castling
The castling [ rɔxɑːdə even rɔʃɑːdə ] is the move in chess , in which the king and rook move a color. It is the only double move (in which two pieces are moved at the same time) that is allowed under the rules of chess. By a player performs castling or castling , he aims to bring the king to a safe position and the tower involved develop . Castling may only be carried out once by each player per game; their admissibility is linked to a number of conditions. A distinction is made between short and long castling.
term
The term comes from Persian . The tower was then a chariot, called Ruch ( Persian رخ Face , see the medieval name Roch and the rook "tower" still used in English today ).
The chess expression castling and the associated image of a complicated simultaneous movement of two (more) pieces is also used in a figurative sense. What is meant then is, for example, a politically determined change of person and function ("personnel rogue") or the situation-related change of position of football players during the game.
Definition, notation and requirements
Castling is a double move made by the king and rook of the same color. The king, who must be moved first when casting castling, takes two steps in the direction of the rook involved in castling; then the tower in question jumps over the king onto his neighboring square. A distinction is made between long or large castling with the ladies' tower (further away) and short or small castling with the nearby king's tower . The notation is 0–0 for short castling and 0–0–0 for long castling (regardless of suit).
So there are a total of 4 possible castling moves:
- Ke1 – c1 and Ta1 – d1 (long white castling)
- Ke1 – g1 and Th1 – f1 (short white castling)
- Ke8 – c8 and Ra8 – d8 (long black castling)
- Ke8 – g8 and Rh8 – f8 (short black castling)
Castling can only be carried out if
- the king has not yet been drawn,
- the tower involved has not yet been moved,
- there is no other piece between the king and the rook involved,
- the king does not have to move across a square that is threatened by an enemy piece,
- the king is not in check before and after castling.
The rook and king must also be "on the same row". This formulation was only added to the otherwise possible (but prior to the rule change, in practice, never registered) Pam Crab castling excluded in the one on the same line standing from a farmer under a transformed tower is used to castling.
The tower may be threatened or move across a threatened space. Castling is considered a king move. If a player performs illegal castling and his opponent complains about this, he must make another king move (this can also be castling with the other rook). If no legal king move is possible, he can make any legal move (he does not have to move the rook that was involved in illegal castling).
Loss of castling right
From the above The conditions for castling are:
- The following two game situations lead to the immediate, final loss of castling right in a game:
- The king was drawn in the game.
- The rook to be used for castling was drawn in the game. (The right to castle with the other tower remains unaffected.)
- The following game situations lead to the temporary loss of castling rights in a game:
- The king is in check.
- The king would cross a threatened square when castling.
- The king would be in check after castling.
- At least one space between the king and rook is occupied.
Purpose of castling
In the opening phase of the game, the action usually takes place in the center . The middle peasants are raised, the fight takes place here. This means that the king in the middle is in danger. In addition, the towers on the edge are offside. The king is therefore brought to a safe edge position behind a stable pawn protection and the rook is led into the middle, where he can actively participate in the action and be connected to the other rook.
Short castling is generally considered safer than long castling. In long castling, a longer chain of pawns has to be defended and the a-pawn is no longer covered by the king, so that in many cases a tempo has to be invested in order to secure the king on b1 or b8. In addition, only two squares need to be cleared to prepare for short castling. One advantage of long castling is that the rook on the d-file immediately affects the center.
Casting white and black on different sides (as is often the case in the Sicilian Defense, for example ), a particularly fierce battle can arise because both sides can attack the opposing king position with pawn advances without exposing their own king.
Furthermore, is artificial castling to mention. The expression means that a party does not castling directly, but achieves the purpose of castling through several moves (e.g. g2 – g3, Ke1 – f1, Kf1 – g2 and departure of Th1). This is inevitably associated with a great loss of speed. After the possible loss of castling right, however, this can be a suitable way to get your own king to safety on one of the two wings .
Historical
Castling as a move
Castling is a relatively new development in the European game of chess. It is not found in the Asian chess variants . Its forerunner was the Königssprung , created around 1200 , in which the king was allowed to execute a long set on his first move. Today's castling developed from this around 1550. A plausible explanation for this change is that typically two moves - such as Th1 – f1 and the king's jump after g1 - immediately follow one another. Finally, both trains were combined into a new double train. The current rule that castling out of chess or through chess is not allowed, results from this history: With a castling from chess, with the old king jump rule, the king would initially remain illegally in chess (since the rook move came first) In a castling through chess, the rook could have been captured by the opponent after the first move if the old rule had been applied, whereby the following king's jump would often have led again into chess and would therefore have been impossible. Similar to the case of hitting en passant , when a new type of move was introduced, additional rules - which are not immediately obvious from today's point of view - ensure that as few other changes as possible occur in the course of the game.
The first mention is in the early modern satire Gargantua et Pantagruel by François Rabelais (1564). In Italy, the "freestyle castling" developed, in which the king and rook could freely choose their places. With Salvio , for example, there are opening variations with castling, in which the king and rook land on the squares Kb8 / Re8, Kg1 / Re1 or Kh1 / Rf1. In the writings of Gioacchino Greco (1600–1634), limited castling was determined in its present form as the norm. This then spread from France, where Greco had developed its main effect, to the other countries. In Italy, on the other hand, the law of free castling continued to apply for a long time, and it was not until the end of the 19th century that international rules became established there too. The last well-known chess master who campaigned for the retention of free castling was Serafino Dubois (1817–1899).
Only in 1964 it was determined that two positions with identical position of the figures, but different castling rights (drawn so if z. B. page now the king has nichtrochierten) in the sense of repetition of position are considered to be different.
The notation of castling
The notation symbol “0-0” was first used by Johann Allgaier in 1811 in the third edition of his textbook New Theoretical Practical Instructions for Playing Chess . He only used the notation “0–0” and, if necessary, to distinguish between “0–0r [real]” and “0–0l [inks]”. In 1837, Aaron Alexandre was the first to use the symbol “0–0–0” for long castling in his L'Encyclopédie des Échecs . Paul Rudolf von Bilguer followed this practice in his Handbuch des Chessspiels , which appeared in 1843. In order to represent the castling symbol, Allgaier, Alexandre and von Bilguer combined the (small) zeros with em dashes ("-") or with halves ("-") in their works .
In the widespread data format pgn , castling is not noted with 0–0 or 0–0–0 (number zero and half-quarters), but with OO or OOO (letter O and hyphens).
particularities
Applies to castling alone
- Castling is the only move in which a king may move beyond an adjacent square.
- Castling is the only move where two pieces of the same color are moved at the same time.
- Castling is the only move in which a rook can jump over another piece (the king).
- Castling is the only move that can only be made once per color.
For castling in addition to hitting en passant claims
- Castling and capturing en passant are the only moves where the past position matters. This allows two positions to differ dynamically, even though the positions of all stones are identical.
- In addition to capturing en passant, it is the only move that clears two spaces at the same time.
Applies to castling alongside other moves
- Like pawn and capture moves, it cannot be undone in a later move.
- Aside from withdrawal chess , it is the only way to bid chess with a king move.
- Besides the usual advance of pawns, castling is the only move where no piece can be captured.
These peculiarities are used in chess composition , see castling in chess composition .
Castling as an attack move
The fact that the rook is allowed to skip its own king during castling sometimes creates an opportunity for a treacherous trap:
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Castling creates a double attack on the black player's king and rook:
- 1. e2 – e4 e7 – e5
- 2. Ng1-f3 Nb8-c6
- 3. d2 – d4 e5xd4
- 4. Nf3xd4 Bf8-c5
- 5. Bc1 – e3 d7 – d6?
- 6. Nd4xc6 b7xc6
- 7. Be3xc5 d6xc5
- 8. Qd1xd8 + Ke8xd8
- 9. Sb1-c3 Ta8-b8
- 10. f2 – f3 Rb8xb2 ??
- 11. 0–0–0 +! with tower profit.
Chess variants
In some variations of chess there are remarkable interpretations of the castling rule. In Chess960 , instead of certain positions (in the first row), it is only specified that the king is at the beginning between the two rooks. When castling, the two pieces land exactly as they would in classic chess after castling. In cylinder chess there are connecting lines on both sides between the king and each of the rooks; H. it is also possible to castle small with the lady's tower and large with the king's tower. In Janus chess , the king moves next to the rook and the rook jumps over the king.
Records
The two games Neshewat – Garrison, Detroit 1994, with 48.… 0–0 and Somogyi – Black, New York 2002 with 48.… 0–0–0, hold the title of last castling . In both cases Black won.
Castling with the lowest number of pieces on the board took place in a game of Pupols – Myers, Lone Pine 1976, when White moved 40. 0–0–0 in the endgame , with only eight pieces left on the board. The game ended in a draw .
The largest number of castling in a game was 3 and was played in a game Heidenfeld – Kerins, Dublin 1973. White castled twice illegally - unnoticed, but in vain because he lost the game.
Castling errors
The rules of castling are one of the most complicated parts of the rules of chess. Even famous masters had misunderstandings with castling in individual cases:
- During the 21st game in the candidate final against Anatoly Karpov in 1974, Viktor Korchnoi asked the referee if he could castle if his rook was attacked - he was not aware of the rule at the moment.
- Yuri Awerbach protested in a game against Cecil Purdy against his castling because the rook had crossed an attacked square. He wrongly assumed that this was illegal.
- Richard Réti castled for a long time in a game against Carlos Torre , although he had already moved with the ladies' tower. He escaped into a draw with a playable king move.
- Alexander Kotow castled in a game against Boris Spassky , even though he was in check. His alternative king move was enough to win the game.
- In a game against William N. Watson, Nigel Short castled with Black long, although the white queen on a5 dominated the d8-square. This mistake prompted Short to give up the game immediately.
- In the eighth match game against Bent Larsen in the Netherlands in 1969, Michail Tal forgot that he had already prevented castling, so he made a crucial mistake and later lost.
literature
- Tim Krabbé : Chess peculiarities. Volume 1. Econ, Düsseldorf 1987, ISBN 3-612-20306-1 , pp. 9-84 ( Die Rochade ).
- Robert Timmer: Startling castling. Batsford, London 1997, ISBN 0-7134-8137-4 .
- Emanuel Lasker : Board games of the peoples. Scherl, Berlin 1931.
Web links
- Tim Krabbé: castling records with examples game (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Stefan Bücker : What does 0–0 mean? In: Kaissiber , No. 18, 2002, pp. 70-71.
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^ Johann Allgaier: New theoretical-practical instruction for playing chess. 3. Edition. Rötzl and Kaulfuß, Vienna 1811, p. 11 f. and panels I – VI ( digitized version ).
Aaron Alexandre: L'Encyclopédie des Échecs. D'Urtubie, Paris 1837.
Paul Rudolph von Bilguer: Handbook of the chess game. Continued and edited by Tassilo von Heydebrand and the Lasa . Verlag von Veit und Comp., Berlin 1843, p. 2 ( digitized version ).