Pink angle

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pink angle (5th column)
Angular memorial plaques made of red granite with the inscription "Totgeschlagen, totgeschwiegen" were placed at various memorial sites, here at the Nollendorfplatz underground station in Berlin.

The pink triangle was used during the era of National Socialism the identification of prisoners in the concentration camps , if they because of their homosexuality had been deported there (see also Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust ). The patches had to be worn on the prisoner's clothing on the left chest.

Prisoners with the pink triangle

The total number of gay men who were tortured and murdered in the concentration camps was not seriously considered by historical research until the 1970s. To date, only estimates have been made: Rüdiger Lautmann estimated the number of those displaced as homosexuals at around 10,000 with a death rate of 50 to 60 percent. The total number of homosexual victims - including homosexual Jews, Sinti and Roma, communists, Jehovah's Witnesses, etc. - is beyond precise knowledge.

Most of the later "pink triangle inmates" were a prison sentence under §§ 175 or 175a after serving, but sometimes without them had been convicted of court, from the Gestapo in concentration camps deported. A distinction was made between allegedly “seduced” and so-called “seducers”. While the “seduced” were supposed to get on the “right path” via normal criminal prosecution according to § 175, the “seducers” were to be “eliminated from the national community”. In a decree of July 12, 1940, the Reich Security Main Office made it clear that "in future all homosexuals who seduced more than one partner were to be taken into preventive police custody after their release from prison". From then on, a large proportion, probably up to half of the convicts, were affected.

After 1945, homosexuality remained a criminal offense in most European countries; in the Federal Republic of Germany, Section 175 StGB, which was tightened by the National Socialists, was still in force until 1969. The rehabilitation of gay victims of National Socialism was delayed on December 6, 2000 by the German Bundestag. It was not until 2002 that the Bundestag overturned the Nazi rulings against homosexuals.

The US documentary Paragraph 175 gave survivors the opportunity to speak in 2000. Rudolf Brazda , who died in 2011, was considered the last surviving prisoner with the pink triangle.

people

See also

The pink triangle as a symbol of the gay movement

Pink triangle.svg

The pink triangle has developed into an international symbol of the gay movement since the 1970s . This is how the German publisher Rosa Winkel , founded in 1975, got its name. Holger Mischwitzky was inspired by his stage name Rosa von Praunheim .

The Amsterdam Homomonument from 1987 took up its form, as did the Cologne memorial for gay and lesbian Nazi victims and many other memorial sites.

In the USA he found v. a. as a sign of the HIV / AIDS activism group Act Up with their slogan "Silence = Death" spread. There it was turned 180 degrees to express the hope for a better way of dealing with AIDS in the near future. The rainbow flag , designed in the USA in 1978 , established itself in Europe from the 1990s and has replaced the pink triangle as the preferred symbol of the LGBT / LGBTTIQ movement.

literature

  • Gad Beck , Frank Heibert (Ed.): And Gad went to David. The memories of Gad Beck. Berlin 1995. ISBN 3-86034-313-0 .
  • Michel Dufranne, Milorad Vicanovic, Christian Lerolle: Rosa Winkel. Graphic novel . Berlin 2012. Jacoby & Stuart ISBN 978-3-941787-79-7 .
  • Günter Grau: Homosexuality in the Nazi Era. Documents of discrimination and persecution. ISBN 3-596-11254-0 .
  • Heinz Heger : The men with the pink triangle. Merlin-Verlag, Hamburg 1972. New edition 2001. ISBN 3-87536-215-2 .
  • Rüdiger Lautmann , Winfried Grikschat, Egbert Schmidt: The pink corner in the National Socialist concentration camps. S. 325 ff. In: Rüdiger Lautmann: Seminar Society and Homosexuality . Frankfurt am Main 1977.
  • Joachim Müller : There was no nationwide organized persecution of lesbians [1]
  • Joachim Müller : Collection of materials - comparability of the life situation of lesbian women with the life situation of gay men under National Socialism (and after 1945) [2]
  • Joachim Müller , Andreas Sternweiler : Homosexual men in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp . Berlin 2000. ISBN 3-86149-097-8 .
  • Bernhard Rosenkranz : Hamburg on other ways - The history of gay life in the Hanseatic city . Hamburg 2005. ISBN 3-925495-30-4 .
  • Pierre Seel , Jean Le Bitoux, Miriam Magall (translator): Me, Pierre Seel, deported and forgotten. Cologne 1996. ISBN 3-932117-20-4 .
  • Andreas Sternweiler: And all because of the boys. Scout leader and concentration camp prisoner: Heinz Dörmer. Berlin 1994. ISBN 3-86149-030-7 .
  • Hans-Georg Stümke , Rudi Finkler: Pink angles, pink lists. Homosexuals and “Healthy People's Feeling” from Auschwitz to the present day. Rowohlt, Hamburg 1981. ISBN 3-499-14827-7 .
  • Alexander Zinn: Happiness always came to me. Rudolf Brazda - The Survival of a Homosexual in the Third Reich. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2011. ISBN 978-3-593-39435-0 .
  • Alexander Zinn: "Removed from the people's body"? Homosexual men under National Socialism . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2018, ISBN 9783593508634 .
  • Alexander Zinn: Was there persecution of lesbians by the Nazi regime? [3] , accessed August 26, 2018

Movies

Web links

Commons : Pink Angle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Alexander Zinn: "Removed from the people's body"? Pp. 309-320.
  2. ^ Deputies Alfred Hartenbach, Margot von Renesse, Wilhelm Schmidt (Salzgitter), Dr. Peter Struck and the SPD parliamentary group and the deputy Volker Beck (Cologne), irmingard schewe-gerigk, Claudia Roth (Augsburg), other MPs and the Alliance 90 / The Greens: recommended decision and the report of the Legal Committee (6th Committee) . In: German Bundestag (ed.): Printed matter . tape 14/4894 . Berlin 2000 ( bundestag.de [PDF]).