Cloves
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The carnations ( Dianthus ) constitute a genus within the family of Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllaceae). The 320 to 600 species occur in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere .
description
Illustration of the Carthusian Carnation ( Dianthus carthusianorum )
Carnation species are usually perennial, rarely herbaceous ( Dianthus armeria ) or biennial plants . Small shrubs such as Dianthus fruticosus are rare . Sometimes the plants form cushions. Strong taproots and sometimes thin or strong rhizomes are formed. The upright to ascending, simple or branched stems are round or angular. The dichasial branching is typical for all carnation plants . The opposite leaves are simple. Petioles are present or absent. The narrow, parallel or mostly single-veined leaf blade is linear, lanceolate to ovate .
The flowers stand together individually or in groups in terminal, zymose or capillary inflorescences . The green to dry bracts are present in pairs or they are absent. At the base of the flowers there are one to three pairs of green to dry bracts that can be reduced to wide scales.
The hermaphrodite, radial symmetry flowers are five-fold with double perianth . The flowers of some species are fragrant. The five green to reddish sepals are fused with tubes at their base. The calyx tube ends in five calyx teeth with three to eight nerves each; the calyx teeth are shorter than the calyx tube. The mostly dry edges of the calyx teeth are red to white. Sometimes there is an outer cup . The five nailed flower petals are usually serrated, notched or slashed. The colors of the petals range from white to pink and red to purple; sometimes they are speckled or they are darker inside. In this genus there is never a secondary crown ; this distinguishes them from other related genera ( Silene ). The petals are often bearded in the corolla tube. There are two circles with five fertile stamens each. Nectaries are present at the base of the stamens. Two carpels have become a top permanent, single-chamber ovary grown with many ovules . The thin stamps with two or two-branched styluses are 0.7 to 6 mm long. A gynophore or carpophore is often formed. The scars are papillary.
Infructescence of Dianthus caryophyllus
The flower formula is:
The stalked capsule fruit standing upright in the calyx is egg-shaped to cylindrical and the "carpophor" is often still present. The capsule fruit opens at the tip with four teeth or short valves and contains 40 to over 100 seeds. The blackish-brown seeds have no wings or appendages.
distribution
Carnation species occur in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . The natural range mainly includes Eurasia (from the Balkans to Central Asia). A particularly large number of species occur in the Mediterranean area. There are few South African species. There are 14 species in China, one of which is unique to China. Two species are unique to Taiwan. Of the six species found in North America, only Dianthus repens is native to the region. In many parts of the world, some species are neophytes .
Systematics
The genus Dianthus was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 409. Linnaeus recorded the blossoms and the scent of the carnations in the botanical generic name Dianthus , i. H. Zeus flower ( ancient Greek Διός diós , German 'God, Zeus' and ἄνθος anthos 'flower, blossom'). Synonyms for Dianthus L. are: Caryophyllus Mill. , Tunica Ludw.
The genus Dianthus belongs to the tribe Caryophylleae in the subfamily Caryophylloideae within the family of Caryophyllaceae .
Alpine Carnation ( Dianthus alpinus )
Sand carnation ( Dianthus arenarius )
Tufted Carnation ( Dianthus armeria )
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Common blue carnation ( Dianthus barbatus )
Carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus 'Mondrian')
Chinese carnation ( Dianthus chinensis )
Heath Carnation ( Dianthus deltoides )
Whiteclove ( Dianthus gratianopolitanus )
Habit and inflorescences of Dianthus hyssopifolius subsp. gallicus
Spring carnation ( Dianthus plumarius subsp. Regis-stephani )
Hainburger spring carnation ( Dianthus praecox subsp. Lumnitzeri )
Busch carnation ( Dianthus seguieri subsp. Glaber )
Late spring carnation ( Dianthus serotinus )
Dolomite Carnation ( Dianthus sternbergii )
Magnificent Carnation ( Dianthus superbus )
Stone carnation ( Dianthus sylvestris )
There are around 320 to 600 species of carnations ( Dianthus ) (selection):
- Dianthus abchasicus Gvinian. : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
- Dianthus acicularis Ledeb. : It occurs in European Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Xinjiang .
- Dianthus acrochlorus Stapf : It occurs only in Turkey.
- Dianthus algetanus F.N.Williams : It occurs only in Spain.
- Alpine Carnation or Eastern Alpine Carnation ( Dianthus alpinus L. )
- Dianthus anatolicus Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey, on islands in the Aegean Sea, in Iraq, Iran in Syria in Pakistan and in India.
- Dianthus ancyrensis Hausskn. & Bornm. : It only occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus andronakii Shishk . : It only occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus androsaceus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek : It occurs in Greece.
- Dianthus anticarius Boiss. & Reut. : It only occurs in Spain.
- Sand carnation ( Dianthus arenarius L. )
- Rough carnation or tufted carnation ( Dianthus armeria L. )
- Dianthus arpadianus Ade & Bornm. : It occurs in Turkey, Greece and on islands in the Aegean Sea.
- Dianthus arrostii C.Presl : You only come in Sardinia, Sicily, Algeria and Morocco before
- Dianthus atschurensis Sosn.
- Dianthus balansae Boiss. : It only occurs in Turkey
- Great William ( Dianthus barbatus L. )
- Dianthus behriorum Bornm. : It occurs only in the former Yugoslavia
- Dianthus benearnensis Loret : It occurs only in Spain and France
- Dianthus bessarabicus (Kleopow) Klokov : It occurs in Greece, Romania and Moldova.
- Dianthus bicolor Adams (Syn .: Dianthus preobrashenskii Klokov ): It occurs in the Caucasus region.
- Dianthus biflorus Sm . : It occurs in Greece
- Dianthus borbasii Vandas : It occurs in two subspecies in Eastern Europe, in Kazakhstan, in Siberia and in the Caucasus.
- Dianthus brevicaulis Fenzl : It occurs only in Turkey
- Dianthus broteri Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs only in Portugal and Spain
- Dianthus callizonus Schott & Kotschy : It occurs in Romania.
- Dianthus calocephalus Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey, Iran, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
- Dianthus campestris M.Bieb. (incl. Dianthus roseoluteus Velen. ): It occurs in five subspecies in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, in western Siberia and in Turkey.
- Dianthus capitatus DC. : It occurs in two subspecies in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, in Turkey and in the Caucasus.
- Dianthus carbonatus Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine and Moldova.
- Dianthus carmelitarum Boiss. : It only occurs in Turkey
- Carthusian carnation ( Dianthus carthusianorum L. )
- Carnation , also called carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus L. )
- Dianthus caucaseus Sims : It occurs only in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.
- Dianthus charidemi Pau : It occurs only in Spain
- Chinese carnation ( Dianthus chinensis L. ): It is native to China, Kazakhstan, Korea, Siberia, Russia's Far East and Mongolia. It is used as an ornamental plant and is a neophyte in many parts of the world .
- Dianthus ciliatus cast. : It occurs only in Italy, Croatia and Albania
- Dianthus cinnamomeus Sm .: It occurs in two subspecies in Turkey, in Crete and on islands in the Aegean.
- Dianthus cintranus Boiss. & Reut. (incl. Dianthus multiceps Willk. ): It occurs only in Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.
- Hill Carnation ( Dianthus collinus Waldst. & Kit. )
- Dianthus corymbosus Sm . : It occurs in Greece and Turkey.
- Dianthus costae Willk. : It occurs in Spain.
- Dianthus crassipes R. Roem. : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
- Dianthus cretaceus Adams : It occurs in Turkey, Iran and Azerbaijan.
- Dianthus cribrarius Clementi : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus crinitus Sm .: It occurs in Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, on islands in the Aegean Sea, on the Arabian Peninsula, in the Caucasus, in Western Asia, Central Asia in Pakistan and in India.
- Dianthus crossopetalus Fenzl : It occurs in Iran and Armenia.
- Dianthus cruentus Griseb. : It occurs in two subspecies in Greece, North Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria and Turkey.
- Dianthus cyprius A.K. Jacks. & Turrill : It occurs in Cyprus.
- Dianthus cyri fish. & CAMey. : It occurs in Egypt, Western Asia, the Caucasus and the Arabian Peninsula.
- Dianthus daghestanicus Kharadze : It occurs in Dagestan .
- Heather carnation or delta carnation ( Dianthus deltoides L. )
- Dianthus desideratus Strid : It occurs in Greece.
- Dianthus diffusus Sm .: It occurs in Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria, the Aegean Sea and Turkey.
- Dianthus diutinus kit. : It occurs in Hungary, Serbia and Romania.
- Dianthus dobrogensis Prodan : It occurs in Romania and Bulgaria.
- Dianthus elatus Ledeb. : It is common in northern Xinjiang , Kazakhstan and western Siberia.
- Dianthus eldivenus Czeczott : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus elegans d'Urv. : It occurs on the Greek islands, in Turkey, in Syria and in Libya.
- Dianthus elongatus C.A.Mey. : It occurs in Ukraine.
- Dianthus engleri Hausskn. & Bornm. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus eretmopetalus Stapf : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus erythrocoleus Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey and Iran.
- Dianthus eugeniae Kleopow : It occurs in Ukraine and European Russia.
- Dianthus ferrugineus Mill .: It occurs in Italy.
- Dianthus fischeri Spreng. : It occurs in Ukraine, Moldova and European Russia.
- Dianthus floribundus Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey and Armenia.
- Dianthus formanekii Formánek : It occurs in Greece and North Macedonia.
- Dianthus freynii Vandas : It occurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Dianthus fruticosus L .: It occurs in eight subspecies in Greece.
- Dianthus furcatus Balb. : It occurs in five subspecies in Spain, France and Italy.
- Dianthus galicicae Micevski : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus giganteiformis Borbás : It occurs in two subspecies in Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia and the Crimea.
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Dianthus giganteus d'Urv. (Syn .: Dianthus haynaldianus Borbás , Dianthus intermedius Boiss. , Dianthus subgiganteus Formánek , Dianthus giganteus subsp. Haynaldianus (Borbás) Tutin , Dianthus giganteus subsp. Subgiganteus (Borbás) Hayek , Dianthus giganteus subsp. Subgigante . ): There should be reports of invasive occurrences through sowing in Germany. It contains several subspecies:
- Dianthus giganteus subsp. banaticus (Heuff.) Tutin : It occurs in former Yugoslavia and Romania.
- Dianthus giganteus subsp. croaticus (Borbás) Tutin : It occurs in Croatia, Slovenia and Bulgaria.
- Dianthus giganteus d'Urv. subsp. giganteus
- Dianthus giganteus subsp. vandasii (Velen.) Stoj. & Eight. : It occurs only in Bulgaria, Romania and the European part of Turkey.
- Glacier Carnation ( Dianthus glacialis Haenke )
- Dianthus goerkii Hartvig & Strid : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus gracilis Sm .: It occurs in five subspecies in Southeastern Europe.
- Dianthus graniticus Jord. : It occurs in France.
- Whitsun carnation also rock nails or Grenoble carnation ( Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill. )
- Dianthus grossheimii Schischk. : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
- Dianthus guessfeldtianus Muschl. : It occurs in Egypt.
- Dianthus guttatus M.Bieb. : It occurs in Ukraine, Romania and Moldova.
- Dianthus haematocalyx Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in five subspecies on the Balkan Peninsula.
- Dianthus henteri Griseb. & Schenk : It occurs in Romania.
- Dianthus hoeltzeri C. Winkler : It is common in northern Xinjiang, Kazakhstan and western Mongolia.
- Dianthus humilis Ledeb. : It occurs in Ukraine.
- Dianthus hymenolepis Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey and Iraq.
- Dianthus hypanicus Andrz. : It occurs in Ukraine.
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Dianthus hyssopifolius L .: With the subspecies:
- Dianthus hyssopifolius L. subsp. hyssopifolius : It occurs only on the Iberian Peninsula.
- Dianthus hyssopifolius subsp. gallicus (pers.) M. Laínz & Muñoz Garm. , Syn .: Dianthus gallicus Pers. : It occurs only in Spain and France.
- Dianthus imereticus (Rupr.) Schischk. : It occurs in Georgia.
- Dianthus inamoenus Schischk. : It occurs in Georgia, Armenia, Turkey and Iran.
- Dianthus ingoldbyi Turrill : It occurs in Greece and Turkey.
- Dianthus jablanicensis Micevski : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus jacupicensis (Košanin) Micevski : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus jugoslavicus Micevski : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus juniperinus Sm .: It is endemic to Crete .
- Dianthus kapinaensis Markgr. & Lindtner : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus karami (Boiss.) Mouterde : It occurs in Syria and Lebanon.
- Dianthus kastembeluensis Freyn & Sint. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus ketzkhovelii Makaschv. : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
- Dianthus khirghizicus Shishk . : It occurs in western Tian Shan and northwestern Pakistan.
- Dianthus knockii (Pant.) Borbás : It occurs in Montenegro , in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Dianthus krylovianus Juz. : It occurs in European Russia.
- Dianthus kuschakewiczii Regel & Schmalh. : It is common in northern Xinjiang and Kazakhstan.
- Dianthus kusnezowii Marcow. : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
- Dianthus lactiflorus Fenzl : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus lanceolatus Rchb. : It occurs in European Russia, Ukraine and the Caucasus.
- Dianthus langeanus Willk. : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
- Dianthus laricifolius Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in four subspecies in Portugal and Spain.
- Dianthus legionensis (Will.) FNWilliams : It occurs in Spain.
- Dianthus leptopetalus Willd. : It occurs in Greece, Romania, European Russia, Siberia, Turkey and Kazakhstan.
- Dianthus leucophaeus Sm . : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus leucophoeniceus Dörfl. & Hayek : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.
- Dianthus libanotis Labill. : It occurs in Western Asia and the Caucasus.
- Dianthus liboschitzianus Ser. : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
- Dianthus longicalyx Miq. : It is common in China, Taiwan, Japan and Korea.
- Dianthus lusitanus bread. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Spain and Portugal.
- Dianthus lydus Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus macedonicus Micevski : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus marshalii Shishk. : It occurs in Ukraine and Moldova.
- Dianthus masmenaeus Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus membranaceus Borbás : It occurs in Eastern and Southeastern Europe.
- Dianthus micranthus Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.
- Dianthus microlepis Boiss. : It occurs in Greece, North Macedonia and Bulgaria.
- Dianthus moesiacus Vis. & Pančić (incl. Dianthus stribrnyi Velen. ): It occurs in five subspecies in Serbia, North Macedonia, Albania, Greece and Bulgaria.
- Dianthus monadelphus Vent. : It occurs in three subspecies in Southeastern Europe, in West Asia and on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Dianthus monspessulanus L. (Syn .: Dianthus hyssopifolius subsp. Monspessulanus (L.) Graebn. & P.Graebn. ): With the subspecies:
- Montpellier carnation ( Dianthus monspessulanus L. subsp. Monspessulanus ): It occurs in western, southern and southeastern Europe.
- Dianthus monspessulanus subsp. marsicus (Ten.) Novák ( Dianthus marsicus Ten. , Dianthus sternbergii subsp. marsicus (Ten.) Pignatti , Dianthus waldsteinii subsp. marsicus (Ten.) Greuter & Burdet) : It occurs only in Italy.
- Moravian carnation ( Dianthus moravicus Kovanda ): It occurs in the Czech Republic.
- Dianthus multiaffinis Pau : It occurs in Spain.
- Dianthus multicaulis Boiss. & A.Huet : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia and Georgia.
- Dianthus multinervis Vis. : It occurs in the former Yugoslavia.
- Dianthus muschianus Kotschy & Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus myrtinervius Griseb. : It occurs in two subspecies in Greece and North Macedonia.
- Dianthus nanshanicus C.Y.Yang & LXDong : It was newly described in 2008 and only occurs at altitudes of around 1940 meters in Xinjiang .
- Dianthus nardiformis Janka : It occurs in Romania and Bulgaria.
- Dianthus nitidus Waldst. & Kit. : It occurs in Poland and Slovakia.
- Dianthus ohridanus Micevski : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus orientalis Adams (Syn .: Dianthus fimbriatus M.Bieb. Non Brot. Nec Lam. ): It occurs in Southwest Asia, Xinjiang and Xizang .
- Dianthus palinensis S.S.Ying : This endemic occurs only in Taoyuan Xian (Bali) in northern Taiwan .
- Dianthus pancicii Velen. (Syn .: Dianthus tristis Velen. ): It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.
- Dianthus pavonius exchange : It occurs in Italy and France.
- Dianthus pelviformis Heuff. : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.
- Dianthus pendulus Boiss. & CIBlanche : It occurs in West Asia.
- Dianthus petraeus Waldst. & Kit. (incl. Dianthus integer Vis. and Dianthus noeanus Boiss. ): It occurs in six subspecies in Southeastern Europe.
- Dianthus pineticola Kleopow : It occurs in Ukraine.
- Pine needle-leaved carnation ( Dianthus pinifolius Sm. ): It occurs in four subspecies in Southeastern Europe and in Turkey.
- Dianthus platyodon Klokov : It occurs in European Russia, Ukraine and Moldova.
- Feather Carnation ( Dianthus plumarius L. )
- Dianthus plumbeus Schischk. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus pogonopetalus Boiss. & Kotschy : It occurs in the area of Syria and Lebanon.
- Pannonian Carthusian Carnation ( Dianthus pontederae A. Kern. )
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Dianthus praecox kit. : With the subspecies:
- Dianthus praecox kit. subsp. praecox (Syn .: Dianthus plumarius subsp. praecox (Kit.) Pawê. ): It occurs only in Poland, Hungary and Slovakia.
- Hainburger spring carnation ( Dianthus praecox . Subsp lumnitzeri . (Wiesb) Kmet'ová , Syn .: Dianthus lumnitzeri Wiesb. , Dianthus plumarius subsp. Lumnitzeri (Wiesb) Domin. ): You only comes in Austria, Liechtenstein, Hungary and the Slovakia before.
- Dianthus praecox subsp. pseudopraecox (Novák) Kmet'ová : It occurs only in Slovakia.
- Dianthus pratensis M.Bieb. : It occurs in two subspecies in Ukraine, European Russia, Moldova and Romania.
- Dianthus prilepensis Micevski : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus pseudarmeria M.Bieb. : It occurs in Eastern and Southeastern Europe and in the Caucasus region.
- Dianthus pseudoversicolor Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine and European Russia.
- Dianthus pungens L .: It occurs in Spain and France.
- Dianthus pygmaeus Hayata : It occurs only in Taiwan at altitudes of 1400 to 3900 meters.
- Dianthus pyrenaicus Pourr. : It occurs in two subspecies in Spain, France and Andorra .
- Dianthus quadrangulus Velen. : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula and in Turkey.
- Dianthus raddeanus Vierh. : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
- Dianthus ramosissimus Pallas ex Poiret : It is common in northern Xinjiang , Kazakhstan and western Siberia and western Mongolia.
- Dianthus recognitus Shishk. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus repens Willd. : It occursnaturallyin Yukon, Alaska, Nei Mongol , Siberia, and Russia's Far East.
- Dianthus rigidus M.Bieb. : It occurs in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Crimea and European Russia.
- Dianthus robustus Boiss. & Kotschy : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus rupicola Biv. : It occurs in the Balearic Islands, Italy and Tunisia.
- Dianthus ruprechtii Shishk. : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
- Dianthus scaber Chaix : It occurs in Portugal, Spain and France.
- Dianthus scardicus Wettst. : It occurs in Albania and North Macedonia.
- Dianthus schemaschensis Schischk. : It occurs in Azerbaijan, Dagestan and Turkey.
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Bush carnation ( Dianthus seguieri Vill. , Syn .: Dianthus sylvaticus Willd. ): It contains several subspecies:
- Kahle bush carnation ( Dianthus seguieri . Subsp glaber Čelak. , Syn .: Dianthus sylvaticus Hoppe , Dianthus seguieri subsp. Sylvaticus (Hoppe) Hegi ): It is used in Germany, Austria and France.
- Dianthus seguieri subsp. requienii (Godr.) M.Bernal, M.Laínz & Muñoz Garm. (Syn .: Dianthus requienii Gren. & Godr. , Dianthus cadevallii Sennen & Pau , Dianthus gautieri Sennen , Dianthus seguieri subsp. Cadevallii (Sennen & Pau) O.Bolòs & Vigo , Dianthus seguieri subsp. Gautieri (Sennen) Tutin ): You occurs in France, Andora and Spain.
- Seguier bush carnation ( Dianthus seguieri Vill. Subsp. Seguieri , Syn .: Dianthus seguieri subsp. Italicus Tutin ): It occurs in France and Italy.
- Dianthus semenovii (Regel & Herder) Vierhapper : It is common in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
- Late carnation , late spring carnation, sand spring carnation or late blooming carnation ( Dianthus serotinus Waldst. & Kit. )
- Dianthus serratifolius Sm .: It occurs in Greece and Libya.
- Dianthus serrulatus Desf. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Portugal and Spain.
- Dianthus sessiliflorus Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus setisquameus Hausskn. & Bornm. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus simulans Stoj. & Stef. : It occurs in Bulgaria, Greece and North Macedonia.
- Dianthus sinaicus Boiss. : It occurs on the Sinai Peninsula, in Israel, Jordan and in Saudi Arabia.
- Dianthus siphonocalyx Blakelock : It occurs in Turkey, Iran and Iran.
- Dianthus skopjensis Micevski : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus soongoricus Schischkin : It is common in northern Xinjiang, Kazakhstan and western Mongolia.
- Dianthus sphacioticus Boiss. & Hero. : She is endemic to Crete.
- Dianthus spiculifolius Schur : It occurs in Ukraine, Romania and Moldova.
- Dianthus squarrosus M.Bieb. : It occurs in Ukraine, European Russia and Kazakhstan.
- Dianthus stamatiadae Rech.f. : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus stenopetalus Griseb. : It occurs in Greece, Albania, North Macedonia and Bulgaria.
- Dolomite carnation ( Dianthus Sternbergii Capelli , Syn .: Dianthus monspessulanus subsp. Waldsteinii (Sternb.) Nyman , Dianthus waldsteinii Sternb. , Dianthus Hyssopifolius subsp. Sternbergii (Capelli) Graebn. & P. Graebn. , Dianthus monspessulanus subsp. Sternbergii Hegi )
- Dianthus stramineus Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.
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Dianthus strictus Banks & Sol. (Syn .: Dianthus polycladus Boiss. , Dianthus strictus subsp. Polycladus (Boiss) Kollmann. ): It contains several sub-species:
- Dianthus strictus Banks & Sol. subsp. strictus
- Dianthus strictus subsp. multipunctatus (Ser.) Greuter & Burdet : It is common in the eastern Mediterranean. There are sites on the Greek mainland, on the eastern Aegean Islands, Crete, Cyprus, in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and in the Asian part of Turkey.
- Dianthus strictus subsp. troodi (Post) Greuter & Burdet : It is endemic to Cyprus.
- Dianthus strictus subsp. velutinus (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet : It occurs only in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
- Dianthus strymonis Rech. F. : It occurs in Greece.
- Dianthus subacaulis Vill. : It occurs in three subspecies in Morocco, Portugal, Spain and France.
- Dianthus subbaeticus Fern.Casas : It occurs in Spain.
- Dianthus subulosus Conrath & Freyn : It occurs in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
- Magnificent carnation ( Dianthus superbus L. ): It is distributed with several subspecies in Europe, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Siberia and Russia's Far East.
- Stone carnation or wild carnation ( Dianthus sylvestris Wulfen , incl. Dianthus pallidiflorus Ser. ): With eight subspecies.
- Dianthus tabrisianus Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Afghanistan and Armenia.
- Dianthus tenuiflorus (Griseb.) Griseb. : It occurs in Bulgaria and Greece.
- Dianthus tesquicola Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine.
- Dianthus toletanus Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in two subspecies in Portugal and Spain.
- Dianthus transcaucasicus Schischk. : It occurs in Armenia.
- Dianthus trifasciculatus Kit. : It occurs in three subspecies in Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, European Russia and Moldova.
- Dianthus tripunctatus Sm . : It occurs in Greece, Italy, Algeria, Turkey, Iran, Syria, Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.
- Dianthus turkestanicus Preobraschensky : It is distributed in northern Xinjiang and Kazakhstan.
- Dianthus tymphresteus (Boiss. & Spruner) Heldr. & Sartori ex Boiss. : It occurs in Greece.
- Dianthus uralensis Korsh. : It occurs in European Russia, Siberia and Kazakhstan.
- Dianthus urumoffii Stoj. & Eight. : It occurs in Bulgaria.
- Dianthus versicolor Link : It occurs in the Ukraine, in European Russia, in Kazakhstan, in China, in Mongolia, in Siberia and in Far Eastern Asian Russia.
- Dianthus vigoi M.Laínz : It occurs in Spain.
- Dianthus viridescens Clementi : It occurs in Croatia and Albania.
- Dianthus viscidus Bory & Chaub. : It occurs in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia and Turkey.
- Dianthus vodnensis Micevski : It occurs in North Macedonia.
- Dianthus volgicus Juz. : It occurs in European Russia.
- Dianthus webbianus Vis. (Syn .: Dianthus erinaceus Boiss. ): It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus xylorrhizus Boiss. & Hero. : She is endemic to Crete.
- Dianthus zederbaueri Vierh. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Dianthus zonatus Fenzl : It occurs in Turkey, Syria and on the Greek islands.
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use
Some species and especially hybrids are used as ornamental plants , especially the garden or land carnation (called "carnation" for short), the beard , feather , Carthusian and heather carnation and the Chinese carnation (for scientific names see systematics ). There are over 27,000 registered carnation varieties.
The medicinal effects of some species have been studied.
Others
The clove does not belong despite their naming botanical genus carnations ( Dianthus ).
Cultural meaning
White carnations were a sign of marriage and love from the 15th century.
The red carnation is a symbol of socialism worldwide . Red carnations were a symbol of resistance by the nobles who were guillotined during the French Revolution . This symbol was picked up by the supporters of the labor movement at the international socialist congress in Paris in 1889 , when they made the red carnation in the buttonhole their symbol of recognition. In Germany, especially in the GDR , the red carnation was a socialist identification symbol that was worn on the lapel, for example on festive occasions.
The Carnation Revolution in Portugal led to the first free elections in 1974 and owes its name to the red carnations that insurgent soldiers put in their gun barrels.
The carnation is also a symbol of friendship and physical stimulus.
Common names
The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the carnations : Filette ( Ostfriesland ), Filitte ( Butjaden ), Flädden ( Eifel ), Nägali ( Graubünden near Davos ), Nägele ( Swabia , Franconia ), Nägeli (Graubünden), Nägelk ( Altmark ), Nägelken ( Unterweser ), Nählchen (plural: Nölergen; Ruhla ), Nälken (Unterweser), Nageln ( Tyrol ), Nalen ( Middle Low German ) and Negelke ( Pomerania )
Web links
Commons : Carnations ( Dianthus ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
swell
literature
in alphabetical order by authors / editors
- Janin Pisarek: Dianthus macranthoides Hausskn. ex Bornm. A plant that combines opposites . In: Elisabeth Müller, Kristin Victor [Ed.]: Sheet on sheet. Unique stories from the Haussknecht Herbarium, Weimar 2016, pp. 77–86.
- Janin Pisarek: "There she wore the carnations on her bosom" The symbolism of the carnation and its meaning in folk tales . In: fairytale mirror. Journal for international fairy tale research and fairy tale care, Volume 28, Issue 4/2017, pp. 24–33.
- Lu Dequan, Nicholas J. Turland: Dianthus. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 102 (English, online - sections description and systematics).
- Richard K. Rabeler, Ronald L. Hartman: Dianthus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 5: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 , pp. 159–162 (English, online - sections description and systematics).
Individual evidence
- ↑ James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey: The European Garden Flora. Vol. II, Second Edition, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76151-2 , pp. 191-197.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Lu Dequan, Nicholas J. Turland: Dianthus. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 102 (English, online ).
- ↑ a b c d Richard K. Rabeler, Ronald L. Hartman: Dianthus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 5: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 , pp. 159-162 (English, online ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en Dianthus in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk Karol Marhold: Caryophyllaceae. Dianthus. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. 2011.
- ↑ Entries on Dianthus in Plants For A Future . Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ Susanne Stephan: Carnations. A portrait . Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-95757-551-7 .
- ↑ Antje Peters-Reimann: The flower of Zeus . In: Gartenpraxis 09/2018, p. 90.
- ↑ General German garden newspaper. Volume 5, Friedrich Pustet, Passau 1827, p. 117.
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 133. ( online ).