and their offshoots in September.
The members of the "Brothers Without Violence" were considered to be particularly moderate Muslim Brotherhood, who are said to have accused the Muslim Brotherhood leadership, imprisoned after the coup, of having contributed significantly to the violence between Egyptian security forces and Morsi supporters.
The new charity should be named after the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Hasan al-Bann? , who spread their ideas and are not politically active.
Some observers had assumed shortly after the massacre of 14 August, that even in the case would remain many members of the Muslim Brotherhood by the army of thousands of members of the Muslim Brotherhood repression, imprisonment or death, the continuation of the Da? Wa of the Muslim Brotherhood , institutions social welfare services that have helped maintain the popularity of the Muslim Brotherhood even through persecution. Other observers had pointed out that after the dissolution of the politically moderate Muslim Brotherhood, the social aid provided by it, which in fact replaced the missing welfare state, could not be taken over by the incapable state and only with difficulty by other welfare organizations.
More acts of violence and confrontations
August
The Ministry of State for Antiquities (MSA) closed all museums and archaeological sites for security reasons. During the clashes, pro-Morsi demonstrators had destroyed guard houses at the entrances to the Alexandria National Museum and the Malawi National Museum in Minya, central Egypt, without causing any damage to the museums themselves. On August 15, the National Museum of Malawi in Minya was ransacked. About a dozen of the more than 1000 exhibits could be secured.
On the evening of August 19, a journalist for the Egyptian newspaper al-Ahram was shot and a colleague was injured at a military checkpoint after the curfew began on his way back from a meeting with the governor of a province in the Nile Delta, although for journalists and media workers an official exception to the handling of the curfew was in effect.
On August 23, at least one Mursi supporter was killed when a mob attacked a rally in the city of Tanta. In several other cities in the Nile Delta, strangers attacked Islamist houses.
On August 28, according to Egyptian media reports, violent clashes between Muslim Brotherhood demonstrators and the police in Bani Suwaif province, in which two demonstrators were allegedly killed and eight injured. The clashes are said to have started when a military patrol tried to break up a meeting. While the victims all suffered gunshot wounds, according to doctors, a senior military officer said the security forces did not shoot.
On August 30, tens of thousands of people protested, despite a large number of security forces, demanding the reinstatement of President Morsi, who had been ousted by the military. According to media reports, clashes between supporters and opponents of Morsi resulted in at least six deaths and at least 50 injuries as well as numerous arrests. The bloody street battles took place in Morsi's native Sagasig and Port Said , among other places, and according to Egyptian media reports, other disputes also took place in Banha , Alexandria and Bani Suwaif. According to the Interior Ministry, there were also riots in al-Buhaira and Tanta . In Cairo, Morsi's supporters marched through the streets in several groups, avoiding the scenes closely guarded by the police and the army, and dispersing shortly before the night curfew, for which the transitional government had threatened consequences. In the Al-Nosha district of Cairo, two police officers were shot dead at a police roadblock shortly before the start of the protests and, according to the Interior Ministry, two other police officers were injured. In the evening strangers shot a policeman in the city of Arish. A total of three police officers died in the attacks by extremists on the police that took place parallel to the protests.
September
At the beginning of September, two people, including the driver of a car loaded with explosives, died in an bomb attack on Egyptian Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim near his house in the Cairo district of Nasr City, which the Interior Minister survived unharmed. The Muslim Brotherhood strongly condemned the attack. Observers suspected a connection between the bomb attack, which according to correspondent reports was unusual in Egypt, and the arrest of Al Qaeda leader Adel Habara on the Sinai Peninsula on the previous weekend.
On September 11, at least six people were killed in two suicide attacks committed by a militant group called Jund al-Islam on a local headquarters of the Egyptian security forces and a military checkpoint.
In mid-September, the Friday protests of the supporters of the ousted President Morsi gained traction again after having initially weakened after the tough crackdown by the police and the military in the previous weeks. On September 13, there were nationwide demonstrations by Morsi supporters, during which they streamed into the streets all over Egypt and held up posters with the R4bia symbol as a symbol of the Islamist protest camp, which was overrun by security forces on August 14 and thus for the resistance of the Muslim Brotherhood. One person was killed in Alexandria, where supporters and opponents of Morsi were throwing stones at each other.
On September 16, security forces regained control of the Upper Egyptian city of Delga, which had been controlled by Islamists since the July 3 coup and where there had been numerous attacks by Islamic extremists on the local Christian minority.
On September 19, anti-terror police stormed the city of Kerdasa on the outskirts of Cairo, another place controlled by Islamists, using tanks and helicopters. A police general was also killed in clashes between armed groups and security forces.
In Cairo on September 19, the discovery of two self-made explosive devices at a train station in the south of the city almost completely paralyzed subway traffic.
October
On October 11th, protests broke out again in several places in Egypt. A person was killed in the Sharkija province north of Cairo. Dozens were injured in Alexandria when a car drove into the protesters. The Interior Ministry reiterated its warning against using violence against the Islamists if necessary. In Cairo, security has been strengthened around Tahrir Square, the US embassy and other central squares. Around 2,000 Islamists gathered in Cairo to protest and waved pictures of Mursi in front of the presidential palace. The Muslim Brotherhood-led anti-coup alliance that organized the demonstration had previously called on participants to stay away from Tahrir Square to prevent further violent clashes. In Alexandria, security forces dispersed Morsi's supporters with tear gas when they clashed with opponents of the disempowered president.
- Gallery: Anti-coup demonstration in Nasr City on October 11, 2013:
Protesters armed with vuvuzela and anti-coup flags shape their fingers into the R4bia symbol.
Morsi-loyal protester with portrait of the president who was overthrown by the military.
The anti-coup demonstration takes place in Nasr City, a stronghold of the Muslim Brotherhood.
A military vehicle drives through the anti-coup protest.
On October 20, five people were killed, including an eight-year-old and a twelve-year-old girl , as a result of a drive-by shoot in the Warak district of Cairo. The hooded perpetrators shot at a group of people standing in front of the Coptic Church of the Virgin Mary during a Christian wedding and escaped. The ministry initially did not provide any information about the attacker's motive. The news magazine Der Spiegel dubbed the perpetrators "extremists", the daily newspaper Die Welt as "terrorists". The police initiated a large manhunt in the suburb of Warak. It was the first attack on Christians in Cairo since the military coup against President Morsi. The left-wing Tagammu party took the incident as an opportunity to accuse the Muslim Brotherhood of causing strife between the various religious groups. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood distanced itself from the attack in a statement from its press office in London. One person in charge of the parish criticized the fact that the security forces provided for police protection were not present during the attack. According to Ahram Online , a questioning of the officers responsible revealed that the police had stopped guarding in mid-August because there was a lack of weapons.
November
On November 1, several men fired shotgun or pistol shots at the Amarante Pyramids Hotel near the Giza Pyramids and then fled without injuring anyone. The perpetrators were apparently dismissed employees who had been denied access to the facility. The news agency Reuters initially reported, with reference to the state website Al Ahram , that attackers had shot around in the hotel and that "Islamists had repeatedly targeted hotels and other facilities visited by tourists".
On November 8, at least two people were killed in rioting during protests by supporters of Morsi in Cairo. One of the fatalities was a 12-year-old boy who, according to official information, got into a clash between Morsi supporters and local residents near the pyramids of Giza. There the two groups threw incendiary bombs and stones at each other. In Cairo, Suez and Alexandria the police used tear gas to disperse the warring camps. In Suez, a protester was shot in the head and seriously injured. During the protests following Friday prayers, Islamists called for the release of 21 female protesters, including seven girls arrested during clashes in Alexandria in October for allegedly inciting violence. Tear gas was used in Alexandria. Overall, several thousand sympathizers of the ousted president demonstrated across Egypt on November 8th.
Development after the end of the state of emergency
The wave of violence in Egypt since the fall of President Morsi continued after the state of emergency ended in mid-November 2013. According to a census by the website Wiki Thawra , which is rated as independent , after the military coup between July and December 2013 alone, interim president Mansur killed 2,273 people in political clashes and 200 people - including 36 civilians - in terrorist attacks. This represented a significant increase compared to the time before the coup, when 153 people died in political clashes and 4 people in terrorist attacks during Morsi's presidency between January and June 2013. Before mid-January 2014, the death toll counted by Wiki Thawra had reached 2,665 people since Morsi was overthrown by the military.
Conditions of detention and allegations of torture
After the popular uprising of 2011, one of the main demands of which was to end police violence, the security forces were not reformed. The new draft constitution drawn up by the military-backed interim government after the military coup against Morsi, which was due to be put to a vote in mid-January 2014, explicitly prohibited all forms of torture, but at the same time granted the Ministry of the Interior even greater independence than before, thereby making it more difficult to monitor neutrally Work of the security forces.
At the beginning of January 2014, the media criticized the prison conditions in Egypt, where as many people as before had not been in prison for a long time. According to the Wiki Thawra website , run by young democracy activists, the police and military arrested more than 21,000 people, including around 2,500 Muslim Brotherhood leaders, between the fall of Morsi in July 2013 and January 2014. Human rights organizations - including the state-run Egyptian one - collected reports of torture, rape and mistreatment in Egyptian prisons that were perceived as gruesome and which appeared to reveal conditions similar to those under the long-term ruler Husni Mubarak, who was overthrown in 2011. In early January 2014, 14 Egyptian human rights groups accused the police and military apparatus of using the so-called “war on terror” as a justification for systematic torture and ill-treatment in a 30-page documentary. Thousands of people have been arrested and held without charge in the past few months.
After the interim government arrested almost the entire leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood after the military coup, an increasing number of secular activists and opponents of the regime were finally arrested. Reports leaked from detention centers were interpreted as evidence that the security forces used systematic torture on a daily basis. Hend Nafea Badawy, who is responsible for civil rights violations at the Hisham Mubarak Lawyers' Center in Cairo, spoke of a multiplication of torture reports compared to the Mubarak reign.
The so-called democracy movement was also attacked with increasing severity by the state apparatus, although it had initially supported Morsi's disempowerment. Important figureheads of the so-called “Arab Spring” in Egypt were already imprisoned at the time of the constitutional referendum. These included Ahmed Maher , who was sentenced to three years in prison in December 2013 as a co-founder of the April 6th movement , which "with its non-violent protest contributed significantly to the overthrow of the regime of Husni Mubarak". Maher had subsequently described the participation of the April 6th movement in the anti-Morsi demonstrations on June 30th as a “serious mistake” and said of the regime under military chief Sisi that it was a “return to the old regime - the same oppression, the same torture, the same corruption and the same lies in the media - only everything is much worse ”. After his arrest, Maher's description of the "miserable prison conditions" ( Deutsche Welle ) that were smuggled in the form of "several messages scribbled on toilet paper and handkerchiefs from the high-security Tora prison in Cairo" became known. According to this, reading and writing are forbidden in detention and the security officers would torture anyone they found with writing implements or paper. Lawyers reported that Maher and other prominent activists were being held in solitary confinement like terrorists. Their families are not allowed to visit them. They are said to have mostly been denied adequate legal assistance and medical care. Less prominent prisoners should often be held in small cells in groups of up to 60 people and have to sleep on the bare concrete floor. According to human rights activists, in some places teenagers are housed with adults. Dozens of prisoners are said to have gone on hunger strike in January 2014 alone to protest the prison conditions.
Of the 1,079 people arrested on the third anniversary of the popular uprising on January 25, 2011, according to the Interior Ministry, at least 79 were held in Abu Zaabal prison, all of whom, according to their lawyer, Mahmoud Belal, reported having been victims of torture. The Nation without Torture campaign issued a statement on February 10, 2014, in which it accused the Home Office of torturing "the majority" of those arrested that day, citing the statute of limitations on torture under Article 52 of the new constitution. The Ministry of the Interior, however, denied all allegations of torture and ill-treatment of the detainees on February 11 and said it would accept and investigate complaints from detainees.
On February 12, 2014, 16 human rights organizations issued a statement in which they estimated swift investigations into what they believed to be “increasing and appalling allegations of torture and sexual assault against those arrested in police stations since January 25” and medical examinations estimated at over 1,000 for all on January 25th. A delegation from the legal groups should be allowed to visit the prisons without preconditions and to speak to the prisoners. The Ministry of the Interior responded to accusations of arbitrary arrest and torture, which had risen in recent months, by alleging that the Mubarak era police had been reformed.
In March 2014, video footage filmed by an inmate in an Egyptian maximum security prison was released, allegedly exposing the "appalling conditions faced by thousands of prisoners under the new military government of Egypt" ( The Telegraph ). The footage was part of a dossier compiled by a London-based firm of lawyers working for the Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated Freedom and Justice Party . They had given their information to both the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague and the UK Police Department Scotland Yard in the hope that they would issue international arrest warrants against officers suspected of being involved in torture. Amnesty International's researcher for Egypt, Mohammed Elmessiry, said the human rights organization is investigating and investigating allegations of torture and adverse detention in the video footage, and that they would be consistent with other incidents of ill-treatment already held by Amnesty International in prisons were documented where both Muslim Brotherhood supporters and liberal activists claimed to have been subjected to torture and electrocution. Amnesty International is calling on the Egyptian authorities to investigate the allegations. "
In late March 2014, the BBC cited reports from former prisoners that Egyptian security forces used "routine torture" against the thousands of government opponents arrested since the July 2013 coup. Many were arrested because they were near a protest. The witnesses report electric shock, beatings and sexual abuse by security personnel. Torture was "categorically" denied by the authorities. General Abu Bakr Abdel Karim from the Ministry of the Interior asserted that there may have been mistakes, but that they certainly did not reach the level of torture. An independent review of the torture reports was not possible, but human rights organizations kept saying that torture and brutality were ubiquitous in Egyptian prisons.
State campaign against foreign media
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Since the military coup against Morsi in early July 2013, there has been a markedly negative mood in Egypt against journalists, especially from Western countries. Proponents of the coup accused them of failing to properly classify the political situation because they described the coup as such. By early 2014, it had been practically impossible for Western journalists to meet the Muslim Brotherhood in person for months. The military-backed transitional government, for example, assigned the British daily The Guardian to a "black list of misguided media" which was "hostile to the right of the Egyptians to protect the revolution and their future". She said the Guardian had lost touch with reality and knew nothing about Egypt. The Guardian had turned against the "June Revolution" and appeared "as a mouthpiece for the counter-revolution". The foreign minister of the military-backed transitional government, Nabil Fahmi , accused the foreign press of “ignoring the facts” and “deliberately questioning the democratic practice in Egypt”.
Since Mohammed Morsi was overthrown in July 2013 and the military subsequently took power, critics of the political system and dissidents have seen themselves increasingly persecuted. Since then, al-Jazeera journalists have also been arrested, such as Abdullah al-Shami, who had been detained since August 2013 without any charges being brought against him. The Al Jazeera office in Cairo lost its license and was closed, and its press accreditations were stripped from its staff.
The totalitarian character of the “fight against terror” proclaimed by the putschist regime after the fall of Morsi continued to grow. After the new leadership installed by the military declared the entire Muslim Brotherhood to be terrorists in December 2013, it used the security apparatus to crack down on democracy activists, journalists and academics critical of the government. The military-backed transitional government campaigned against foreign reporters. Large parts of the Egyptian media did not take on a moderating role in this heated atmosphere, but rather contributed to fueling distrust of foreigners. All the Islamists' TV channels and newspapers had been banned, while the media near the regime spread "conspiracy theories, curses and hallucinations" ( Die Presse ).
According to Western media reports, journalists who reported on the repressive measures taken by the military-backed leadership against the Muslim Brotherhood, liberals and activists were in mortal danger. Civilians targeted reporters, such as a team of ARD employees who were beaten up and denounced as “traitors”, “Muslim brothers” and “supporters of terrorism”. Media representatives rated their situation in Egypt as bad as never before.
Trials against Al Jazeera journalists
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The authorities also detained journalists, including several who worked for Al-Jazeera television. The judiciary of the Egyptian military government accused twenty Al-Jazeera employees of supporting terrorism or the "formation of a terrorist media network", including well-known foreign journalists. The Egyptian attorney general accused 16 Egyptian Al Jazeera employees of membership in the Muslim Brotherhood, which was already banned at the time, as "membership in a terrorist group". Four foreign journalists, including the Australian Al-Jazeera employee Peter Greste , the two British Al-Jazeera employees Sue Turton and Dominic Kane and the Dutchwoman Rena Netjes, were accused of being inside what the prosecution called the "Marriott cell" and To have helped a total of 20-strong teams with the "falsification" of messages. They were charged with "supporting and funding a terrorist group", "spreading false news" and "disrupting national security". They were accused of supporting the Muslim Brotherhood by providing money and equipment to the organization. The Egyptian Al Jazeera employees were also accused of belonging to a terrorist organization and thus harming national unity and social peace. The Egyptians face up to 15 years imprisonment, the foreigners up to seven years. The indictment alleged that the accused had manipulated video images to "create the impression that there was a civil war in the country". In doing so, they wanted to help the "terrorist organization" influence the opinion of the world public. Egyptian television broadcast a video clip of around 20 minutes that showed the arrest of Peter Greste and Mohammed Fahmy when the security forces stormed their hotel room, which was used as a TV studio, of the Marriott Hotel in Cairo's Zamalek district on December 29, 2013. According to media reports, they had opened a provisional office and studio there without authorization after the authorities closed their own office on the day the military took power in early July 2013.
Officials also alleged, in an allegation not officially published in the indictments, that the US news broadcaster CNN had broadcast reports from Al-Jazeera in order to "distort the international reputation of Egypt".
Reactions and evaluations
- Right-wing groups cited the charges against the 20 Al-Jazeera employees as a sign of an escalation in the state's campaign against foreign media, with supporters of the military-backed government claiming that international media outlets were biased and for their reports of human rights violations against supporters of Morsi and against secular dissidents the interests of the Muslim Brotherhood would work. The trial of the alleged “Marriott cell” sparked outrage and protests around the world that went far beyond the circle of press organizations. The trial was seen as a domestic policy aimed at limiting journalism and related to a statement by the state intelligence service that journalists interviewing the Muslim Brotherhood are also threatened with prosecution.
- In a statement Amnesty International criticized the indictment as a "severe setback for freedom of the press": "This move sends the creepy message that in Egypt only one view is acceptable today: the one desired by the Egyptian authorities."
- The organization Reporters Without Borders (ROG) saw the progress of a systematic persecution and systematic campaign to demonize critical journalists and media that has been observed since the fall of Morsi. After the Islamists' bans on newspapers, radio and television stations, Al-Jazeera was practically the only significant Arab television station in Egypt that still questioned the course of the army and the transitional government it set up. On the ROG press freedom list for 2014, Egypt was ranked 159 out of 179 countries. According to ROG board spokesman Michael Rediske, the trial of the arrested journalists and the ongoing reprisals by anti-government media marked a new low for press freedom in Egypt: “The way in which the government and judiciary in Egypt criminalize normal journalistic work is reminiscent of the darkest times the Mubarak era. "
- The Egyptian Association of Journalists warned the Ministry of the Interior against treating "journalists like fair game". According to Reporters Without Borders , the association, which is viewed as critical of the Muslim Brotherhood and consists more of members of the old Mubarak regime, felt compelled to file a complaint against the Interior Ministry after dozens of reporters and photojournalists were attacked by the security forces for talking about anti -Government protests reported. The state journalists' syndicate issued a harsh statement: "Security forces are still suppressing journalists in unprecedented fashion in order to silence their voices and stand in the way of their right to gather information."
- Sherif Mansour of the Committee for the Protection of Journalists in the USA described the case as unique: “These journalists were only doing their job. In principle, they are accused of having a different perspective and a different point of view than the government would like to see in the media - but this has nothing to do with terrorism. We have never seen anywhere in the world that a television station and its local and foreign employees have been charged with terrorism. "
- Bloggers complained that videos of the journalists' arrests circulated in the media were intended to further fuel the mood against the journalists.
- The family of the acclaimed Australian Al Jazeera journalist Peter Greste campaigned for his release amid international outcry over the imprisonment of the journalists and journalists demanding their release.
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European Union - International criticism of the repressive policies of the transitional government in Egypt grew as a result. The EU foreign ministers issued a statement critical of the state of freedom of the press and the massive arrests of demonstrators in Egypt. -
UN - The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights , Navi Pillay , said she was “extremely concerned about the increasingly harsh media repression and physical attacks on journalists in Egypt”. Journalists are mistreated or detained in conditions that are inconsistent with international standards. UN spokesman Rupert Colville said the vague allegations against the 20 Al-Jazeera defendants "are of great concern to us and diametrically violate the right to freedom of expression." "The people," says Colville, "carry cameras and not weapons." -
United States - The US State Department spoke of an "egregious disregard for fundamental freedoms." - Western observers assessed the proceedings against the Al Jazeera employees as “political reckoning” and “pure arbitrariness”. It was criticized, for example, that the allegations made that the Al-Jazeera employees had damaged Egypt's reputation abroad could be used to prevent any journalistic activity. The trial against the so-called "Marriott cell" was criticized as a show trial .
- Al-Jazeera vehemently denied the allegations and stated that only nine of the 20 people belonged to the station. Those responsible expressed indignation that, from their point of view, the Egyptian state was hounding Al-Jazeera and its employees. Heather Allan, news chief of "Al Jazeera English", denied the allegations against her employees: "We categorically deny that you were involved in spreading malicious lies about Egypt - or that you worked with a terrorist organization."
- British Al Jazeera correspondent Sue Turton, who was accused in absentia as a member of the alleged Marriott cell, denied the allegations against the daily newspaper Welt : "The allegations are absurd," said Turton. "The charges are politically motivated. We are the only broadcaster that does not follow the line of the Egyptian government. We will be punished for this. "Al-Jazeera shows all sides of the events, including" those of the government, but also those of the arrested and intimidated, those of the Muslim Brotherhood and those of the activists. "Turton said hostility towards foreigners and especially journalists was during felt nothing during her last stay in Cairo. She attributes the change of mood to the work of the local media, which support the military government and do not allow any other point of view. Turton has been a correspondent for the English-language channel of Al-Jazeera since 2010 and reported regularly from crisis areas such as Afghanistan, Libya, Lebanon, Syria and most recently Egypt since November 2013. When her colleagues were arrested, she reported on the demonstrations in Ukraine. Upon learning of the charges, she traveled back to Qatar and joined other international media representatives in calling for the journalists to be released immediately.
- Egyptian media responded to European criticism with allegations that Europe criticized Egypt in order to support the Muslim Brotherhood. Numerous Egyptian media accused the German and other Western governments of conspiracy with and logistical aid for the Muslim Brotherhood and headlines such as "Germany, the secret headquarters of terrorism" (daily Al-Wafd ).
- Well-known lawyer Mohammed Hammouda claimed in an interview with the Daily News: “The uprising of January 25, 2011 was planned by the Muslim Brotherhood and the West. They made use of the students who allowed themselves to be involved in the conspiracy ”.
- Militarily loyal media claimed the US, Europe, Israel, Iran and the Islamists intended to destroy Egypt. Sections of the Egyptian press said these countries would work together for this purpose. For example, an Egyptian newspaper declared an alleged collaboration between Hamas and the Order of Malta responsible for the killings of activists during the so-called revolution of 2011.
- Former Mubarak MP and prominent editor Mostafa Bakry claimed on a TV show that US President Barack Obama “and his henchmen” were planning to assassinate military chief Sisi. He threatened all US citizens in Egypt to have them killed: "We will enter their homes and kill everyone, one by one". In retrospect, he withdrew his testimony and spoke out against violence, including violence against US citizens.
- When asked about the Al-Jazeera case, the Egyptian interim foreign minister, Nabil Fahmy, told the media that the government did not have jurisdiction over the trial: “The indictment is not about freedom of expression. It is now up to the judge to decide, and it would be inappropriate for me to comment on it. But foreign journalists can work freely in Egypt. You are welcome with us. Journalists have the right to do their job. At the same time, however, they have to obey the law. "
Constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt from January 14-15, 2014 . The constitution put to the vote called for a ban on religious parties and strengthened the military. 98.1% of the votes cast, with a turnout of 38.6%, supported the new draft constitution of the military-backed transitional government.
Prior to and procedure of the election
The elections were accompanied by a massive campaign of intimidation by the military government for approval of the draft constitution and against rejection. According to renowned experts, the political climate was marked by repression, fear and exclusion. The imprisonment of political prisoners, repressive anti-protest and NGO legislation and the lack of a free media landscape characterized the situation. Young activists who distributed leaflets against the referendum in Cairo's center were immediately arrested. While the main opposition camp, the Muslim Brotherhood, was classified as a terrorist organization and banned 20 days before the constitutional election, no political party in the vicinity of the constitutional referendum dared to hold a rally against the new draft constitution. The parties and groups united in the anti-coup alliance led by the Muslim Brotherhood had announced a boycott of the referendum.
Observers came to the conclusion that the power apparatus supported by the military, police and judiciary wanted to legitimize the ruthlessly tough fight against the Muslim Brotherhood and dissenters with the two-day vote. A contingent of 160,000 soldiers and 130,000 police officers shielded the 30,000 polling stations.
The process in which the new draft constitution was drawn up was also criticized. The 50-member committee chaired by Amr Moussa, the former Egyptian foreign minister and general secretary of the Arab League, met in camera. A broad social discussion about the new constitution could not take place. The committee was also deliberately one-sidedly dominated in its composition by members of state and semi-state institutions. While the Constituent Assembly of 2012 was dominated by Islamists, they were completely excluded with the exception of a representative of the Nour party, which had backed the military coup, and a dissident from the Muslim Brotherhood. A substantial part of the political public in Egypt was therefore not involved in drafting the constitution, but was excluded from the political process, especially the Muslim Brotherhood, which is still relevant. According to experts such as Lars Brozus and Stephan Roll (SWP), a higher approval rate for the draft constitution than for the draft submitted by Mursi in 2012 was therefore only a limited acceptance.
The military-backed leadership of Egypt attempted to at least partially compensate for the foreseeable lack of social legitimacy through international observers by making the “election observers act as a democratic fig leaf” (Lars Brozus and Stephan Roll / SWP) and upgrading the process. Against the background of the political climate of respression and polarization, the usefulness of an international observation mission of the referendum was questioned even in the event that the actual voting process was largely free and fair.
Content of the new constitution
Experts like Brozus and Roll came to the conclusion that the new draft constitution was a threat to the democratization process. In particular, the far-reaching special rights of the state security organs enshrined in the new constitution stand in the way of democratization of the country. The Egyptian military will continue to exist as a state within the state and will not be subordinate to any democratic control and will establish structures that have already significantly strengthened the authoritarian rule in Egypt in the past.
A decrease in Islamic references and the partial strengthening of civil rights, the rights of women and selected minorities were seen as positive features of the draft constitution compared to the constitution of 2012.
Violence on the third anniversary of the Mubarak uprising (January 25, 2014)
Clashes between protesters and security forces supported by civilians have become more bloody after Morsi was overthrown by the military. On the third anniversary of the January 25, 2011, popular uprising, some of the most serious acts of violence in Egypt since the violent breakup of the two pro-Morsi sit-ins on August 14, 2013, Human Rights Watch “the most serious murderous incident in the recent past History of Egypt ”.
The military-backed interim government celebrated the third anniversary of the so-called revolution against Mubarak of 2011 on January 25, 2014. Tens of thousands of its supporters flocked to Tahrir Square in Cairo to pay homage to the military chief Sisi. The Muslim Brotherhood and revolutionary activists, on the other hand, had called for nationwide counter-rallies and protests against the military-backed transitional government, which, in the opinion of their opponents, unjustifiably took over the anniversary of the so-called revolution of 2011 for itself. On January 25, 2014, most of these rallies were forcibly broken up by the security forces. When supporters of President Morsi, who had been ousted by the military, demonstrated, the police fired shots to break up the demonstrations.
According to official figures, at least 64 people died in Cairo and Giza alone, mostly from gunshots, while tens of thousands of coup supporters celebrated the military ruler Sisi in Cairo and called on them to run for the planned presidential election. According to independent information, the death toll, with 108 fatalities, was around twice as high as the officially stated 66.
A wave of mass arrests broke out on the third anniversary of the January 25th revolution, in which at least hundreds of demonstrators were arrested.
Fatalities and injuries
The official figures of the military-backed Egyptian interim government about the number of deaths increased gradually several times after January 25th. In addition, the official information deviates significantly from independent information:
- According to consistent agency reports on January 25, at least 29 demonstrators - mostly in Cairo - had been killed in the violent crackdown by the security forces against protests by opponents of the military regime and the transitional government it installed.
- The Guardian said on January 25 that at least 54 people were reportedly killed in clashes with anti-government protests across the country on the third anniversary of the uprising.
- According to the Ministry of Health on January 26, at least 49 people were killed within 24 hours and, according to the Interior Ministry, several police officers were injured. According to the health ministry, the 49 reported deaths should have occurred in the governorates of Minya, Giza, Cairo and Alexandria, while injuries also occurred in Fayyum, Ismailia, Asyut and Bani Suwaif. According to the Ministry of Health, a total of 247 people were injured in Cairo and other places on January 26.
- The human rights organization Nadeem Center issued a statement on January 26th with the names of 53 demonstrators killed on January 25th, along with the cause and place of death. Accordingly, at least 28 were killed by live ammunition. 20 had been killed in the Alf Maskan district of Cairo and 24 others in Matariya.
- On January 27, the official number of fatalities on the third anniversary of the uprising was revised upwards once again: the spokesman for the forensic medical authorities, Hisham Abdel Hamid, told the Egyptian newspaper Ahram Online that there were only in Cairo and Giza Clashes on January 25, 2014, 64 people died. According to Abdel Hamid, autopsies showed that at least 58 of the 64 deaths were caused by sharp gunshot wounds and one by shotguns.
- Daily News Egypt reported on February 2 that the independent statistical database Wiki Thawra had revised the number of deaths from the third anniversary of the revolution to 103, in which four of the 103 deaths had subsequently died from injuries sustained on January 25 . Wiki Thawra made a detailed list of deaths, according to which 79 of the deaths fell in Cairo, 20 in Giza, one in Alexandria, one in Daqahleya and two in Minya. Of the 277 injured, a large majority fell in Cairo and Giza , according to Wiki Thawra . 30 of the deaths occurred in the Matariya district, where, as the stronghold of Morsi supporters, there were many clashes between supporters and opponents of the transitional government. A further 34 deaths had occurred in the Alf Maskan district, from where continued gunfire was reported for the clashes that were approaching the evening. According to the Wiki Thawra database, only seven of the 64 deaths from Matariya and Alf Maskan were not due to sharp shots.
- On February 4, 2014, Amnesty International reported the number of people killed as “at least 64”.
- The Daily News Egypt stated on February 13, 2014 that the official death toll on the third anniversary of the 2011 popular uprising was 66, according to forensic medicine spokesman Hisham Abdel Hamid.
- At the same time, Wiki Thawra stated that 108 people were killed, almost twice as high as the official death rate for the third anniversary of the popular uprising.
The Muslim Brotherhood had to pay the greatest blood toll. The numerous counter-demonstrations by the Muslim Brotherhood in many parts of the country resulted in deaths. Most of the fatalities, initially numbered as 49 nationwide, died on January 25 in the Cairo slums of Alf Maskan and Matariya, which are considered to be strongholds of the Muslim Brotherhood. and in which the fiercest street battles raged. Alf Maskan is located in the east of Cairo, an area of the city that is considered to be relatively poor and down-to-earth. In the Matariya district in eastern Cairo alone, 26 people were killed when the police violently broke up a demonstration by supporters of Morsi. According to Daily News Egypt , a live stream broadcast from the Alf Maskan “Field Hospital” online showed “gruesome and bloody images of wounded and motionless bodies” while bystanders put bandages on their heads and arms. The English-language Egyptian newspaper said on January 27 that all reports it saw by Daily News Egypt attributed the causes of death to clashes in Alf Maskan, Matariya and downtown Cairo to sharp shots.
In addition, the security forces also took violent action against members of the secular government-critical movement “Path of the Revolutionary Front” at the weekend. According to media reports, a participant in an alliance protest march in Cairo was killed. According to other information, a member of the youth movement of the “6. April ” , which largely organized the 2011 uprising. A member of the April 6 Movement, also known as Sayed Wezza, Sayed Abdallah, was shot in the chest on Sherif Street, according to media reports, as part of a demonstration in Cairo against both the military and the Muslim Brotherhood Downtown was attacked and disbanded by police and Sisi supporters. According to a media report by the taz , Abdallah is said to have collected signatures for the Tamarod in 2013 , calling on President Morsi to hold early elections. But now he wanted to demonstrate against the military leadership who had justified their coup with Tamarod .
At least three people were also killed in clashes between supporters of the ousted President Morsi and the police in Alexandria (one woman) and in Minya Province (two people).
procedure
Organized sympathy rallies for the interim government set up by the military took place in Cairo and most of the country's cities. The Tamarod campaign called for the pro-Sisi rally on Tahrir Square , which in the summer of 2013 initiated the military coup against President Morsi by collecting signatures and has since supported the military-backed transitional government. The calls by the rulers to the people to celebrate the so-called revolution of January 25, 2011 on January 25, 2014 as a pro-Sisi rally on the streets, was interpreted as an attempt by the transitional government appointed by the military to use the symbolism of the 25 . January 2011 and to create the impression that there was a political continuity from the beginning of the protests against Mubarak to the government of the new rulers after the military coup, which, also in view of the rumored impending presidential candidacy of Sisis, promoted the realization of the democratic demands.
The jubilee events for the transitional government took place under the strictest security precautions. With tanks or armored personnel carriers and barbed wire of Tahrir Square was sealed off, the three years previously had yet formed the center of the protests against the ruling regime under Hosni Mubarak. All participants in the pro-government rally had to go through specially set up security gates with metal detectors to prevent weapons and bombs from being smuggled in. The entrances to the square were strictly controlled. In addition to tanks, the army left only a narrow corridor through which people could get to the square after men, women and even children were all searched. Female police patrolled women to make sure there were no weapons under their headscarves. Military helicopters circled over the city. Egyptian national flags were thrown from military helicopters into the crowd celebrating the military. In addition to national flags and Sisi portraits, many pro-Sisi demonstrators also wore rubber masks with the likeness of the army general, deputy head of government and defense minister Sisi, who was actually considered a strong man in Egypt. A stage had been set up for musicians and various speakers. A folklore band played and dancers danced. The crowd chanted “Execute the Muslim Brotherhood”, “Sisi - Raisi” or “Sisi is my President”. In sharp contrast to the scenes on Tahrir Square three years earlier, when anti-government protesters clashed with the police, supporters of the police and the Egyptian security establishment controlled Tahrir Square on January 25, 2014, and the police were happy to receive them. On the other hand, a woman was harassed and beaten by a crowd in Tahrir Square who wore a headscarf with a conservative appearance and was suspected of being a sympathizer of the Muslim Brotherhood. Celebrations in Tahrir Square lasted at least until midnight, with interim government supporters staying downtown, waving flags and playing music until the morning of January 26.
The protests organized throughout Egypt, which the political opponents of the rulers of the coup regime had called for, took a different course. The “Alliance Against the Coup”, consisting largely of Morsi supporters, celebrated the anniversary with numerous demonstrations across the country. Their supporters gathered to protest again against the overthrow of Morsi by the military in July 2013. They called for people to turn against “a fascist and oppressive military dictatorship”. In a statement, the then banned Muslim Brotherhood stated that it would not leave the streets sooner until their rights were fully restored and the "murderers" were brought to justice. Morsi's supporters marched in more than 30 neighborhoods across Cairo to demonstrate against the fall of Morsi. In addition, there were smaller gatherings of pro-democracy activists who turned against both the authoritarianism of Sisi and Morsi.
However, while the supporters of the interim government set up by the military were able to demonstrate unmolested on Tahrir Square, the security forces everywhere used tear gas, shotgun projectiles and sharp shots against demonstrators critical of the government and, with the help of civilians who support the military, smashed counter-rallies Government opponents and supporters of President Morsi, who was ousted by the military. According to human rights activists, riot police shot live ammunition at rallies by opposition activists in several cities.
The clashes broke out shortly after noon, when crowds gathered at mosques across Cairo to form protest marches. Some protest marches were quickly broken up, others were able to reach the city center, where violence broke out. Fierce fighting raged downtown in the afternoon, particularly near Talaat Harb Square. Police vehicles and plainclothes policemen chased protesters as tens of thousands of supporters of the transitional government gathered in Tahrir Square 400 meters away to call on General Sisi to run for the presidential election. When the majority of the demonstrators had been driven out of the city center, the streets were initially relatively quiet.
In the eastern part of Cairo in particular, bitter street battles between security forces and government opponents took place, especially in the Alf Maskan (or: Alf Maskin) and Matariya districts. Local residents reported that when it got dark in Alf Maskan, a stronghold of the Pro-Mursi resistance, helicopters circled over a dark square where protesters clashed with security forces for hours. Gunfire was heard in the area. As the afternoon and evening clashes raged in Alf Maskan and Matariya, the violence of the day in Cairo reached its peak.
In Cairo, counter-demonstrations by the Muslim Brotherhood and left-wing liberal groups critical of the government were only allowed in side streets. Many demonstrators had marched in front of the headquarters of the journalists' association. A group of secular activists left the journalists' association building and chanted against the Muslim Brotherhood and, above all, the military. Half an hour later, several hundred of the group were arrested and beaten a few hundred meters from the stage in Tahrir Square. The demonstrators critical of the government were mainly supporters of the Islamist President Mohammed Morsi, who was overthrown by the military last summer. Liberal opponents of the transitional government had also called for demonstrations in downtown Cairo. Supporters of Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood, which the Egyptian regime has now classified as a terrorist organization, as well as parts of the country's liberal opposition, forcibly gathered away from the symbolic Tahrir Square and chanted slogans like "Down with the regime" before they fled into back streets, according to a reporter from AFP news agency reported. There were sometimes serious clashes between security forces and opponents of the government, in which the security forces shot at demonstrators with shotgun and tear gas grenades and also used sharp shots to break up the rallies. In Cairo, for example, the police fired live ammunition over the heads of a group of around a thousand demonstrators from the liberal-secular spectrum and also from among the Muslim Brotherhood supporters who had gathered to march towards Tahrir Square and slogans against the The army and the transitional government it appointed, attacked the group with tear gas and shotgun ammunition, and dispersed the people with a hail of tear gas grenades and shots. A few meters away from Tahrir Square, supporters and opponents of the military and the army chief Sisi fought each other with stones, glass bottles and fireworks.
Other rallies by pro-Morsi demonstrators in other parts of Cairo with slogans such as “Morsi is the President of Millions” were repeatedly broken up by the army by using tear gas and aerial shots. Only Sisi supporters continued to celebrate on Tahrir Square itself. While tens of thousands celebrated the anniversary of the uprising and the officially scheduled police festival on the stage in Tahrir Square, activists of the April 6th Liberal Movement fought in street fights with their opponents and the police less than a kilometer away. When left-wing liberal demonstrators took to the streets in a suburb of Cairo and chanted against the military, the police and the Muslim Brotherhood, the police also quickly broke up this demonstration. As people gathered, police fired tear gas grenades and gunfire. According to initial information from the Ministry of Health on January 25, at least 26 people were killed in Cairo alone.
After an attack on January 24th, police reported that they had arrested numerous Muslim Brotherhood sympathizers. The Interior Ministry said it had arrested "persons with rifles, incendiary devices or other weapons" during the protests up to the evening of January 25, 1079, whom the Interior Ministry described as "rioters", most of whom identified as supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood were. Wiki Thawra , on the other hand, stated in mid-February that 1,366 people had been arrested or arrested on the third anniversary of the popular uprising in 2011, and at the beginning of February, Wiki Thawra reported that 1,341 protesters had been arrested, 863 of which had taken place in Cairo and Giza alone. According to Amnesty International , among the more than 1,000 people arrested on January 25, according to the Interior Ministry, were Muslim Brotherhood sympathizers, members of the April 6 Youth Movement, independent activists and bystanders.
On the fringes of the protests and celebrations, there were numerous attacks on foreign journalists. The crowd in Tahrir Square harassed journalists. More than a dozen reporters were beaten by the demonstrators or taken into custody by police officers who, according to media reports, wanted to protect them from the angry mob. According to media reports, the pro-Sisi protesters also attacked an Egyptian journalist who was wrongly suspected of working for the Al Jazeera broadcaster and tried to strangle her with her headscarf until she was rescued by the police. According to the Egyptian press union, five photographers were also arrested on January 25 alone, and two others were taken to hospitals with injuries. Many Sisi supporters in Tahrir Square insulted foreign journalists in particular and accused them of working for the news channel Al Jazeera , whose journalists, who had been imprisoned by the Egyptian regime for weeks, had been accused by the state media of reporting on the part of the Muslim Brotherhood that were hated by the majority of Sisi followers. On January 24th, a mob beat up three ARD employees who wanted to film on site after the attack on the police headquarters. They were insulted by the Sisi supporters as “traitors”, “Muslim brothers” and “supporters of terrorism”. The xenophobic mood is attributed to reporting in the state-affiliated media. In addition to targeting civilians who target reporters, the government also campaigned against foreign reporters. The pro-government media blamed a foreign conspiracy for the country's crisis and terrorism. The previous week, Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmy accused the foreign press of “ignoring the facts” and “deliberately questioning the democratic practice in Egypt”. According to independent counts, more than 21,000 people, most of them Morsi supporters, are said to have been arrested since Morsi was overthrown by the military in July 2013.
Mohamed Amjahid reported from Cairo for the time of concrete scenes of violence on the anniversary of the popular uprising in Cairo around the celebration on Tahrir Square. According to this, a man is said to have ripped a chunk out of the sidewalk and killed an activist whom he cursed as a terrorist. A young soldier who had to calm down a group of angry demonstrators also shot around in an uncontrolled manner.
On January 25, the Egyptian TV stations broadcast nationwide dance performances from the stage in Tahrir Square on the anniversary of the popular uprising and showed, for example, pictures of women with portraits of Army Chief Sisi wrapped around their necks or smiling children, their faces with the Egyptian flag were painted. The clashes in the nearby streets, which occurred at the same time as the celebrations in Tahrir Square, were largely ignored by the local media, while the international press covered them extensively.
- Gallery: Pro-Sisi demonstration on Tahrir Square in Cairo on January 25, 2014:
Crowd with Sisi portraits and national flags
National flags, Sisi portraits and victory signs
Helicopter over Tahrir Square and Victory Sign
Heavy security measures on and around Tahrir Square
Reactions and evaluations
National
- During a meeting of Justice Minister Adel Abdel Hamid and Attorney General Hisham Barakat with Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim on January 26, Hamid and Barakat emphasized “the great role that the Interior Ministry has played in protecting fundamental freedoms, with regard to human rights, ensuring security, the strict application of laws and the protection of the nation ”. In their statement, they also praised the "fruitful cooperation" between the police, law enforcement and judiciary, which had led to the consolidation of the ideals of truth and justice and the protection of freedom and stability. During the meeting, Interior Minister Ibrahim said that security and justice were "great blessings" that Egypt enjoyed.
- Interim President Adli Mansur said in a speech on January 26th that the further course of the transition phase had been decided. In view of the terrorist attacks of the previous week in Cairo, he announced that he would proceed “with full force against the enemies of Egypt”. The Egyptian media picked up Mansur's keyword of the public enemies without exception and defined who should be counted among the enemies at their own discretion.
- The health ministry of the military-backed transitional government announced that the hospitals were on "high alert" and were ready to meet "any emergency situation".
- While the number of fatalities was still being revised upwards on January 26th, the interim president Adli Mansur announced with a short TV speech that the parliamentary elections planned as the next step according to the so-called political "roadmap" would be postponed after the presidential election. Observers did not see this as a mere technical change in the date, but saw the change in sequence as having the potential to "cement" the power of military chief Sisi.
- The Interior Ministry's press office denied opening fire on protesters on the third anniversary of the popular uprising. The Ministry of Interior also denied the arrest of its lawyer Ahmed Helel alleged by the April 6 Movement in a group statement.
- Prominent attorney Gamal Eid criticized the fact that police stations were used as places for interrogation. He said, "The judiciary belongs to the courts, we see that there is a flaw in the foundation of the judiciary and that the security apparatus is becoming increasingly vicious."
- Members of the April 6 Movement chanted the police violence and military rule at the funeral service for Sayed Abdullah (Wezza) on the evening of January 26, calling for the regime to be overthrown. After the so-called January 25th 2011 revolution, the April 6th youth movement was celebrated in the Egyptian media and identified as one of the driving forces behind the so-called revolution. Three years later, the members of the group were seen as "traitors" and "the cause behind the domestic disintegration". A lawsuit had been filed to disband the group and classify it as a terrorist organization. On February 1, 2014, the April 6th Youth Movement (Democratic Front) issued a statement accusing the Interior Ministry of aiming to silence the opposition of the "January Revolutionaries". She threatened to continue her resistance against "repressive forces". She described the violence on the third anniversary of January 25th as a “cowardly act” and charged the security forces with “killing the youth who sparked the revolution”. The group cited acts of violence the death of their member Sayed Abdullah (Wezza), the arrest of Moataz Mohamed and Ismael Al-Mogui, and the arrest of Ahmed Helel, the movement's lawyer, who was arrested while searching for the arrested members of the Group. The statement added that the arrested members were charged in court with the murder of Sayed Abdullah and other demonstrators, who died on January 25, among others. The group described the events of January 25, 2014 as "an unprecedented incident even in the times of the ousted Presidents Mubarak and Morsi". The group said in the statement that they had convincing evidence and videos showing that Abdullah was "shot by security forces". The assassination of their member would "only increase their determination to continue their revolutionary struggle". The government will be held accountable for its actions "like its predecessors" and "the revolution will continue."
- The newly founded Freedom for the Brave campaign submitted reports of several people arrested since January 25 with allegations of torture to the Egyptian human rights organization National Council for Human Rights (NCHR), condemned the torture methods and requested an investigation into the reports. The Freedom for the Brave -member Khaled Abdel Hameed said the security methods against detainees would reflect the return of the Mubarak regime.
- The Nation without Torture campaign condemned the crackdown on the security forces following the third anniversary of the popular uprising. In a statement released on February 10, she accused the Interior Ministry of torturing the "majority" of those arrested on January 25, 2014. The “revolutionary youth” had peacefully expressed their opinion on January 25th when the police met them with “unprecedented brutality”. These include the use of live ammunition against demonstrators during certain incidents in downtown Cairo. while trying to break up the demonstrations. The campaign called on the Ministry of the Interior to investigate the allegations of torture "immediately and seriously" and to turn those responsible to justice. She called on the public prosecutor's office to “activate” their role of monitoring detention facilities, monitoring assaults and extraditing the perpetrators.
- The head of the al-Qaida terror network , Aiman az-Zawahiri , spoke out against attacks on the Christian minority in Egypt. In an audio message broadcast on January 25, Zawahiri said that although the Coptic Pope Tawadros II supported the military coup against Morsi in the summer of 2013, one should now “not start a war against the Christians and provide the West with an excuse”. Zawahiri went on to say: "The Muslims must now focus on fighting the pro-American coup in Al-Sisi and establishing an Islamic government." He accused Mursi of having sought cooperation with the USA during his presidency and recognized the peace treaties with Israel: "These were the reasons that led to his overthrow," said Zawahiri.
International
- The human rights organization Amnesty International stated in a report published on February 4, 2014, referring to unnamed detainees, that arrested demonstrators had been subjected to beatings and torture by electric shock. The detainees, over 1,000 of whom were arrested during the demonstrations marking the third anniversary of the so-called revolution, included men and women, both minors and adults. According to the Interior Ministry, more than 1,000 people arrested on January 25 included sympathizers of the Muslim Brotherhood, members of the April 6 youth movement, independent activists and bystanders. While “a handful” of those arrested on January 25 have been released on bail, the vast majority remain in custody pending trials. Amnesty International expressed concern about the ongoing crackdown on voices of dissent and feared that "many of the men, women and children arrested were simply exercising their right to freedom of expression and assembly or were bystanders."
- On February 12, 2014, 16 human rights organizations issued a statement in which they had swiftly investigated the "increasing and appalling allegations of torture and sexual assault against those arrested in police stations since January 25" and a medical examination of all those arrested on January 25, estimated at over 1000, demanded. A delegation from the legal groups should be allowed to visit the prisons without preconditions and to speak to the prisoners.
Media :
In parts of the Western media, the repression of “oppositional movements” on the third anniversary of the popular uprising against Mubarak by the police “with all violence” and the repression against foreign journalists were compared with the actions of the “authoritarian police state” under Mubarak, against which the Egyptian youth fought in Tahrir Square during the popular uprising three years earlier.
Agency reports indicated that the image of Tahrir Square on January 25, 2014, with a homogeneous crowd of government supporters with Egyptian flags and pictures of the military chief Sisi paying homage to the soldiers and police officers, contrasted sharply with the appearance of the square in January and February 2011 offered when Tahrir Square was the epicenter of the revolt against Mubarak and there a diverse and enthusiastic community of mainly young people with incendiary devices and cobblestones defended themselves against attacks by the police and hired thugs and made Mubarak resign.
Karim El-Gawhary ruled in various daily newspapers that with scenes such as the one on social media of a police officer singing the national anthem on a stage in Tahrir Square in front of thousands of flag-waving Egyptians on Revolution Day, those in power had “the history of the Egyptian revolution official rewritten ". The Ministry of the Interior, which “acted brutally” during the uprising against Mubarak in 2011 and “was responsible for a good part of the 840 deaths from then”, “has not only been rehabilitated, but is now claiming the revolution for itself”. El-Gawhary also emphasized that, according to the Interior Ministry, more people (1,079 people) had been arrested on January 25, 2011 (700 people), i.e. more demonstrators were arrested on the third anniversary of the popular uprising than on the first day the protests themselves.
Resignation of the Beblawi cabinet
On February 24, 2014, the Beblawi cabinet resigned from the interim government set up by military ruler Sisi after the military coup against Morsi. According to a request from the incumbent interim president Mansur, according to a media report, Beblawi should continue the official business temporarily. Beblawi announced the resignation on television without giving a reason. From government circles it was said that the resignation of the government was a necessary step because Field Marshal Sisi was not the only one who wanted to resign. According to other media reports, it was initially unclear whether Sisi and the controversial Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim would also join the resignation.
On the occasion of the resignation of the military-backed transitional government, Beblawi called in a live broadcast on Egyptian state television to support any future government, regardless of who it belongs to. They should not ask what Egypt did for them, but rather what they did for Egypt. In view of the difficult times, he demanded that differences of opinion should rest and that there should be no strikes in the factories.
Reactions and evaluations
In Cairo there had been speculation about a cabinet reshuffle in the preceding days. Observers suspected that Field Marshal Sisi would resign as defense minister because the military chief, who had been regarded as the "real strong man in Egypt" since the coup against Morsi, wanted to meet the requirements for his subsequent candidacy for president by resigning, as only civilians can be elected as President of Egypt. Beblawi's comment on the resignation of the cabinet, that the government alone would not be able to achieve the necessary reforms, was interpreted as a possible indication that the resignation should pave the way for Sisi's presidential candidacy. It was also seen as possible that the resignation of the Beblawi cabinet should prepare Sisi's presidential candidacy by breaking away from the unsuccessful cabinet in good time, and that the departure of the unsuccessful and unpopular government to which the military chief himself belonged should improve its image .
Other reasons for the "surprising" resignation of the entire cabinet, according to media reports, were suspected in the Western and Egyptian media that interim Prime Minister Beblawi had reacted, among other things, to a growing loss of confidence in the population and massive strikes that had taken place in the previous days, weeks and Months, among other things, numerous authorities, also local public transport, the garbage disposal or the textile workers in the Nile Delta would have recorded. In the workers' town of Mahalla al Kubra , where mass protests against the rule of then President Husni Mubarak broke out in 2008, workers had been on strike since early February 2014. Leading organizations of the so-called “revolution” against Mubarak in 2011 called for protests on February 25, 2014 against the persecution of their members by the new regime. A week before the Beblawi cabinet resigned, the government raised the salaries of the police officers to prevent them from resigning from work. Over the past few months, Beblawi has been repeatedly criticized for his indecision and lack of leadership in the fight against the country's economic problems.
The Beblawi interim government was also accused of “helplessness” in the face of the terrorist attacks in the country, for which coup proponents had blamed extremists with ties to Morsi and his Muslim Brotherhood, although experts considered the Muslim Brotherhood to be responsible for terrorist attacks as unlikely.
| Month 2013 | Percentage change in visitor numbers compared to 2012 |
|---|---|
| May | +14.6 |
| June | +16.4 |
| July | Data are missing because of the coup |
| August | −45.6 |
| September | −69.7 |
| October | −52.0 |
| November | −39.0 |
| December | −30.7 |
The apparently rampant economic crisis in Egypt, which in the previous months had only been concealed by 14 billion dollars in financial aid from the Gulf states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, was also given as the decisive factor for the government crisis. After tourism, which collapsed after the popular uprising of 2011, especially with the election of Morsi as Egyptian president, had moved towards normalization again since mid-2012, the political aggravation caused by the power struggle between the transitional government installed by the military and the Muslim Brotherhood after the coup took off Egypt's uncertainty also resulted in significant losses in the tourism industry, which is important for the country's economy . For the first time, Egypt was also burdened by power outages in the winter time, while the military-backed transitional government lacked the financial means to import sufficient fuel for the power plants, with the responsible oil ministry alone owing more than five billion dollars to foreign energy companies. In view of the growing public frustration, populist-motivated additional expenditure by the Beblawi government, such as the minimum wage and higher pensions, drove up the national debt further and led, among other things, to an official unemployment rate of 13 percent in total and well over 30 percent for young people. Especially for Egyptians in an economically weak position, living conditions had deteriorated significantly in the eight months since the overthrow of President Morsi and the takeover by the military-backed transitional government.
Furthermore, the resignation of the Beblawi cabinet was also interpreted in the context of a growing dissent within the military-backed transitional government about the future political course. While Sisi and Ibrahim had proclaimed a "war on terror" that had brought thousands of people to the prisons and torture facilities of the military-backed transitional government, there were also more moderate voices in the rest of the cabinet who wanted to counter the growing confrontation with political compromises, such as the Deputy Prime Minister Ziad Bahaa-Eldin, who resigned in mid-January after the constitutional referendum. Political scientist and former MP Amr Hamzawy believes that by dissolving the cabinet, Beblawi may have wanted to forestall the resignation of other cabinet members after the repression of the security forces after the violent crackdown on the supporters of the put-up President Morsi had increasingly turned against activists of the 2011 uprising and critical intellectuals .
Political analyst Gamal Abdel-Gawad took the position that the performance of the Beblawi transitional government could not be blamed for all of Egypt's political, economic and social problems that Egypt had to contend with since the 2011 uprising. Your balance sheet should only be measured against the transition roadmap. The so-called "roadmap" presented by military chief Sisi during the military coup for the alleged return of Egypt to democracy had been corrected several times since autumn 2013: the announced parliamentary elections, contrary to the demands of democracy activists, changed the position of parliament vis-à-vis the future head of state to strengthen parliamentary elections that take place after the presidential elections, in the order after the presidential elections. No date for the presidential election was announced during the entire period in office of the Beblawi cabinet. In political circles in Cairo it was assumed that the new lower house could only be elected more than two years after its dissolution by the Supreme Military Council, which also includes military chief Sisi, after the fasting month of Ramadan 2014.
Other analysts pointed to the controversial demonstration law , which was passed in December 2013 and banned all demonstrations that were not approved in advance by the authorities. The interim authorities justified wanting to prevent the demonstration law from spilling over to the country. After the law was also used to arrest non-Islamist protesters, including prominent activists involved in the 2011 uprising, political figures began to speak out against the law.
Formation of a new transitional government
On February 25, 2014, Interim President Mansur Ibrahim appointed Mahlab as the new Prime Minister, who was entrusted with the formation of a new government. Mahlab was Minister of Housing in the Beblawi cabinet. He is also considered a Mubarak confidante who, before Mubarak was overthrown, was a member of the influential Political Committee of the then state party NDP, which was dissolved in 2011 and which was led by Mubarak's son, Gamal Mubarak, and has a reputation for benefiting the regime's favorites to have distributed. Under Mubarak he was a member of the upper house of the Egyptian parliament. The Western media interpreted Mahlab's appointment as a sign of a restoration of the “old political guard of the overthrown dictator Husni Mubarak”. In his first press conference as Prime Minister Mahlab named stabilizing the security situation as the top priority: "We will work together to completely restore security in Egypt and to destroy terror in all corners of the country".
After the resignation of Interim Prime Minister Hasem al-Beblawi, the designated head of government Mahlab then relied mainly on resigned ministers to form a new military-backed transitional government. His government, the sixth since the overthrow of President Mubarak in February 2011, was reappointed Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim, Planning Minister Ashraf al-Arabi , Minister for Oil Sherif Ismail and Army Chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi as Defense Minister the government office would have to resign before an official submission of his presidential candidacy.
Swearing in and composition
On March 1, 2014, the cabinet of the new military-backed transitional government was officially sworn in. The new cabinet of Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab, consisting of 31 ministers, consisted of 20 heads of departments mainly from ministers from the previous interim government headed by Hasem al-Beblawi and thus remained almost unchanged.
The occupation of the key ministries remained largely untouched. The ministers who resigned from the transitional government were mainly liberal and left-wing personalities who were accepted by the military in Beblawi's government after the military coup against the government of Mohammed Morsi in July 2013 in order to put it on a broader basis. The newly added ministers of the Mahlab cabinet, on the other hand, were recruited more from the business elite from the time of the long-term ruler Husni Mubarak, who was overthrown in 2011.
The new head of government Mahlab himself belonged to the Egyptian business elite, as did numerous other personalities in the new government. Mahlab, who was one of Mubarak's followers, had to give way to his predecessor Beblawi from the Social Democratic Party, which was interpreted as a narrowing of the circle of power.
Overall, the new government was seen as more than ever composed of old forces close to Mubarak. Figures that were respected across all camps, such as former Minister of Education Hossam Eissa and Vice Prime Minister Ziad Bahaa Al-Din, left the executive. All ministers of the National Salvation Front (NSF), an alliance of liberal and socialist parties, were removed from the government with one exception.
Army chief Sisi, who is considered powerful, also retained his position as defense minister in the new cabinet. Only eleven ministers were newly appointed. Observers had previously linked the resignation of the government to Sisi's ambitions for a candidacy in the upcoming presidential election, for which he would have to resign from his government office as defense minister and his military functions. On the other hand, there was also increasing speculation that Sisi had decided against running for the presidency and was striving to consolidate his position within the military hierarchy. The previous week, Interim President Mansur had passed a decree that gave the Defense Minister more influence, with the Defense Minister now chairing the Supreme Military Council (SCAF) as the most powerful institution in Egypt, while the President, who was previously also chairman of the Supreme Military Council by law , only the appointment of leading posts in the individual army units is incumbent.
The minister of the interior, Mohammed Ibrahim, who was heavily criticized by human rights activists, remained in office. In his office he is responsible for the ongoing police violence during operations by the security forces, in which at least 1,400 demonstrators have been killed in protests by Islamists and other government opponents since the fall of Morsi. He is also seen as the driving force behind the overthrow of Mohammed Morsi by the military.
Reactions
- The change of government was seen internationally as castling with the aim of Sisi's candidacy, who then took over the Ministry of Defense. Many critics claimed that a counterrevolution was taking place in Egypt under the leadership of military chief Sisi.
- The constitutional party Hala Shukrallahs sharply criticized the exclusion of the NSF from the government. Like other liberal and left-wing parties, she called for the removal of Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim.
- From the ranks of the Revolutionary Socialists (Arabic: الاشتراكيون الثوريون) it was claimed that the government reshuffle was a reaction by the military to the ongoing wave of strikes in the country and gave the ruling generals an opportunity to get rid of too liberal government members. Union -affiliated circles attacked the new labor minister Nahed Al-Ashri for her proximity to the business side. She was already employed in the ministry under Mubarak and had acted as a mediator in labor disputes. In the new government she replaced the socialist labor minister Kamal Abu Eita , who is considered a figurehead of the independent trade unions co-opted by the government.
- Farid Zahran , the deputy chairman of the Egyptian Social Democratic Party , saw the reason for replacing the transitional government at the beginning of March that all those ministers "belonging to the new democratic forces" had been removed. With the expulsion of these ministers, the restoration of the regime of President Husni Mubarak, who was overthrown in 2011, had been systematically advanced. He criticized the fact that “the ropes” of the old Mubarak regime had fought the “small influence” of the democratic forces “hardly involved in decision-making” after the coup “from day one” since Morsi's overthrow by the military. After the coup there was a continuous counterrevolutionary development through the establishment of a regime in the form of the military, security apparatus, oligarchs close to Mubarak and other supporters. Commenting on the cabinet reshuffle, Zahran said, “The regime thinks that now that it has finished off the Muslim Brotherhood, it can take action against all other adversaries. It doesn't need any democratic forces or any broad alliance. The reshuffle of the cabinet is just another step on the way back to tyranny. "If the people who have been politically active since the 2011 uprising remain active, the Sisi regime will not prevail, according to Zahran:" If the people stay active, then will the return of tyranny will fail. "
- The party leader of the Strong Egypt party , Abdel Moneim Abul Futuh , who had been among the supporters of the protests against President Morsi, but whose party members had received prison sentences when they posted posters calling for people to vote against the constitution in the constitutional referendum, described after the cabinet reshuffle the climate in Egypt under Sisi was feared by state repression : “There is fear. The Egyptians are afraid to speak their mind. They fear that their houses will be stormed and arrested. ”He does not believe that a harmonized system can solve the misery of Egypt. He feared further uprisings that could prevent an orderly transition in Egypt. The "anger of the people" will increase and there will be "a new revolution against oppression."
- Rifai Nasrallah , the founder of the most popular advertising campaign for Sisi, Kammel Gamilak (German: “Fulfill your mission!”), Which promoted the Sisi presidency and claims to have collected 24 million signatures for the Nasrallah, spoke up after the cabinet reshuffle , in which Sisi retained his post as defense minister, for a leadership of Egypt by Sisi: “Field Marshal al-Sisi created an atmosphere of love in the country. He sacrifices himself for the people. He is a secret service man who saw where the country is going with Mursi. The people trust him that he can lead Egypt. "
Union parliamentary group leader Kauder in Cairo
On February 27, 2014, Volker Kauder ( CDU ), the chairman of the CDU / CSU parliamentary group , met in Cairo during a multi-day trip to Egypt with the military chief, who officially only acted as Egyptian defense minister and deputy prime minister, but in fact exercises the greatest power in Egypt Sisi. He had a conversation with him that was planned to last 45 minutes and ultimately lasted two hours. It was the first conversation between a high-ranking German politician and military chief Sisi after the new constitution came into force in January 2014 and Kauder's fourth trip to Egypt within three years.
In addition, Kauder, who had previously dealt with the situation of Christians in the Middle East for a long time and is considered a strict Christian hardliner of his party who is close to evangelicals , held talks with representatives from politics and religion in Cairo. These included the head of the Copts, Pope Tawadros II , the pastor of the Catholic community, Joachim Schroedel, the industry minister Monir Fakhri Abdel Nour and representatives of German institutions.
Kauder justified the fact that he did not speak to the Muslim Brotherhood during his visit to Egypt by banning their organization.
In the run-up to his trip to Egypt, Kauder said the reason for the visit was that Egypt was "a key state for further development in North Africa and the Middle East". It is therefore "in the German and European interest to maintain contacts with the country". In addition, he wanted to “get first-hand information about the current situation” in Cairo “against the background of the recent resignation of the Egyptian government”. "The disempowerment of the Morsi government and the subsequent political development" had "raised numerous questions" that he wanted to discuss with his interlocutors from politics and society. Furthermore, with regard to the question of religious freedom, he intended to "speak to Copts about their situation".
Appeal for European cooperation with the Egyptian military regime
According to Kauder, Sisi presented herself openly in the conversation about intensifying the dialogue with Germany. According to this, Sisi is said to have sought “understanding for Egypt's course in recent months”.
After his meeting with military chief Sisi, Kauder was already optimistic about Egypt's future in Egypt and after returning to Germany. He took the view that the military wanted to move Egypt forward and called for people to trust the statements made by representatives of the armed forces that the military did not intend to assume permanent political responsibility. In his opinion, the military wants to let the Egyptian people decide for themselves about their future after the presidential and parliamentary elections. Kauder wrote literally about military chief Sisi in a guest article in the Rheinische Post : “You can be mistaken - but I don't have the impression that he wants to turn Egypt into a military dictatorship again. According to him, the days of dictators like Pinochet in Chile are over. Let's take him at his word. He is a man to whom the West can bring hope. ” Kauder told the“ Christian media magazine ” pro that he“ had a very good impression of al-Sisi ”, which he“ could trust ”, according to all population groups want to involve him in the discussions and know that he cannot exclude individual social groups, as the Muslim Brotherhood had done. Compared to the world Kauder stated as the reason for his attitude to Sisi: "Al-Sisi would respect the peace treaty with Israel. He is resolutely fighting terrorism on Sinai. And, what is very important, he has promised me that the new constitution will guarantee religious freedom. ”Addressing the Muslim Brotherhood, Kauder warned that they could not invoke this religious freedom to legitimize violence. The supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood could be integrated into political development in the long term, "if they had renounced violence". “Even the supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood”, said Kauder, must first “be ready for reconciliation”.
During the transition phase, Kauders believes that the priority is to restore a stable security situation in the country, since an increasing deterioration in the security situation in Egypt could also affect Europe and, for example, trigger further waves of refugees into the EU, said Kauder.
Kauder concluded from his talks in Cairo that relations with Egypt had to be intensified again and demanded that “Europe and Germany” had to “become more involved in Egypt again”, since this was the only way for Europe to “follow the course of its neighbor in the south” of the Mediterranean ”. instead of leaving development to countries like Saudi Arabia or Russia. “Otherwise,” says Kauder, “we leave this to others. We cannot be interested in that. ”The stronger political commitment should relate, among other things, to political support for the transformation process as well as to training and economic development in Egypt.
Kauder emphasized that he had “always viewed the Egyptian Christians, who had been his main concern in recent years, as a seismograph for the situation”. According to the representation of the Union faction of the German Bundestag, the Copts are "meanwhile come under strong pressure". “Especially under the rule of the Muslim Brotherhood,” they feared, “they would be increasingly sidelined and robbed of their rights”. According to Kauder's report, after the coup of the elected government by the military, they would look more optimistically into the future again, especially since, according to the Coptic Pope, the situation of Christians has improved somewhat compared to the situation during Morsi's presidency and is a cause for satisfaction . The Coptic Pope pointed out that the protection of Christians and Christian institutions in Egypt "has become much better than it used to be." There are "repeated attacks on Christian churches, but nowhere near as much as before" . The "new government" is apparently trying harder for the Christians and is also approaching them. The “Prime Minister of Egypt” entered a Coptic church “for the first time in many decades”. With regard to the developments in religious coexistence in other African countries "such as Nigeria, Somalia or Central Africa", said Kauder, "one is grateful for the rays of hope that one sees in Egypt". Muslims and Christians have never worked so closely together as, for example, in the deliberations on the constitution, which has been in force since January. The Christian news portal idea.de reported, according to Kauder, "not only the Copts breathe easy, but also Protestant and Catholic Christians". The new constitution guarantees religious freedom and also emphasizes the churches. Egypt is "no longer on the way to a God state". However, Kauder warned, there is still no reason to be euphoric, since the Muslim Brotherhood is banned, but a “more or less hard core of their supporters” is still active, from whose ranks “the attacks on Christians also come” , said Kauder. Kauder said that "the Coptic Christians" will support the candidacy for the presidential election declared by military chief Sisi, which they very much welcome. The Coptic Christians would first advertise Sisi in their circles and the representatives of the Coptic Church would also publicly declare their support. With ten percent of the population in Egypt, the Copts formed a potential that could make a difference, Kauder said. Kauder, announced that he would continue to focus on the situation of the Egyptian Copts and said: "We will keep in contact with our fellow believers and sisters."
In his view, the Muslim Brotherhood no longer had broad popular support, but in the few months in which they were in office as president and government, they had apparently simply discredited themselves after they had intended, after their election victories, to turn Egypt - so Kauder - “into an Islamic one To transform the state of God ”. Morsi had "without question" fallen "in a bloodbath" in July 2013 and Egypt has since been led by "a transitional government influenced by the military", but Kauder said the "events in the days after July 3, 2013" were always rather " regarded as a further act of the Egyptian revolution ”and not as a“ military coup to be condemned ”, despite the fact that Morsi was“ democratically legitimized as the elected head of state ”. After, according to Kauder, "the second part of the Egyptian revolution that led to the deposition of Morsis", relations between Egypt and Europe "cooled down somewhat". After the fall of Morsi, “Germany, Europe and the USA” decided to judge it as a military coup. They would have turned away from the new transitional government and more or less frozen their relationships. The USA cut their military aid and the Europeans cut back their diplomatic contacts. However, this cannot stay that way, said Kauder. The discussion on the “character of the coup” of July 2013, which “led to the disempowerment of the Muslim Brotherhood”, said Kauder, “is not going any further”. The "overwhelming majority of people" no longer look back, but into the future, and this should "take European foreign policy as the starting point for their actions". Army chief Sisi made it clear that Egypt was very interested in working with Germany and Europe. The "critical points" such as the strong position that the military has secured in the constitution, the fact that several thousand Muslim Brotherhood are in prisons without charge, the apparently existing threat to freedom of the press or the restriction of the work of German political foundations such as Kauder demanded that the ban on the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Egypt should not prevent Germany and Europe from intensifying relations, including intensifying development cooperation. The cooperation must begin after the presidential election at the latest. Kauder explained: “The Egyptians do not need paternalism and, above all, constant public information about what to do and what not to do. But they need support, advice and, above all, investments in Egypt so that young people have jobs and apprenticeships. That will be decisive when it comes to the question of whether the country can stabilize. "
Reactions and evaluations
With his demand that Europe and Germany should become more involved in Egypt again in order to influence the development in their own interest and not leave it to other states, Kauder broke through the previously reserved attitude of the EU towards Egypt's military rulers.
Military-backed transitional government - Mahlab cabinet
The crisis in Egypt continued with the Mahlab cabinet. On March 7, 2014, at the 25th session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva , a UNHRC declaration on the human rights situation in Egypt, drawn up by a group of 27 countries, criticized the large-scale violence of the military-backed Egyptian transitional government against opposition demonstrators.
While Morsi supporters continued to gather weekly to protest against the military coup, on March 24, 2014 in Minya, 529 people were sentenced to death in the first instance after just one day of trial in the largest mass trial in Egyptian history , who the court found guilty of Killing a senior police officer. The guilty verdict sparked strong criticism and outrage around the world. Both the European Union and the USA protested against the verdict of March 24th, which the Western media dubbed a “scandalous verdict”. The UN Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR) criticized the judgment of March 24th as a breach of international human rights in violation of international law .
References
Web links
Individual evidence
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- ↑ a b c d e f Building Minister Mahlab to form the Egyptian government ( Memento from February 26, 2014 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, February 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt's military chief: How General Sisi secures his power ( memento of October 17, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, October 17, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
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- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Scandal at the trial of Egypt's ex-president Mursi ( memento from November 5, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
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- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt: Mubarak confidante Mahlab becomes new head of government ( memento from February 26, 2014 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, February 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Egypt - What comes after the transitional government? ( Memento from February 25, 2014 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, February 25, 2014 (O: 00 o'clock), by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Audio: Transitional government resigned ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP3 ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite ), 1'07 min.), Tagesschau.de, February 24, 2014, by Jürgen Stryjak (SWR, Cairo).
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- ^ 3 women and 3 Christians in new government , OVB online, July 18, 2013, accessed on July 24, 2013
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- ↑ a b Violence against the Muslim Brotherhood and the Bomb Attack in Egypt Zeit Online, July 24, 2013, accessed on July 24, 2013
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- ↑ “Today is tortured again” ( memento from December 1, 2013 on WebCite ), Tages-Anzeiger, October 30, 2013, by Christof Münger (interview with Maha Azzam), archived from the original .
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- ↑ Middle East reporter Jörg Armbruster - “I'm fed up ” ( memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ), the daily newspaper, August 24, 2013, interview by Çi? Dem Akyol and Jürn Kruse with Jörg Armbruster, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Chance of a Peaceful Solution? ( Memento from August 29, 2013 on WebCite ), (online audio stream, 4:43 minutes) Inforadio RBB , August 24, 2013, conversation between Irina Grabowski and Amr Hamzawy, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - court releases Mubarak ( memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 21, 2013, archived from the original .
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- ↑ a b c d e f Repression in Egypt - Secular opposition in its sights ( Memento from September 16, 2013 on WebCite ), the daily newspaper, September 13, 2013, by Jannis Hagmann, archived from the original .
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- ↑ a b Friday prayers in Egypt: a climate of fear prevents new mass protests ( memento from August 25, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, August 23, 2013, by Matthias Gebauer, archived from the original .
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- ↑ a b c d Egypt - The New Hatred Against Syria's Refugees ( Memento from August 31, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, August 30, 2013, by Mohamed Amjahid, archived from the original .
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- ↑ a b c d e f g The right to demonstrate in Egypt is to be restricted even more ( memento of October 18, 2013 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, October 17, 2013, archived from the original .
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- ↑ a b c d First compromise signals in Egypt since Mursi's fall ( memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, August 4, 2013, by Tom Perry and Matt Robinson, archived from the original .
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- ↑ a b c d e Mursi supporters suggest willingness to compromise ( memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, August 4, 2013, by Tom Perry, archived from the original .
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- ↑ a b c d e f State of emergency - One dead during protests in Egypt ( Memento from September 17, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, September 13, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt- In Cairo the nerves are on edge ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, August 17, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt: Court lifts the state of emergency ( Memento from November 13, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Transitional government surprised: court ends state of emergency in Egypt ( memento of November 13, 2013 on WebCite ), RP Online, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Court decision - State of emergency in Egypt will be lifted ( Memento from November 13, 2013 on WebCite ), Handelsblatt, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Attackers kill Egyptian soldiers near the Suez Canal ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Sinai Peninsula - 12 dead after attack on police and military ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), 20min.ch, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Amnesty International decries violence in Egypt ( Memento of October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, Sep 11, 2013, by Aaron T. Rose, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt: from bad to worse - Try as he might, General Sisi cannot contain the continued protest against his takeover ( Memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, October 9, 2013, editorial, archived from the original .
- ↑ Protests in Egypt ( Memento December 12, 2013 on WebCite ), Voice Of America, September 20, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Improved security situation: Egyptian government shortens curfew ( memento from August 25, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, August 24, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt shortens curfew ( memento from August 25, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, August 24, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - Trial against Supreme Muslim Brother Badie pending ( memento from August 29, 2013 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, August 25, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Transitional Government Extends State of Emergency , Spiegel Online, September 12, 2013, accessed on September 15, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt - First persecuted, then forgotten: Christians in Egypt ( Memento from September 16, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, September 16, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ^ The state of emergency in Egypt lifted ( Memento of November 13, 2013 on WebCite ), Radio Voice of Russia , November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Nocturnal curfew: State of emergency in Egypt should end Thursday ( memento of November 14, 2013 on WebCite ), RP Online, November 13, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Coup in Egypt - The Stolen Revolution ( Memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 6, 2013, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Crisis in Egypt - Muslim Brothers are planning new protest marches ( memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, August 18, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ New York, August 17, 2013 - Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on Egypt ( Memento August 18, 2013 on WebCite ). United Nations comment, undated, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - Muslim Brothers announce new protests ( memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.NET (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), August 18, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f After a firefight - Egypt is considering dissolution of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento of August 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, August 17, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt - wave of arrests in Egypt shows effect ( memento from August 24, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, August 23, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Power struggle in Egypt: the military arrests the head of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, August 20, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Plans to dissolve the Muslim Brotherhood rejected ( Memento from August 29, 2013 on WebCite ), Handelsblatt, August 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Arab World - No End of Violence in Egypt ( Memento from September 1, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, August 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Islamists - Muslim Brothers are threatened with ban proceedings in Egypt ( memento from September 26, 2013 on WebCite ), archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Public Prosecutor's Office brings charges against Mursi , Deutsche Welle, September 2, 2013, by Najima El Moussaoui, accessed on September 9, 2013.
- ↑ Egypt's Morsi faces new accusation of insulting judges (English). Hürriyet Daily News, September 7, 2013, accessed September 9, 2013.
- ↑ a b c Islamists are prohibited from all activities - Egypt bans the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from September 24, 2013 on WebCite ), n-tv, September 23, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - court bans the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from September 23, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.net (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), September 23, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Decision in Egypt - court forbids all activities of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from September 23, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, September 23, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt: Court of Appeal confirms the ban on the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from November 6, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, November 6, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - Justice freezes the assets of leading Muslim Brotherhoods ( memento from September 23, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, September 17, 2013, archived from the original .
- Jump up ↑ Power struggle - Egyptian court bans the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento September 25, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, September 23, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - Court Bans Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from September 24, 2013 on WebCite ), Handelsblatt, September 23, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Military rule - Egypt - polarized, shattered and paralyzed ( memento from October 6, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - Muslim Brotherhood no longer an NGO ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Social Solidarity Ministry officially dissolves Brotherhood NGO ( Memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt: Police arrest leading Muslim Brother Irian ( memento from October 30, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, October 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Essam al-Arian in custody - leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood behind bars ( memento from October 30, 2013 on WebCite ), n-tv, October 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ A b c d e f Riots in Egypt - Muslim Brother arrested, riots at the university ( memento from October 31, 2013 on WebCite ), Handelsblatt, October 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt - court puts down the Muslim Brotherhood trial ( memento from October 29, 2013 on WebCite ), Handelsblatt, October 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Muslim Brotherhood Trial: Court declares itself biased ( memento of October 30, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, October 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Power struggle in Egypt - trial against Muslim Brotherhood burst ( memento from October 30, 2013 on WebCite ), ZDF heute.de (Gregor Mayer, dpa), October 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Video 3sat: macro: Interview with Michael Lüders (October 18, 2013, 6:07 min.) In the ZDFmediathek , accessed on October 30, 2013.
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt: Government wants to ban pro-Morsi protests ( Memento from December 19, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, July 27, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h US financial aid - US wants to cut military aid to Egypt ( memento of October 9, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egyptian court sets date for Mursi trial ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Tensions in Egypt grow before the Mursi trial ( Memento of the original dated November 2, 2013 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Reuters Germany, November 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Vice-head of the Muslim Brotherhood Party arrested in Egypt ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, October 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Tensions in Egypt grow before the Mursi trial ( Memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, November 1, 2013, accessed on November 2, 2013 (Reuters video channel).
- ↑ a b Protests at the start of the trial against Egypt's ex-President Mursi ( memento from November 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Trial of Mohammed Mursi in Egypt - The trial begins - and is postponed ( Memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, November 4, 2013, from Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - Mursi does not recognize court ( memento of October 29, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, October 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Egypt: Trial against Mursi postponed until January after tumults ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Trial against Egypt's ex-president - Mursi for murder in court ( memento of November 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de (Deutschlandradio), November 4, 2013, by Jürgen Stryjak, archived from the original ( Memento from November 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Egypt - Mursi process divides Egypt ( memento from November 6, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, November 4, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Protests before, tumults in court - test case for the justice of the generals ( Memento from November 6, 2013 on WebCite ), the daily newspaper, November 4, 2013, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Trial against Egypt's ex-president - Mursi wants to defend himself ( Memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, November 4, 2013, by Tomas Avenarius, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Comment Mursi Process - Selective Accountability ( Memento from November 6, 2013 on WebCite ), the daily newspaper, November 5, 2013, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt - Kerry speaks of progress in Egypt ( Memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, November 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Kerry's tightrope walk in Cairo , Deutsche Welle, [? 4. November 2013], by Elke Sandtner. In: Egypt - USA urges democracy in Egypt ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - trial against Mursi interrupted shortly after it began ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Troubled situation in Egypt - test of strength before the Mursi trial ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ), the daily newspaper, November 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Muslim Brothers protest before the start of the Mursi trial ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, November 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Trial against Egypt's ex-President Morsi interrupted ( memento from November 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt's ex-president trial against Mursi postponed to January ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt: Severe Attacks on Churches ( September 16, 2013 memento on WebCite ), Human Rights Watch, August 22, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Christians in Egypt - A wave of violence that does not subside ( memento of October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, October 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e August sectarian attacks largest in Egypt history: NGO ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), ahramonline, September 24, 2013, by Osman El Sharnoubi, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt: Christians become scapegoats after the pro-Morsi sit-in strikes are dissolved ( memento of October 10, 2013 on WebCite ), Amnesty International, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - Amnesty International calls for more protection for Christians ( memento of October 10, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Political scientist on the situation in Egypt - "Wars do not fall from the sky" ( Memento from October 14, 2013 on WebCite ), the daily newspaper, interview by Jannis Hagmann with Cilja Harders, August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Radical Islamists apparently attack churches , Die Welt, August 14, 2013
- ↑ a b Hundreds of dead in Egypt - Vice President El Baradei resigns ( memento from August 19, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.NET (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), August 14, 2013, by Christoph Ehrhardt, archived from the original .
- ↑ Islamists take revenge on us Christians , Church in Need. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ↑ State crisis and protests Organizers cancel trips to Egypt until mid-September ( memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ), RuhrNachrichten.de, August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - the persecution of the Copts after the coup ( memento from 23 August 2013 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 17 August 2013, by Rainer Hermann, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Attacks on Copts: Egypt's Christians in Danger ( Memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, August 18, 2013, by Ulrike Putz, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Escalation of violence - brutal attacks against Christians in Egypt ( memento from 23 August 2013 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, by Martin Gehlen, 18 August 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Christians in Egypt - There was pure hatred in their faces ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, October 2, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Video heute journal: Revolutionary drama: Egypt after the bloodbath (pastor in Cairo: situation calmed down again) (August 15, 2013, 9:45 p.m.), interview by Christian Sievers with Joachim Schroedel in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on September 19, 2013.
- ↑ Egypt - "Rule of the Islamists was a dark cloud" ( Memento from November 6, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, November 5, 2013, interview with Joachim Schroedel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Video heute journal: Revolutionary drama: Egypt after the bloodbath ("A defeat of diplomacy") (August 15, 2013, 9:45 pm), interview by Christian Sievers with Guido Westerwelle in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on September 19 2013.
- ↑ Crisis in Egypt - Desperately Wanted for Consequences ( Memento from August 17, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ-NET (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), August 16, 2018, by Majid Sattar, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Crisis in Egypt - Days of Anger ( Memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Berliner Zeitung, August 17, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Video seminar on "Oppressed through the various Regimes" Egyptian Christians between the Sectarian Violence and the State's Negligence ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), website of the ECPPS, undated, archived from the original .
- ↑ NGO documents violence against Copts ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ). Daily News Egypt, Sep 25, 2013, by Aaron T. Rose, archived from the original .
- ↑ ??????? , YouTube, published by the YouTube channel ECPPSCHANNEL on September 30, 2013, accessed on October 7, 2013.
- ^ Amnesty accusation - Christians become "fair game" in Egypt ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ 'How Long Are We Going To Live In This Injustice?' Egypt's Christians Caught Between Sectarian Attacks And State Inaction ( Memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) (English; PDF), Amnesty International, Index: MDE 12/058/2013, October 2013, archived from the original (PDF; 3.1 MB ) on October 10, 2013.
- ↑ Images from Egypt ( Memento from December 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, August 23, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Trial of Power - Egypt and Turkey incite each other ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, August 22, 2013, by Boris Kálnoky, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Protests in Ankara: Thousands of Turks show solidarity with Mursi , German Turkish News, August 25, 2013, accessed on August 26, 2013.
- ↑ Demo in Berlin for legitimacy in Egypt August 24, 2013-6 , YouTube, published on August 24, 2013 by the YouTube channel Kerkük Türklerindir .
- ^ Demo in Berlin for legitimacy in Egypt August 17, 2013 , YouTube, published on August 17, 2013 by the YouTube channel Kerkük Türklerindir .
- ↑ Saturday in Stuttgart - Ordnungsamt approves demo for Muslim Brothers ( Memento from September 17, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeitungsverlag Waiblingen (ZVW), August 28, 2013, by Jürgen Bock, archived from the original .
- ↑ September 21st in Stuttgart - Next demo for the Muslim Brotherhood is imminent ( Memento from September 17th, 2013 on WebCite ), Stuttgarter-Nachrichten.de, September 5th, 2013, Jürgen Bock, archived from the original .
- ↑ Saturday in Stuttgart - Controversial demo for Muslim Brothers ( Memento from September 17, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeitungsverlag Waiblingen (ZVW), August 27, 2013, by Jürgen Bock, archived from the original .
- ↑ Football in Egypt: Star players suspended after political cheers ( memento from November 13, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Al-Ahly - striker suspended due to Islamist gesture ( memento from November 13, 2013 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt player suspended over Islamist salute ( Memento from November 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Aljazeera, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt Kung Fu star punished over protest sign ( Memento from November 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Aljazeera, November 11, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt kung fu ace 'loses medal over Morsi' ( Memento from November 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Aljazeera, October 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ "We are now officially terrorists": The hunt for the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ), Kurier.at, December 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ After Friday prayers - again dozens of dead in Egyptian protests ( memento from October 19, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.net (with? Christoph Ehrhardt), August 16, 2013, archived from the original (with map: Protests of the Islamists in Egypt and Evictions in Cairo: Unrest in Egypt - Hundreds of dead and thousands injured after clashes between supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood and the police , DPA).
- ↑ The Muslim Brotherhood does not give up ( Memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) (with map: State of emergency in Egypt ( Memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite )), derStandard.at, August 16, 2013, archived from the original ( map ) on December 20, 2013.
- ↑ Tears and clenched fists: Cairo after the storm ( memento from December 23, 2013 on WebCite ), Swiss radio and television, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Scenes of Renewed Clashes in Egypt - Dozens of people were killed across Egypt on Friday as supporters of the ousted President Mohamed Morsi clashed with police officers and gunmen while protesting Wednesday's crackdown, in which hundreds were killed ( Memento from April 16, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, August 16, 2013, by Alicia Parlapiano, Sergio Peçanha, Sandra Stevenson, and Derek Watkins, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e After Friday prayers - Again dozen dead in Egyptian protests ( memento from October 19, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.net (with? Christoph Ehrhardt), August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - Police in Cairo shoot at demonstrators ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt: deadly clashes erupt again on streets of Cairo ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, August 16, 2013, by Shiv Malik and Adam Gabbatt, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - There is a battle raging for the soul of Cairo ( memento from September 20, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, August 18, 2013, by Andrea Backhaus, Daniel-Dylan Böhmer and Selma Köhn, archived from the original .
- ↑ Cairo: Security forces are said to have evacuated the Fatah mosque ( memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ) (video stream), Spiegel Online, August 17, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt: war of nerves over the Fatah mosque ( Memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, August 17, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt: security forces continue to besiege Fatah Mosque ( memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, August 17, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Arab World - Concentrated criticism in front of the Egyptian embassy ( memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, August 19, 2013, by Heiner Kiesel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - Many dead in attempted escape by the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.NEZ (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), August 18, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d After protests in Cairo: Egyptian policeman convicted of manslaughter ( memento from March 18, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 18, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Another massacre and many dead - Egypt is sinking into violence ( memento from August 29, 2013 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, August 19, 2013, by Martin Gehlen and Albrecht Meier, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Violence in Egypt: Dozens of Islamists killed while attempting to flee ( memento from 23 August 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online , 18 August 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - Police officers in Egypt for killing the Muslim Brotherhood in court ( memento from October 23, 2013 on WebCite ), Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, October 22, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Imprisonment for Egyptian policemen for asphyxiation of prisoners - 37 Islamists shot at with tear gas in prisoner transporters ( memento from March 18, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 18, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egyptian court convicts police officers after death of Islamists ( memento from March 18, 2014 on WebCite ) , rtl.de, March 18, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egyptian court sentenced police officers after Islamist death ( memento from March 18, 2014 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, March 18, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt - anger at Mubarak gives way to nostalgia ( memento from October 31, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, October 19, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ Mubarak released from prison Spiegel Online, August 22, 2013, accessed August 22, 2013.
- ↑ Protests expected after Mubarak's release - A Friday with new explosives ( memento from August 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, August 23, 2013, archived from the original ( memento from August 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ Egypt - Where chaos still reigns ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 25, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - In Trümmern ( Memento from October 19, 2013 on WebCite ), August 15, 2013, by Christoph Ehrhardt, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt defies the influence of the West - Flirt with Russia ( memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ), Thüringer Allgemeine, October 23, 2013, by Anne-Beatrice Clasmann, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt army chief shows political agility in crisis ( Memento from October 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters Edition US, August 6, 2013, by Yasmine Saleh, archived from the original .
- ^ Upheaval in Egypt - an interview with military chief al-Sisi as future president , Süddeutsche.de, September 9, 2013, accessed on September 10, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e f State repression in Egypt - anti-terror campaign as in Mubarak's time ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Neue Zürcher Zeitung, October 7, 2013, by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt before another acid test Murder trial against Morsi in November - Army chief al-Sisi does not rule out presidential candidacy - Report: USA deletes military aid ( Memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ), Bild.de, archived from the original .
- ↑ (Arabic). Link to the live stream (login required): رصد | السيسي: أبو الفتوح اخواني متطرف وياسر رزق يرد: الإخوان شواذ وأبو الفتوح مثلهم ( Memento of the original from October 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has not yet been checked automatically. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Street Art in Egypt - Brush Fight for Cairo's Facades ( Memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ), Berliner Zeitung, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt's TV star: Dr. Youssef tests the limits of freedom ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, November 1, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Thousands of Mursi supporters take to the streets in Egypt ( Memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ), business-panorama.de (AFP report), October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Bloody military campaign: The anger against Egypt's army is growing on the Sinai ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, October 9, 2013, by Christoph Sydow, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e New riots in Egypt - deaths on "Friday of Determination" ( Memento from September 1, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, August 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Twelve police officers die in car bomb explosion ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Dark Clouds Over the Sinai - The military's brutal North Sinai campaign is targeting civilians and militants alike ( Memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ). Slate, October 7, 2013, by Nadine Marroushi, archived from the original .
- ↑ In Egypt's Sinai, military's harsh campaign earns pledges of retaliation ( Memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). McClatchy, October 8, 2013, by Nancy A. Youssef and Amina Ismail, archived from the original .
- ^ The Third Square Movement in Cairo ( Memento from March 3, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, July 31, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Some Egyptian Protesters Promote Third Way ( Memento March 3, 2014 on WebCite ), Voice Of America, July 31, 2013, by Heather Murdock, archived from the original on March 3, 2014.
- ↑ a b c Egypt's 'Third Square' Protests Reject Army, Islamists ( Memento from March 3, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, July 31, 2013, archived from the original (Source: Reuters).
- ↑ a b Egypt - The protest in Cairo has more than two pages ( memento from December 13, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, July 29, 2013, by Ragnar Weilandt, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Egypt - Now it's against the liberal opponents of the regime ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, September 8, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Candidates for the 2011 award - Women, Facebook, Nobel Peace Prize ( memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche Zeitung, October 6, 2011, by Lydia Bentsche, archived from the original .
- ↑ A Conversation with Esraa Abdelfattah and Bassel Adel ( Memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Journal of Middle Eastern Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Oct 21, 2013, by Avery Schmidt, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's 'democrats' abandon democracy ( Memento October 27, 2013 on WebCite ). The Washington Post, July 21, 2013, by Jackson Diehl, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's Crisis - The Coup, A Death Blow For Democracy ( Memento October 27, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, August 21, 2013, by Ian Buruma, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's Military Holiday Marred By Deaths ( Memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Daily Beast, Oct 7, 2013, from Alastair Beach, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - "We are democrats in a hunt" ( memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, August 9, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ^ Democracy Movement - Is Egypt's Third Revolution Coming? ( Memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, December 4, 2013, by Andrea Backhaus, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d After jokes about military chief Egyptian broadcaster sets satire show ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, November 2, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt: TV show canceled by a well-known Egyptian satirist ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ), Unternehmens-heute.de, November 2, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - There was no other way ( Memento from September 27, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Zeit, August 29, 2013, by Ezzedine Choukri Fishere, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt faces third revolution unless workers' demands are met, warns union ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, September 25, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Cairo under the curfew: all-night parties ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, October 6, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: dozens of protesters killed as rival factions tear Cairo apart ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, October 7, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ Masmou3: Noise as dissent ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, August 19, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
- ↑ ElBaradei warns against 'fascist' media campaign in Egypt ( Memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, September 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Audio: Trial against Mursi begins in Cairo ( Memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) ( MP3 ( Memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), by Jürgen Stryjak, SWR, Cairo).
- ↑ Ashton wants to initiate Egyptian dialogue ( memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, October 2, 2013 (print version: Der Standard, October 3, 2013), by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Riots at Egypt's universities: dozens of injured people ( memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite ), ORF.at, September 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Protests in Cairo ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English), Voice Of America, December 11, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt: Hail of stones and tear gas at student demo ( memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ), de.euronews.com, October 20, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - Terrorists shoot eight-year-old Christian ( memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, October 21, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Before the Muslim Brotherhood Trial: Violence and arrests during protests in Cairo ( Memento from October 28, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, October 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Escalating violence at Egypt's universities in 2013 - No official statistics for the death toll of university students who died during political events currently exists ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English ). Daily News Egypt, December 30, 2013, by AbdelHalim H. AbdAllah, archived from the original .
- ↑ Riots at Cairo University after the arrest of the Vice-Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, October 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Riots in Cairo after the arrest of the Islamist leader ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, October 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ One killed as Islamist students and police clash in Cairo ( Memento from March 8, 2014 on WebCite ). Reuters Edition: US, December 28, 2013, by Maggie Fick, archived from the original .
- ↑ Violence in Cairo ( Memento December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English), Voice Of America, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Interactive timeline: Egypt in turmoil ( Memento from November 5, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Aljazeera, November 4th 2013 (last change: 8:51 am), archived from the original .
- ^ A b Egypt - violence and impunity on the Nile ( memento of October 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ 976 killed in greater Cairo in two months: Forensics Authority - Death toll includes 627 who died during the dispersal of Rabaa Al-Adaweya sit-in ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ). Daily News Egypt, November 16, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Protester Killings Not Being Investigated ( Memento from December 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, November 2, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Conflicting reactions to 6 October violence - The Anti-Coup Alliance calls for continued demonstrations ( Memento from January 3, 2014 on WebCite ). Daily News Egypt, October 7, 2013, by Hend Kortam, archived from the original .
- ↑ Escalation in Cairo: Dozens of Egyptians die in street battles ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Bloodshed on all sides - Egypt laments dozens of fatalities ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), n-tv, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Rights groups demand Egypt probe killings of Mursi supporters ( Memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ). Reuters Edition US, December 10, 2013, by Tom Perry, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d USA - No tanks for Egypt's military ( memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Zeit, October 10, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Insider - USA is considering suspension of military aid to Egypt ( memento of October 9, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Policy change: US military aid slashed ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) (Audio: MP3 ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite )), tagesschau.de, October 10, 2013, by Andreas Horchler ( HR , Washington) .
- ↑ USA - The Hidden Profiteers of US Military Aid ( Memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, October 7, 2013, by Janosch Delcker, archived from the original .
- ↑ IMF offers Egypt help with economic stabilization ( memento of October 11, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ State crisis - Monetary Fund offers Egypt economic aid ( memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.NET, October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ US Secretary of State Kerry visiting Egypt ( memento from November 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, November 3, 2013, original .
- ↑ Kerry's tightrope walk in Cairo ( memento from November 5, 2013 on WebCite ) (video, 1:35 minutes), Deutsche Welle, by Elke Sandtner, 2013 (? November 3, 2013), archived from the original .
- ↑ In Cairo, John Kerry says US will work with Egypt interim rulers ( Memento December 13, 2013 on WebCite ). The Telegraph, November 3, 2013, AFP message edited by Hannah Strange, archived from the original .
- ↑ Kerry vows US backing for Egypt interim rulers ( Memento of December 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Hürriyet Daily News, November 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Video - Kerry calls on Egyptians to carry out further democratic reforms ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) MP4 ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), archived from the original ., Tagesschau.de (ARD-Morgenmagazin), November 4 2013, by Thomas Aders (ARD Cairo).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Egypt - A Constitution for the New Egypt ( Memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, October 17, 2013, by Carolyn Wißing, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - Egypt starts to draft a new constitution ( memento of October 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, July 21, 2013, by Ursula Kissel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - Comparing Egypt's 1971 constitution to today ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Al Jazeera, December 9, 2012, archived from the original .
- ↑ Stephan Roll, in: Again the State Crisis in Egypt: Phoenix Round on November 28, 2012 , phoenix, discussion round under the title "Again State Crisis in Egypt - Mursi, the new Pharaoh?"; Moderation: Pınar Atalay; Interview partners: Stephan Roll (Science and Politics Foundation), Sonja Hegasy (Center for the Modern Orient), Melinda Crane (freelance journalist) and Rainer Stinner (FDP, foreign policy spokesperson)
- ↑ a b Video Lubna Azzam: “Egypt between Faith and Violence - Does the West Expect Too Much?” In the ZDFmediathek , accessed on February 9, 2014. (offline), ZDF, “maybrit illner” from August 22, 2013 ( Memento des Originals dated September 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Moderation: Maybrit Illner; Interview partners: Philipp Missfelder (foreign policy spokesman for the Union parliamentary group), Peter Scholl-Latour, Hamed Abdel-Samad, Lubna Azzam (Science and Politics Foundation), Mazen Okasha.
- ↑ a b The 2012 Constitution of Egypt, Translated by Nivien Saleh, with Index ( Memento from October 14, 2013 on WebCite ) [final version] (English). niviensaleh.info (Nivien Saleh - Middle East, Information Technology, Foreign Policy), by Nivien Saleh (translation), undated, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b النسخة النهائية للدستور المصري ( Memento from October 14, 2013 on WebCite ) (Arabic). Aljazeera (mubasher.aljazeera.net), December 18, 2012, archived from the original . with reference to ì معية التأسيسية - لوضع مشروع دستور جديد للبلاد - مشروع دستور - جمهورية مصر العربية ( Memento of 14 October 2013 Webcite ) (PDF), filed by the original (PDF; 659 KB) October 14, 2013.
- ↑ a b Egypt’s draft constitution translated ( memento of October 14, 2013 on WebCite ) [draft version] (English). Egypt Independent, December 2, 2012, by Nariman Youssef (translation), Lindsay Carroll and Sara Edmunds (adaptation), archived from the original .
- ↑ a b New Law in Egypt - State of Emergency through the Back Door? ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ), Handelsblatt, October 23, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Unrest - Two dead in protests in Egypt ( Memento from November 11, 2013 on WebCite ), Handelsblatt, November 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Rights group adds to criticism of Egypt's draft protest law ( Memento of October 18, 2013 on WebCite ). ahramonline, October 16, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt - Prohibition of sermons for Islamists in Egypt ( Memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, October 16, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt bans 55,000 imams from preaching - Amnesty condemns “excessive action” , islamische-zeitung.de, September 10, 2013, accessed on October 18, 2013.
- ↑ Former Egyptian mufti supports the killing of protesters ( Memento of the original from October 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English). Middle East Monitor, October 9, 2013; accessed October 11, 2013.
- ↑ Goodbye Brotherhood, hello military dictatorship ( Memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Times of Israel, October 9, 2013, by Elhanan Miller, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt: Parliamentary elections in February or March ( memento from November 11, 2013 on WebCite ), ORF.at, News, November 8, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - Foreign Minister announces parliamentary election ( Memento from November 11, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.net, November 8, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - Muslim Brothers want to found a new organization ( memento from October 23, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.net, October 22, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Analysis: Despite ban threat, Muslim Brotherhood is here to stay ( Memento of October 23, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Jerusalem Post, August 19, 2013, by Ariel Ben Solomon, archived from the original .
- ↑ Muslim Brothers - The Muslim Brothers are not finished ( memento from September 25, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, September 14, 2013, by Mohamed Amjahid and Michael Thumann, archived from the original .
- ↑ Loay Mudhoon; in:, Press Club (ARD), August 18, 2013, moderation: WDR editor-in-chief Jörg Schönenborn; Interview partners: Bettina Gaus (taz), Richard Kiessler, Loay Mudhoon (Deutsche Welle), Cornelia Wegerhoff (WDR), archived from the original ( Memento of the original from October 14, 2013 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . At the same time: Riots in Egypt - press club on August 18, 2013 , YouTube, published by the YouTube channel on August 19, 2013 phoenix ; Riots in Egypt - will the Arab Spring turn into a bloody autumn? , ARD media library.
- ↑ a b Egypt’s archaeological sites and museums closed indefinitely ( memento from August 23, 2013 on WebCite ), Ahram Online (ahramonline), August 14, 2013, by Nevine El-Aref, archived from the original .
- ^ Unrest in Egypt - Museum looting in Mallawi , Archaeologik August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2013
- ↑ Luxor Times August 15, 2013 .
- ^ Riots in Egypt - two demonstrators killed ( memento from September 1, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, August 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Dead on "Friday of Determination" - Egypt does not come to rest ( Memento from August 31, 2013 on WebCite ), n-tv, August 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - Army circles suburb of Cairo ( memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, September 19, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Hour of Retribution ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, September 21, 2013, by Tomas Avenarius, archived from the original .
- ↑ Violence in Egypt - Bombs on the Track: Subways Stopped in Cairo ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ), Focus Online, September 19, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b One killed and tens injured in Friday's protests in Egypt ( Memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Middle East Monitor, October 12, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Another riots in Egypt ( memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Protests in Egypt ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English), Voice Of America, October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b After the church attack in Cairo: Another victim died ( memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, October 25, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Attack on Egypt's Christians: Extremists kill eight-year-old girl ( Memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, October 21, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Deadly attack outside Cairo church wedding ( Memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ). Aljazeera, October 21, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Tourism crisis in Egypt: laid-off workers shoot at hotel near Pyramiden ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, November 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Media: Attackers shoot around in a Cairo hotel ( memento from November 3, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, November 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Unrest - Twelve-year-old boy dies in rioting in Egypt ( memento from November 11, 2013 on WebCite ), Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, November 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt crisis - twelve-year-old killed in pro-Mursi protests ( memento from November 11, 2013 on WebCite ), www.t-online.de, November 8, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Deaths in recent protests in Egypt ( memento from November 11, 2013 on WebCite ), ORF.at, News, November 8, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Violence in Egypt - Two demonstrators die on Tahrir-Platz ( Memento from November 21, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, November 20, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt - Miserable prison conditions in Egypt ( memento from January 11, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, January 10, 2014, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - the main thing is that the Muslim Brothers are gone ( memento from February 8, 2014 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, January 14, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ No mercy for Islamists - The Mubarak method returns ( memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, March 28, 2014, by Nora Schareika, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Politics - The Democracy of Generals - With massive intimidation, the Egyptian military tries to win the vote on the new constitution high ( Memento from January 13, 2014 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, January 13, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e NCHR looks into torture reports of revolutionary anniversary detainees - Nation without Torture campaign condemns alleged torture amid Ministry of Interior's denial of validity of torture accounts ( Memento from March 10, 2014 on WebCite ). Daily News Egypt, February 11, 2014, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Detainees detail stories of torture in Egypt jails - Interior ministry denies torture exists in Egyptian police stations and prisons despite numerous testimonies by detainees and rights activists ( Memento from March 15, 2014 on WebCite ), Ahram Online, February 12 2014, by Salma Shukrallah, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Smuggled footage reveals squalid conditions inside Egyptian jail - The grim conditions endured by thousands of people jailed by Egypt's new military government have been revealed in footage smuggled out of one of the country's maximum security prisons ( Memento from March 15, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Telegraph, March 9, 2014, by Colin Freeman, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b rallies also from supporters ( memento from March 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , ORF.at, March 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt detainees 'routinely tortured' - Brutal beatings, sexual abuse, and electric shocks are being carried out on detainees, including teenage children, in Egypt, according to testimonies gathered by the BBC ( Memento from March 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English ). BBC News, March 28, 2014, by Orla Guerin, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Journalists arrested: There is no freedom of the press in Egypt ( memento from March 4, 2014 on WebCite ), Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, January 30, 2014, interview by Brigitte Kramer with Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
- ^ ' Egypt puts Guardian on blacklist of "misled" media ( Memento of February 8, 2014 on WebCite )'. Middle East Monitor, October 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Meslemani: "The Guardian" joined black media ( Memento from March 15, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). State Information Service, October 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt to charge al-Jazeera journalists with damaging country's reputation - Rights groups says move to indict 20 employees of news channel marks escalation in state's campaign against foreign media ( Memento from March 1, 2014 on WebCite ) (English ). The Guardian, Jan 29, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bloody clashes - "This is not the Egypt we want" ( Memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), FAZ.net, January 26, 2014, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Freedom of the press - "I am a journalist and not a terrorist" ( Memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, February 20, 2014, by Karin El-Minawi, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Show trial against "Marriott cell" ( memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , DiePresse.com, February 19, 2014 (print edition: "Die Presse", 20 February 2014), by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's regime is discovering more and more public enemies - after the Muslim Brotherhood, other government opponents and above all foreigners are also being targeted by the police authorities ( memento from February 8, 2014 on WebCite ), Neues Deutschland, February 8, 2014, by Martin Hoffmann, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - The military's witch hunt for dissidents - Egypt's ruling generals are increasingly repressive. Muslim Brotherhood, liberals and activists are harassed and arrested. Journalists who report on it have become fair game ( memento from March 4, 2014 on WebCite ), Die Welt, February 1, 2014, by Birgit Svensson, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Freedom of the press - Anyone reporting from Egypt risks everything ( Memento from February 8, 2014 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, February 7, 2014, by Andrea Backhaus, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - German television team attacked in Cairo ( Memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), FAZ.net, January 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ After attack on police headquarters - attack on ARD team in Cairo ( memento from January 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, January 24, 2014, by Martin Krüger, archived from the original ( memento from January 25, 2014 in the Internet Archives ).
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt's military government - freedom of the press undesirable ( memento from March 1, 2014 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, January 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Al-Jazeera journalist Peter Greste's parents urge release from Egypt prison - Lois and Juris Greste say claims their son damaged national security are 'completely preposterous' ( Memento from February 8, 2014 on WebCite ). The Guardian, Jan 21, 2014, by Paul Farrell, archived from the original .
- ^ A b c Trials against journalists in Egypt - Anyone interviewing the Muslim Brotherhood lives dangerously ( Memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Berliner Zeitung, February 19, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt: Al-Jazeera journalists in court ( memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Web.de, February 20, 2014, by Simon Steinkogler, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Hunt for free media ( memento from February 20, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, February 20, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Trial against Al Jazeera employees - "War against journalists" in Egypt ( Memento from February 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, by Carsten Kühntopp (ARD radio studio Cairo), February 20, 2014 , archived from the original ( memento of February 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Egyptian TV airs footage of arrest of Australian Peter Greste set to movie soundtrack ( Memento from February 8, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Sydney Morning Herald - World, February 4, 2014, by Erin Cunningham, archived from the original . (The Washington Post with Fairfax Media)
- ↑ Egypt - journalists demand the release of colleagues ( memento from January 14, 2014 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, January 14, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - allegations from Cairo ( memento from February 16, 2014 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Rundschau, February 14, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Government paves the way for presidential elections - Fear of the next revolution - Egypt's government has passed a law that paves the way for presidential elections. The favorite, Army Chief Sisi, is pushing for the restoration of the state of the ousted ex-President Mubarak. Critics already fear a new revolution ( Memento from March 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, March 9, 2014, by Jürgen Stryjak (ARD radio studio Cairo), archived from the original ( Memento from March 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g Audio: Waiting for the next revolution ( Memento from March 14, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP3 ( Memento from March 14, 2014 on WebCite ), 6'15 min.), Tagesschau.de, 9 March 2014, by Jürgen Stryjak (SWR, Cairo)
- ↑ a b Egyptian editor backtracks after saying 'Americans will be killed in streets' - Mostafa Bakry issues clarification, saying: 'I am opposed to any violence, including any violence against US citizens' ( Memento from March 15, 2014 on WebCite ) ( English). The Guardian, January 18, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ aljazeera.com
- ↑ spiegel.de
- ↑ a b c d e f Constitutional referendum in Egypt - exclusion and fear: The new draft primarily strengthens the military ( memento from January 13, 2014 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, January 13, 2014, by Lars Brozus and Stephan Roll (Stiftung Science and Politics), archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Update: At least 49 killed, 247 wounded and over 1000 arrested in 25 January anniversary - Lawyer: Security apparatus are becoming more vicious; ministers of interior, justice and Prosecutor General meet ( memento March 3, 2014 on WebCite ). Daily News Egypt, January 26, 2014, by Fady Ashraf and Ali Omar, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g 265 dead in January: Independent count - Independent statistical database Wiki Thawra reports 108 dead on revolution's third anniversary - nearly double the official count of 66 ( Memento from March 1, 2014 on WebCite ), Daily News Egypt , February 13, 2014, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f 25 January death toll rises to 103: Independent count ( Memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, February 2, 2014, by Ali Omar, archived from the original .
- ^ A b c d e f g h i j k Again unrest in Egypt - 29 dead in clashes ( memento from February 28, 2014 on WebCite ), Neue Zürcher Zeitung, January 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Brutal street battles in Egypt - 49 dead on the anniversary of the Egyptian revolution , Stuttgarter-Zeitung.de, January 26, 2014, accessed on February 28, 2014.
- ↑ Anniversary of the Revolution - At least 49 dead in riots in Egypt ( Memento from February 28, 2014 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, January 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Death toll from uprising anniversary climbs to 64, mostly by gunshot: Forensics - At least 58 of the deaths on Saturday's anniversary of Egypt's popular revolt caused by gunshot wounds ( Memento from March 1, 2014 on WebCite ) (English) . Ahram Online, January 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Riots in Cairo - Dying continues in Egypt ( Memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), Handelsblatt, January 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Deaths on the anniversary of the revolution in Egypt ( memento from February 11, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, January 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Excessive violence on the anniversary of the revolution - the number of victims in Egypt increased significantly ( Memento from January 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, January 26, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento from January 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Anniversary of the Revolution: Almost 30 dead in protests in Egypt ( Memento from February 11, 2014 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, January 25, 2014, by Theresa Breuer, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt: protesters killed on anniversary of anti-Mubarak revolt - At least 54 reported dead in clashes across the country as thousands also rally in support of army-led authorities ( Memento from March 3, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, Jan 25, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley (and news agencies), archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Anniversary of the popular uprising: Almost 50 dead in street battles in Egypt ( Memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, January 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Anniversary of the revolution divides Egypt - authorities report 50 deaths ( memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), n-tv, January 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Anniversary of the popular uprising - 49 dead in street battles in Egypt ( Memento from February 28, 2014 on WebCite ), Focus Online, January 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d 25 January protesters faced human rights violations: Amnesty International - New report details protestors being Subjected to beatings and electric shock ( Memento of 16 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, Feb 5, 2014, by Aaron T. Rose, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e 'The walls of the cell were smeared with blood' - third anniversary of Egypt's uprising marred by police brutality ( Memento from March 16, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Amnesty International, February 4, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt's hijacked revolution ( Memento from March 3, 2014 on WebCite ), DiePresse.com, January 26, 2014 (print edition: "Die Presse", January 27, 2014), by Karim El- Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Anniversary of the Revolution in Egypt - The Police Sing on the Tahrir ( Memento from February 28, 2014 on WebCite ), taz.de, January 26, 2014, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt: Consequences of violence against the Muslim Brotherhood - Kaio: Whoever talks risks his life ( memento from February 20, 2014 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, January 27, 2014, by Mohamed Amjahid, archived from the original .
- ↑ Fierce clashes continue in Cairo's Alf Maskan area ( Memento from February 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Mada Masr, January 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e 6 April members bid farewell to slain member - Interior Ministry denies opening fire against protesters - See more at: http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/01/27/6-april-members-bid -farewell-to-slain-member / # sthash.ZNxYadGd.dpuf ( Memento from March 3, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, January 27, 2014, by AbdelHalim H. AbdAllah, archived from the original .
- ↑ In Pictures: Zeinhom morgue post 25 January anniversary ( Memento from March 3, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, January 27, 2014, by AbdelHalim H. AbdAllah, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e 6 April warns of continued resistance - Movement claims to have evidence proving security forces' responsibility for the death of its members ( Memento from March 3, 2014 on WebCite ). Daily News Egypt, February 1, 2014, by AbdelHalim H. AbdAllah, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt: Violence escalates on the anniversary of the popular uprising ( memento from February 28, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, January 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Anniversary of the revolution in Egypt - "We want the country to work" ( Memento from January 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, January 25, 2014, by Carsten Kühntopp (ARD radio studio Cairo), archived from the original ( Memento from January 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Audio - Tense calm in Cairo on the anniversary of the revolution ( Memento from February 11, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP3 ( Memento from February 11, 2014 on WebCite )), tagesschau.de, January 25, 2014, by Carsten Kühntopp (BR, Cairo) .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Government-led events on Cairo's Tahrir Square ( Memento from February 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, January 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Video: Unrest in Egypt: Deaths in protests on the anniversary of the revolution ( Memento from February 11, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP4 ( Memento from February 11, 2014 on WebCite )), tagesschau.de, January 25, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f Anniversary of the Mubarak fall - Egypt: 29 dead in protests ( memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), heute.de, January 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Escalation on Revolution Day ( Memento from February 11, 2014 on WebCite ) (Video: 01:29 min.), Deutsche Welle, January 25, 2014, by Marion Betjen, archived from the original .
- ↑ 49 dead in protests on the anniversary of the revolution in Egypt ( memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, January 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Amnesty condemns Egypt abuses on revolution anniversary - International rights group publishes accounts of alleged widespread torture by police on January 25 revolution anniversary ( Memento from March 16, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, February 5, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ The Cairo Diary: In Alf Maskan After the Bullets ( Memento from March 3, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). lawfareblog.com, January 27, 2014, by Laura Dean, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c El-Beblawi cabinet leaves Egypt with mixed legacy, analysts say - A controversial protest law and worsening labor relations are among the issues that leave Hazem El-Beblawi's cabinet with a mixed record, according to analysts ( Memento from March 3rd 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, February 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Video: Government in Egypt: Volker Schwenck, ARD, on the resignation of the transitional government ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP4 ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite )), tagesschau.de, February 24 2014.
- ↑ a b (), tagesschau.de (3:14 p.m., speaker: Gerrit Derkowski), February 24, 2014, archived from the original ( MP4 ( Memento of the original from February 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. ) on February 24, 2014.
- ↑ Tourism - Egypt is to be resurrected as a travel destination - Safe holiday destination: Egyptians like the billionaire Samih Sawiris want to attract more investors and travelers to their country. They show little understanding for the politics of the Foreign Office ( memento from March 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 16, 2014, by Birgit Svensson and Silke Mülherr, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's tourism again with perspective - Egypt's tourism again with perspective ( Memento from March 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , GTAI.de, November 8, 2012, by Michael Marks, archived from the original .
- ↑ Salma Shukrallah: Detainees detail stories of torture in Egypt jails: interior ministry denies torture exists in Egyptian police stations and prisons despite numerous testimonies by detainees and rights activists. Al-Ahram online, February 12, 2014 (English)
- ↑ Egypt's building minister Mahlab to form government ( memento from February 26, 2014 on WebCite ), DiePresse.com, February 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Government of the Mubarak elite - Egypt: Sixth cabinet sworn in since 2011. Army chief Al-Sisi remains Minister of Defense ( memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ), Young World, Abroad / Page 6, March 3, 2014, by Sofian Philip Naceur, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt - New government sworn in ( memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ), Tageblatt Online, March 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Al-Sisi remains minister - New government in Egypt sworn in ( memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ), merkur-online.de, March 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Federal Foreign Office tightened travel warning for Egypt ( memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, February 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Who's who: Egypt's new cabinet - 20 ministers from El-Beblawi's cabinet keep their posts, while 11 ministers are fresh appointees ( Memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ). Ahram Online, March 1, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d New transitional government in Egypt sworn in ( memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, March 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's army chief al-Sisi wants to become president ( memento from March 5, 2014 on WebCite ), DiePresse.com, March 4, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kauder calls for more support for Egypt ( memento from March 7, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, February 28, 2014, by Khalid El Kaoutit, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g When tourists were flown out, Kauder stayed - the parliamentary group leader of the Union campaigns for the rights of Coptic Christians with the Egyptian military ruler ( memento of March 7, 2014 on WebCite ), Die Welt, March 1, 2014, by Robin Alexander, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j (guest article by Volker Kauder -) "We must not leave Egypt to others" - Few countries have recently experienced such upheavals as Egypt in such a short time. In early 2011, President Mubarak was ousted. Cairo became the city of the "Arab Spring". However, it was not the revolutionaries who emerged as the winners of the elections, but the Muslim Brotherhood. They wanted to turn the country into an Islamic state of God. But they too quickly came to an end ( memento from March 7, 2014 on WebCite ) (version subsequently marked as author and guest post), ( original anonymous version ( memento from March 7, 2014 on WebCite )) RP Online, March 7, 2014 , by Volker Kauder, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j We must not leave Egypt to others ( memento from March 12, 2014 on WebCite ), blogfraktion.de, March 10, 2014, by Volker Kauder, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e We must not leave Egypt alone - Kauder meets Defense Minister al-Sisi ( Memento from March 12, 2014 on WebCite ), www.cducsu.de, February 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Volker Kauder in Egypt - Europe must become more involved in Egypt again - conclusion of the group chairman's trip to Egypt ( memento of March 8, 2014 on WebCite ), www.cducsu.de, 28 February 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Copt Bishop Anba Damian - Guardian of Tradition - Anba Damian is the spiritual leader of the 6,000 Copts in Germany. Warnings about the “persecution of Christians” are also mixed with questionable tones ( memento from March 10, 2014 on WebCite ), taz.de, January 28, 2013, by Daniel Bax, archived from the original .
- ↑ Religion - Evangelicals as a Power in German Politics ( Memento from March 9, 2014 on WebCite ), Die Welt, August 11, 2009, by Mariam Lau, archived from the original .
- ^ Secularism in Germany - The religious imposition ( memento from March 10, 2014 on WebCite ), taz.de, October 21, 2010, by Martin Reichert, archived from the original .
- ↑ Evangelicals in Baden-Württemberg? - Faithful to the Bible in the Black Forest ( memento from March 10, 2014 on WebCite ), Jungle World No. 5, January 30, 2014, by Luka Holtz, archived from the original .
- ↑ The Evangelicals: "Happy, Evangelical Christians" ( Memento from March 10, 2014 on WebCite ), pro, August 5, 2012, archived from the original .
- ↑ Volker Kauder in Egypt ( Memento from March 7, 2014 on WebCite ), www.cducsu.de, February 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Kauder: "I will take care of the situation of Christians in Nigeria" - The CDU / CSU parliamentary group leader Volker Kauder wishes for a new dynamic with regard to German and European engagement in Egypt. He himself also wants to take a closer look at persecuted Christians in Nigeria - and announced to pro a large working conference on the situation of persecuted Christians worldwide ( memento from March 8, 2014 on WebCite ), media magazine pro , March 5, 2014, conversation by Stefanie Ramsperger and Jonathan Steinert with Volker Kauder, archived from the original .
- ↑ Kauder: Egypt is a key country for development in North Africa and the Middle East ( Memento from March 8, 2014 on WebCite ), www.presseportal.de/pm (CDU / CSU newsroom - Bundestag faction), February 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Union parliamentary group leader - When the tourists left Egypt, Kauder stayed - Union parliamentary group leader Volker Kauder breaks through the reservations of the EU towards Egypt's military rulers. Germany should get involved, he demands and stands up for the Christians ( memento from March 7, 2014 on WebCite ), Die Welt, March 1, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - Kauder sees good opportunities for stabilization ( Memento from March 8, 2014 on WebCite ), www.idea.de, February 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Denmark and 26 other countries addresses human rights situation in Egypt at HRC25 - Item 2 - Joint statement ( Memento from March 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Permanent Mission To The UN In Geneva - Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of Denmark, March 7, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ UN Body Criticizes Egyptian Crackdown on Dissent ( Memento from March 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, March 7, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ UPDATE 4: Egypt's Minya criminal court sentences 529 Brotherhood supporters to death - In the largest set of death sentences handed to defendants in the modern history of Egypt, court orders capital punishment for 529 supporters of ousted president Morsi over murder of police officer ( Memento of March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, March 24, 2014, by El-sayed Gamal Eldeen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - court passes 529 death sentences after a short trial - This has never happened in Egypt: more than 500 death sentences in one fell swoop. The convicted Islamists are said to have been responsible for the death of a high-ranking police officer ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , stern.de, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Mass trial against Islamists in Egypt - death sentences in the fast-track process ( Memento from March 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, March 24, 2014, by Anna Osius (ARD radio studio Cairo), archived from the original ( Memento from March 24 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Mass trial in Egypt - 529 death sentences imposed - Hundreds of people are sentenced to death after only two days of trial. They are allegedly the Muslim Brotherhood and are responsible for the death of a police officer ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , taz.de, March 24, 2014, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Mass Trial - Protests Against Scandal Judgment in Egypt ( Memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b slamists in Egypt - Quick trial: 529 death sentences against supporters of Mohammed Mursi ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, March 25, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- Jump up ↑ Egypt - Show trials in fast-track proceedings - Before the presidential election, the show trials against opponents of the regime cast a gloomy light on the human rights situation in Egypt. After the death sentences of 529 Muslim Brotherhoods, the judiciary begins another mass trial ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net, March 25, 2014, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ Over 500 Muslim Brotherhood Sentenced to Death ( Memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) (1:36 min.), Deutsche Welle, March 24, 2014, by Uta Bollow, archived from the original .
- ↑ 529 Death Sentences in Egypt - Outlawed and Judged ( Memento of March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, March 24, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: UN denounces death sentences against 529 Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - According to the UN, death sentences violate international law - A process full of errors, no clear charges: The United Nations condemns the death sentences of 529 Islamists. A second trial was postponed ( memento of March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - deadline for 683 Egyptian Muslim Brotherhoods - just one day after the death sentences of 529 Muslim Brotherhoods, the trial of 683 other defendants was opened. The verdicts should fall at the end of April - there will probably be maximum sentences again ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
