Pink colour)

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Shade of pink
color code: #ffccdd
Shade of pink
color code: #ffddee
Shade of pink
color code: #eebbcc

Pink , rosé or Rosarot is a bright, more or less reddish body color , a mixed color of a lot of white and red .

As a light color , i.e. for pink lighting , special requirements are necessary because only a small amount of color is required. In the HSV color space , the pink tones are around 330 degrees when the light value V is very high. The achievable saturation of the pink tones is limited.

etymology

The Duden uses the description: "of a very pale red, of the color of the dog roses " and gives as synonyms: pale red, flesh-colored, pink, rose-colored, rose-colored, rose-red, rosé, rosy, reddish, piggy pink, pale pink and in art science, otherwise outdated: incarnate.

The words rōse (n) var, rœselvar, rōsīn, rōse (n) rōt and rōsic were available in Middle High German to denote the color of the wild roses native to Europe and many old roses . Since the second half of the 18th century, the New High German equivalents (rose-colored, rose-colored, rose-red, rosy) have been used considerably less. Instead, the Latin flower name pink ('Rose, Edelrose') was used, which was adopted in German as a name for the color in the early 18th century. The inflection is typically uncertain for adopted color words. At first it was only used in compositions such as "Rosaband", "Rosakleid", "Rosatuch". In the present it is used as a predicative and in colloquial language as an attribute as an adjective. In addition to 'the pink dress', 'the pink dress' is increasingly being used.

In many European languages, the name of this color is also derived from the rose. The French equivalents are : rose, rosé and rosâtre; in Spanish : rosa, rosado, or color de rosa (= rose-colored); in Portuguese : cor-de-rosa, rosa, rosado, rosáceo; in Italian : pink; in Dutch : roze; in Swedish and Norwegian : pink; in Hungarian : rózsaszín; in Polish : różowy.

Alpine Carnation ( Dianthus alpinus )

The English translation for pink is 'pink'. This is also the name of a flower: the carnation . In German, however, caution is advised with this term, since with 'pink' one usually only means a very strong, luminous and mostly bluish tone of medium or dark pink, which roughly corresponds to the color tone "shocking pink" (translated: "bright pink." "). This was introduced in the 20th century by the fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli . In contrast, ' pink ' in English means the entire palette of shades of pink from pale pink to bright, shocking pink .
Of the color samples of the “
World Wide Web Consortium ” (W3C) associated with the name pink , the tones 'PalePink', 'Light Pink', 'Pink' and 'Medium Pink' correspond most closely to the German understanding of colors the stronger colors 'Deep Pink', 'Hot Pink', and 'Dark Pink' would possibly also be called 'Pink' in German, although some of them are not as blue or lilac-tinged as shocking pink (or ' magenta ').

Color theory

The shade "pink" belongs to the purple range , because both L and S cones are excited. M-cones are also excited by the light tone. The complementary color is a spring-like green. The light area is typical for the color designation pink: which is to be understood as a high proportion of white or high brightness, whereby the saturation can also be high.

Pink is a range of colors. # FFC0CB can be used in RGB with [r = 255, g = 192, b = 203], in CMYK with [c = 0, m = 25, y = 20, k = 0] or in HSV with [h = 350, s = 25, v = 100]. # FBCCE7 is usually seen as classic pink: RGB: [r = 251, g = 204, b = 231], in CMYK with [c = 0, m = 19, y = 8, k = 2] or in HSV with [ h = 326, s = 19, v = 98]. A cloudy pink corresponding with # FFE4E1, in RGB as [r = 255, g = 228, b = 225].

The palette of pink tones is a continuum that ranges from an almost white pale pink and pale pink to medium-light nuances to dark pink or rose-red. By adding small amounts of other tones, further gradations are created, on the one hand there are cooler and harder blue - or purple- tinged pink tones - up to 'pink' (see above), mauve and on the border with light magenta ; on the other hand, warmer and softer tones with a light yellow , beige or ocher tinge to salmon pink, which has a pale orange tendency. The boundaries to other color areas are fluid. Old pink is a fine, slightly darker shade of pink broken up with a little gray (and possibly also brown or beige).

Different shades of color are:

  • old pink , a more broken pink, with a slight admixture of gray
  • pale pink
  • dark pink
  • light or light pink
  • raspberry pink
  • salmon pink
  • pearl pink
  • powder pink, with a beige or ocher cast
  • soft pink

It can not be clearly determined whether terms such as baby pink , piggy pink or kitsch pink are actually clearly identifiable colors, or rather (negatively) evaluating terms.

Natural occurrence

Japanese cherry (Prunus serrulata), Jardin des plantes, Paris

Pink tones are common in the plant kingdom. The so-called old roses, so varieties of roses that were known before 1867 as Damask roses , Zentifolien , moss roses or Alba roses are pale pink, pink and Rosarot the most common colors next to white and purple (genuine carmine existed in European roses to the 19th century not yet). Other flowers that occur in pink variations are the already mentioned carnations, as well as peonies , mallow , camellias , hibiscus , coneflower ( Echinacea ), gladioli , dahlias , lilies , water lilies and many others. In spring, there is a sea of ​​pink blossoms in the Japanese cherry blossom, which is also popular in Central Europe, and in the almond blossom, which is known for its beauty . Some fruit trees also bloom (mostly pale) pink, such as apple , quince , plum and peach trees.

The so-called point flower (Hypoestes phyllostachya) has pink mottled foliage and the fruits of the Java apple are pink.

Pink is rarer in the animal kingdom. Some birds with rosy plumage, such as the Inca cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri), the rose spoonbill and the flamingo , look particularly noble. On the other hand, the pink of some domestic pigs is literally ugly .

The color also occurs in the realm of stones and minerals, including rose quartz , pink diamonds , rhodochrosite , granite , marble and sandstone .

At sunrise or sunset, the sky or clouds light up pink at times.

architecture

Doge's Palace of Venice
Detail of the facades of the Grand Trianon

There are a number of structures in the color pink. In the south-west of Germany, pink sandstone was often used for construction, as there are natural occurrences there. The most important architectures include the palaces of Heidelberg , Rastatt , Mannheim and Aschaffenburg , as well as, in the religious field, the Kaiserdom and Paulskirche in Frankfurt, the Münster of Freiburg , and the famous Strasbourg Cathedral in Alsace. Some of these buildings look relatively dark and gray today due to their age and modern air pollution.

The facades of the Doge's Palace in Venice are clad with a pattern of fine white and rose-red marble and appear from a distance in the overall impression of pale pink. In the Baroque period , pink or reddish marble was often used, mostly inside. One exception is the Grand Trianon near Versailles, whose gold-colored sandstone facades are richly decorated with pink marble pilasters and columns. Examples of room creations that are strongly dominated by the color pink are the churches Gesù Nuovo and Santa Maria del Carmine in Naples , or the collegiate church Wilhering near Linz .

A modern example is the Green Citadel of Magdeburg designed by Friedrich Hundertwasser , the facades of which are partly pink despite their name.

In the Indian architecture also sometimes pink or reddish sandstone was used. Among the most interesting pink buildings in India are the Mukteswar Temple in Bhubaneswar ( Odisha ) and the Brihadeshvara Temple in Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu), which was completed in 1010 and is considered to be the high point of Vimana architecture. The Humayun mausoleum in Delhi , completed around 1570, belongs to Mughal architecture and is decorated with pink sandstone and white marble. The old town of Jaipur with the famous Hawa Mahal ("Palace of the Winds") is known as the "pink city", but the color used there is quite dark and tends more towards brick red.

symbolism

General

According to the results of a survey of adult Germans published by Eva Heller in her book How colors work (1989), the color pink was primarily associated with loveliness, softness, tenderness, tenderness and gentleness. For around 38 to 43% of those surveyed, pink is also sweet, enthusiastic , dreamy , romantic and sensitive . More than 40% also considered the color to be typically feminine or childlike, and more than 30% associate the color with naivety or smallness. It was also relatively important for the color associations with mildness, charm and politeness .

The color tone is also used in the sense of "optimistic, gratifying, positive"; this interpretation goes back to “rosy” or “rose-red”. Phrases with this meaning are "experiencing rosy times" or "he's not feeling rosy" or "seeing the future in a rosy light". A negative increase in this meaning in the sense of “unrealistic, transfigured” are the expressions “ see everything through rose-colored glasses ” or “for them the world is pink”.

In light and color therapy aura-soma and in esotericism , pink symbolizes unconditional love and care or the longing for it. The color is basically understood as red brightened by light, but without its aggressive components, and at the same time it is the only pastel color that has an independent meaning.

Christianity

On Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Maestà (c. 1335; detail) in Massa Marittima , the baby Jesus wears a rose-colored robe. However, there are also many representations in other colors, especially in red, white, yellow or gold. From the 15th century it was mostly painted naked or only covered with a white veil.

In Christian art, pink does not really have a meaning of its own, it is used similarly to red . Its symbolic meanings are: (neighbor) love , life, blood or (blood) sacrifice , martyrdom or royalty . In this sense, red is the color of Jesus Christ , who was depicted by some artists and often also in pink robes, both as a child (together with Mary) and as an adult. Even Maria , whose colors traditionally red (dress) and Blue are (coat), has been repeatedly painted in pink-colored robe (with blue coat). Although the choice of the color pink may also be a matter of personal preferences of a painter or client, there could also be symbolic reasons for this, in the sense of a combination or mixture of the symbolism of red and white . The latter stands for purity , virginity , innocence or (divine) light . This is particularly clear in several Maria Immaculatas by Francisco de Zurbarán , who painted her several times in pale pink (with blue) instead of wearing a white dress. A reference to the eponymous rose with its symbolism of love and perfection is particularly conceivable in depictions of Mary , since the rose is one of the most famous symbols of Mary . It is extremely unlikely that a baby Jesus dressed in pink would have anything to do with historical baby clothes for little boys.

Examples of Jesus or Mary in pink can be found in the most important painters, such as Duccio , Ambrogio Lorenzetti , Lorenzo Monaco , Fra Angelico , Masaccio , Filippo Lippi , Ghirlandaio , Giovanni Bellini , Raffael , Tizian , Veronese , Barocci , El Greco , Zurbarán, Murillo , Velázquez u. a. God the Father himself was also sometimes painted in pink, in these cases the color, apart from its symbolism, is reminiscent of the dawn or evening red of the sky. Probably the most prominent example are Michelangelo's depictions of creation on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel . In addition, angels and saints often appear in pink robes.

Pink is not an independent liturgical color . In the Roman Catholic Church , pink paraments can be worn on the third Sunday of Advent Gaudete and on the fourth Sunday of Lent Laetare , with pink as a lightened violet (or purple ) representing a sign of anticipation.

Gender and age allocation

Mozart's sister Nannerl in a pink gala robe, ca.1760

According to the above-mentioned survey by Eva Heller , around 43% of Germans in 1989 associated the color pink with “femininity” and around 41 percent with “childhood”. In contrast, only 8% of adult women chose pink as their favorite color, placing it in fourth place (after blue, red and green). For 7% of the women surveyed, pink was the least popular color (in seventh place). Of the German men, 2% said pink was their favorite color (in eighth position), and for 12% it was the least popular color (after brown and purple). Men often associate this color with helplessness, naivety and weakness.

Eva Heller advocated the thesis that in Germany and Europe, pink has only been generally associated with femininity since the 1920s. Before that, it was a typical color for boys as the “little red”. For a long time, red was considered a “male” color with the associations of strength, activity and aggressiveness, as well as passion, blood, active eros and struggle. Blue, on the other hand, is the color of Mary in the Christian tradition (in reality the combination of red or pink with blue; see above). It is certainly true that in some historical epochs, pink was not necessarily or exclusively considered female, as some historical portraits or paintings testify.

In this portrait of Auguste Renoir , Fernand Halphen wears a dark blue sailor suit (ca.1880)

Baby clothes used to be mostly neutral white because they often had to be washed; at most colored ribbons were used. Eva Heller claimed, however, that pink was a typical baby color for boys, especially in the upper class, and light blue (the “little blue”) for girls. It was only after the First World War that there was a change in attitudes and the color blue became a symbol for the world of work and men , in the form of naval uniforms, blue work suits and the so-called “ boiler suit ”. Only then did blue in the form of sailor suits and then light blue become a color for little boys, and pink for female babies.

However, Heller's argument has weak points: Among other things, she cited images of the baby Jesus in pink, although these are religious symbols that cannot necessarily be transferred to “normal” toddlers (see above); In addition, the baby Jesus was also painted in other colors (or naked) and the adult Jesus was not infrequently painted in pink (see above). Heller apparently also overlooks the fact that the aggressive symbolism of combat and war of red cannot be reconciled with the softer effect of pink and with Jesus Christ. Their idea is that soldiers uniforms "earlier" were often red, is not true: Before there were uniforms, wore military clothing and individual iron armor and then (from about the 17th century) were the colors of uniforms by country and depending on the rank of a soldier, different and often blue or white. Boys already wore navy blue sailor suits at the end of the 19th century, and not just after 1918.

Heller's argument is more coherent when it comes to heat-resistant textile dyes that have only been used since the 1920s and that do not fade when baby clothes are washed frequently, so that colored baby clothes were only able to establish themselves in the first place. Even if children's clothing is becoming more and more colorful these days, pink (and light blue) still has a clear function, also in toys and even in the food industry. This division into pink and light blue is also used in the adult world.

homosexuality

With Marcus Valerius Martialis , the feminine colors mauve (a pale purple) and scarlet red are assigned to homosexual men. For Oscar Wilde around the 1900s in the United Kingdom , but also in Paris and the USA , it is the green carnation. In the USA in the first half of the 20th century, the red tie was added.

In Germany in the interwar period, however, the symbolic color for gays and lesbians was purple , as the symbolic mixture of red and blue for the third gender . (→ The purple song ) Under the name "(floral) lavender", this combination of meanings spread in the USA since the late 1920s. Even more so in the 1950s and 1960s, for a long time it was the symbolic equivalent of German pink, also as a party color, in the language and in proper names.

The National Socialists marked male concentration camp prisoners imprisoned for homosexuality with the pink triangle, the triangle on the top in the "unmanly" color pink. The police files with homosexuals were called pink lists . This negative association between homosexual and criminal was largely overcome by the aggressive appearance of the gay and lesbian scene. In the run-up to the gay movement in Europe in the mid-1960s, the pink triangle was adopted as a symbol by those affected and became very popular from the 1970s.

For example, pink is used in the sense of "for homosexuals, of homosexuals, concerning homosexuals". Especially in the case of proper names created by groups, events or certain projects, the word pink usually indicates a gay, more rarely a general homosexual connection. In the mid-1960s, Holger Mischwitzki adopted the stage name Rosa von Praunheim ; there is a pink list in Munich , a pink session , which was the gay and lesbian answer to the traditional Cologne carnival, as well as the Rosa Funken , Germany's first gay carnival association, the advice center Rosa Telefon , and there is the German cinema title In & Out - Rosa like love and a man looks pink . Sometimes the associated meanings: "optimistic, unrealistic" are deliberately alluded to in this context. In the film Andersrum , the supposedly gay character with a pink helmet and pink bag drives through the city on a pink Vespa.

The rainbow flag , which has been popular in the USA since 1979 , only caught on in Europe in the 1990s. Some activists in the US have been using the Pink Triangle since the early 1970s. He became known there from 1987 through the group Act Up .

politics

In the political arena, the meaning “ socialist ” is not quite as common . Traditionally, the color red stands for socialism and communism in the political arena and the red flag first appeared during the workers' uprisings in the silk industry in Lyon in 1834 . As a result, pink as “pale” red symbolizes a weak communism or a communist attitude that is only tending to be communist. Rosa had this use for the politics of the SPD after she took office in 1998. In a figurative sense, “pink sentiment” is primarily used in a derogatory way.

Pink giant

The German Telekom as the dominant telecommunications company in Germany is following its corporate colors designated (pejoratively) as a giant pink. This coloring distinguishes this branch of communication (the formerly state-owned Deutsche Post) from the traditional “yellow” Deutsche Post . This color Telemagenta is listed as RAL 4010.

The term "Rosa Riese" was used by the print media between 1989 and 1991 for the serial killer Wolfgang Schmidt . Schmidt caused a nationwide stir with a series of murders of five women and an infant. He got his nickname because of his fondness for pink lingerie and his imposing height. He was arrested in August 1991 and sentenced to life imprisonment in late 1992. Since then, the serial killer has been kept in a forensic clinic in the penal system.

Piggy pink

A pink domestic pig

An apparently typically German term is the negative connotation “piglet pink” or “piglet pink”, which is intended to express the displeasure of a viewer, similar to “piss yellow” or “lilac blue”. The term is very subjective, however, and is certainly used more by people who already have a general aversion to pink than by pink lovers. Whether a color is viewed as unattractive or ugly also depends in part on the context . A pale pink ( pastel pink ) is certainly perceived differently in a pig than in a rose or an apple blossom. The following examples also show that it depends on who dresses in pink and in what situation. For example, the sports outfit of the German Olympic team was partially criticized in 2012: “Germany in pig pink and boy blue. When the nations came in, the athletes wore specially designed clothing - it was accordingly colorful. With the Germans, however, it looked a little too much like a kindergarten excursion. ”The negative association could also be based on an aversion to pastel shades typical of the time :“ Pale pink is a color that most women should really keep their hands off of when it comes to this is about a piece of clothing. With Penelope Cruz even that looks sexy. "

Movie

  • The Pink Panther is a cartoon character who first became known for the opening credits to a 1963 crime comedy starring Peter Sellers as Inspector Clouseau; at the same time the name in this film denotes a stolen pink diamond. Later on, other crime films in this series were made, as well as a series of animations .
  • The black comedy Die Teufelin (1989) plays with the symbolism of pink, which is distorted into the negative-grotesque and targeted. Meryl Streep plays an obnoxiously mendacious kitsch novel writer who lives in a pink house and wears almost nothing but pink clothes and hats. Your hateful opponent writes down every act of revenge in a pink pad of paper.

Others

  • The daily first of the Giro d'Italia has been wearing the pink jersey since 1931 .
  • In prisons in North Rhine-Westphalia, cells are kept pink to reduce the aggressiveness of prisoners. "Every color has a certain influence on our well-being," Späth explains the basic assumption of color theory. In addition to pink, blue and green in particular are considered calming colors, with blue supposed to promote mental serenity and green to promote physical relaxation. […] In fact, very few assumptions about the effect of colors have been scientifically proven. ”The results are described as rather neutral.
  • Since 2000, the US company selects Pantone , the color of the year . Pink (Rose Quartz Pantone 13-1520) was next to light blue (Serenity Pantone 15-3919) the trend color of 2016. “Nowadays color trends are mainly spread via social networks, many companies are working with the institute to make their products meet these trends so quickly it can be adjusted. "

literature

See also

Web links

Wiktionary: pink  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: piggy pink  - explanations of meanings, word origins , synonyms, translations
Commons : Rosa / Pink  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. pink. In: Duden . Retrieved February 19, 2019 (spelling and meaning of the word pink ).
  2. ^ William Jervis Jones: Historical Lexicon of German Color Designations . Walter de Gruyter, 2013, 3308 pages. Online in Google Book Search. ISBN 978-3-05-005953-2 , as an e-book ISBN 978-3-05-006322-5
  3. a b c d e f g Caroline Kaufmann: On the semantics of the color adjectives pink, pink and red (PDF; 1.78 MB). Dissertation for the doctor of psychology, Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8316-0652-8 .
  4. A representation in color coordinates is: # FC0FC0, rgb = [252; 15; 192], HSB = [315; 94; 99], CMYK = [10; 87; 0; 0]
  5. Shocking Pink (English).
  6. CSS Color Module Level 3. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) , accessed on February 19, 2019 (definition of the color values ​​for different colors, including variants of pink ).
  7. Eva Heller: How colors work. Color psychology, color symbolism, creative color design. , Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 1989, ISBN 978-3-499-61960-1 .
  8. a b c d e Results of Eva Heller's investigation on metacolor.de ( accessed on February 21, 2020)
  9. Irene Dalichow, Mike Booth: Aura Soma - healing through color, plant and precious stone energy , Knaur / MensSana, Munich 2003, p. 103 f
  10. Irene Dalichow, Mike Booth: Aura Soma - healing through color, plant and precious stone energy , Knaur / MensSana, Munich 2003, p. 103 f
  11. Keyword red , in: JC Cooper: Illustrated Lexicon of Symbols , Drei Lilien Edition / Seemann Verlag, undated, pp. 51–52
  12. ^ Keyword white , in: JC Cooper: Illustrated Lexicon of Symbols , Drei Lilien Edition / Seemann Verlag, undated, p. 52
  13. Zurbarán painted Maria Inmaculada in pale pink with a blue cape in the versions in the Prado, Madrid; in Seville Cathedral; and in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona.
  14. ^ Keyword Rose , in: JC Cooper: Illustrated Lexicon of Symbols , Drei Lilien Edition / Seemann Verlag, undated, pp. 150–151
  15. u. a. the baby Jesus in the famous Maestà in Siena
  16. Jesus in pink (partly with blue): Coronation of Mary (1390?; Courtauld Institute of Art Gallery), Coronation of Mary (approx. 1407-09; National Gallery, London), Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane (approx. 1400?) And Monteoliveto Altar (1410; both Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence), Madonna and Child (before 1410; Rijksmuseum Amsterdam), Triptych by Prato (Madonna and Saints; 1413; Museo civico, Prato), Coronation of Mary (1414) and Adoration of the Magi (1420; both Uffizi, Florence)
  17. Fra Angelico uses pink so often - for Jesus, Mary, angels and other figures. Significant examples are: for Jesus in pink: Madonna della Stella (1434) and Pala von Annalena (1437-40; both in the Museo di San Marco, Florence); the Coronations of Mary in the Louvre, Paris, and in the Uffizi, Florence; The Last Judgment (Museo di San Marco, Florence); the frescoes Temptation of Christ , Last Supper , Christ on the Mount of Olives and the Capture of Christ (1450; Convent of San Marco, Florence). For Maria in Rosa: Madonna with Angels (1429; Städel, Frankfurt), triptych of the Certosa di Galluzo (1428-30) and Pala von Annalena (1437-40; both in the Museo di San Marco, Florence), Annunciation scenes in the Prado, Madrid (1430-32) and in the monastery of San Marco (cell 3), Florence (1441; fresco). Gabriele Bartz: Fra Angelico, Könemann, Cologne, 1998, pp. 11, 16, 19, 20, 31, 38, 49, 55, 56, 60-61, 76, 84-87.
  18. There is no claim to completeness. Jesus wears pink (with blue) in: Esequien des St Jerome (Prato, Cathedral). Maria in Rosa (with blue): Several Madonnas with child in the Uffizi, Florence, and in the Berlin Gemäldegalerie; also Coronation of Mary (Florence, Uffizi), adoration of St. Three Kings (Washington, National Gallery of Art), Annunciation (Spoleto, Dom), Madonna and Child (Munich, Alte Pinakothek). Pp. 23, 25, 29, 38, 39, 45, 71, 73
  19. Jesus with pink robe and blue cloak in: Last Supper (1480, Ognissanti, Florence), calling of the first disciples (Capella Sistina, Vatican, Rome). See: Andreas Quermann: Ghirlandaio , Könemann 1998, pp. 30-31, 36 f.
  20. Bellini painted Maria with a pink dress and blue cloak in the Sacra Conversazione of the Accademia of Venice, and on Madonna pictures in the National Gallery in London, the Pinacoteca di Brera in Milan and the Galleria Borghese in Rome. The baby Jesus is naked in all these pictures, in Rome with a small yellow cloth. Mariolina Olivari: Giovanni Bellini , Scala, 1990, pp. 56, 60, 61
  21. Maria in Rosa (with blue, baby Jesus always naked): Madonna with the baldachin (after restoration; Florence, Galleria Pallatina), Madonna Tempi (Munich, Alte Pinakothek), Madonna Alba (Washington, National Gallery of Art), Sistine Madonna ( Dresden, Gemäldegalerie), Madonna with the blue diadem and Holy Family (1518; both Paris, Louvre). Bruno Santi: Raffael , Scala, Antella (Florence), 1991, pp. 34, 36, 55
  22. ↑ For example, the pink dress of the so-called. “Cherry Madonna” in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. (Filippo Pedrocco: Tizian , Scala 1993, p. 23)
  23. Veronese uses pink tones very often; the following list does not claim to be complete. Mary is in pink (mostly with blue) in: Enthroned Mother of God with saints and donors and Lamentation of Christ (both in Verona, Museo die Castelvecchio), Annunciation (San Sebastiano, Venice), Madonna della pappa (Villa Maser), Holy Family with St. Barbara and the Boy John (Florence, Uffizi), Mystical Wedding of St. Catherine (Venice, Accademia), Adoration of the Magi (London, National Gallery), The Cuccina family in front of the Madonna (Dresden, Picture Gallery), Assumption of Mary (Venice, Accademia). Jesus wears pink (with a blue cloak) among others in: Last Supper in Emmaus (Paris, Louvre), Coronation of Mary (San Sebastiano, Venice), Christ in Gethsemane (Milan, Pinacoteca di Brera), washing of feet (Prague, National Gallery), awakening of the boy from Naim (Vienna, KHM). See: Filippo Pedrocco: Veronese , Scala, 1998, pp. 5, 6, 14, 19, 33, 35, 43, 44, 52, 53, 70, 73, 74
  24. Barocci painted Maria in pink (mostly with blue) in: Madonna di San Simone (1567, Galleria delle Marche, Urbino), Rest on the Flight into Egypt (1570, Rome, Vatican), Madonna del popolo (1579, Florence, Uffizi Gallery ), Nativity (1597, Madrid, Prado), Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple (Rome, Santa Maria in Vallicella).
  25. The following list does not claim to be complete. Jesus in pink (with blue) in: at least two versions of Expulsion of the Merchants from the Temple (Minneapolis Institute of Arts, and 1600-1605, London, National Gallery), The Healing of the Blind (Parma, Galleria Nazionale). Mary in pink (with blue) in: Immaculate Conception (Toledo, Museo de Santa Cruz), Annunciation (Madrid, Prado). See: Wilfried Seipel (ed.): El Greco (exhibition catalog of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), Skira, 2001, pp. 25, 134-135, 194-195, 202-203,
  26. Zurbarán had a preference for light and somewhat cool shades of pink and also painted himself in pale pink together with the crucified Jesus. Z. painted Jesus in pink: in the vision of Brother Andrés Salmerón (Real Monasterio de Nostra Senora de Guadalupe, Cáceres). Maria in pink (mostly with blue): u. a. in several inmaculadas (Madrid, Prado; Seville Cathedral; Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona); Annunciation, Adoration of the Shepherds and Adoration of the Magi (all in Grenoble, Musée), Flight into Egypt (Seattle, Art Museum), Holy Family (Budapest, Szépmüvészeti Múzeum), Christ and Mary in the house in Nazareth (Cleveland Museum of Art), Madonna with the Apple (Havana (Cuba), Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes). He also used a lot of pink in his famous images of female saints.
  27. Murillo painted Jesus in pale pink in the following works: Jesus as the Good Shepherd (1660; Madrid, Prado), The Holy Children with the Shell ( Jesus and John the Baptist; approx. 1670; Madrid, Prado), St. Joseph with the Child Jesus (1666; Seville, Museo de Bellas Artes), The Heavenly and Earthly Trinity (1675-82; London, National Gallery). He painted Mary in pink (with blue) in the following paintings: St. Anne Teaching the Virgin (approx. 1655) and Appearance of the Virgin to St. Bernard (approx. 1655; both in Madrid, Prado), Holy Family ( Virgen de Sevilla ; 1665-70; Paris, Louvre), Mater dolorosa ( ca.1665 ), La Virgen de la Servilleta (1665-66) and Adoration of the Shepherds (ca.1669; all three in Seville, Museo de Bellas Artes), Madonna and Child (ca.1670; Dresden, Gemäldegalerie), Madonna and Child and Saint Rosa von Palermo (ca.1670; Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza), Rosary Madonna (1675-80; Dulwich Picture Gallery), two versions of the Escape to Egypt (Genoa, Musei di Strada Nuova, and Detroit Institute of Arts).
  28. Velázquez painted only a few religious scenes. Mary wears pink (with blue) in: Adoration of the Three Magi . José Lopez-Rey: Velázquez , Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1997, pp. 40–41
  29. On the few paintings he created, the Madonna of Tondo Doni also wears a pink robe with a blue cloak.
  30. Eva Heller: How colors work. Color psychology, color symbolism, creative color design. , Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 1989, ISBN 978-3-499-61960-1 .
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  35. Wieland Freund : On the pink intoxication and the superpower of girls . Welt Online , February 21, 2007.
  36. Brillux GmbH: Why little girls wear pink and little boys wear light blue . farbimpulse.de, August 24, 2005, based on Eva Heller (1989).
  37. 40-104, Epigrammaton liber I, 96.
  38. ^ Katharina Andres-Wilhelm: On the mystery and the splendor of the color green (fashion workshop 2001).
  39. a b Wayne R. Dynes: Color Symbolism (PDF; 122 kB) ,
    in: Wayne R. Dynes (Ed.): The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (Garland Reference Library of Social Science) . Taylor & Francis, March 1990, ISBN 0-8240-6544-1 (English).
  40. Warren Johansson: Pink Triangle (PDF; 130 kB) ,
    in: Wayne R. Dynes (Ed.): The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (Garland Reference Library of Social Science) . Taylor & Francis, March 1990, ISBN 0-8240-6544-1 (English).
  41. Police have already caught several serial offenders. In: Berliner Zeitung . January 30, 1996, p. 18 , accessed June 19, 2015 .
  42. Petra Pluwatsch: The murderers are among us , Kölner Stadtanzeiger, April 28, 2001, at der-serienmörder.de.
  43. uni-leipzig.de: Text examples ( Memento from January 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  44. Martina Wildner: Lots of falling stars . 2003, page 111.
  45. Sports outfit of the 2012 Olympic team . Welt Online , July 28, 2012.
  46. With Penelope Cruz, even piggy pink is sexy . In: RP-online, January 4, 2016. With associated picture.
  47. Felicitas Kock: Pink prison cells in NRW - Paint it pink . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , February 28, 2012.
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