Carnation
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Carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ) in the Taurus Mountains |
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The country Elke or precious carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus in cultured form, usually), carnation or short carnation called, is a plant of the genus of carnations ( Dianthus ). It comes from the Mediterranean region and has been cultivated as an ornamental plant since ancient times.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The carnation is a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 40 to 80 centimeters. The cross-opposite leaves are linear-lanceolate , entire and blue-green.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period extends from July to September. The stem bears several flowers and can be dichasial or panicle-like (with a central branch that continues to grow). The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry . The four to six egg-shaped , prickly-pointed scaly leaves surrounding the calyx (see carnations ) are only ¼ as long as the calyx tube. The five in the trunk and pink to red petals are obovate to triangular and can be serrated or notched in front .
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30.
homeland
The carnation comes from the Mediterranean area . In Europe it occurs wildly in Greece and Italy , in Sicily and Sardinia ; it is uncertain whether it is only introduced in some of these areas (as in Spain and France ).
Taxonomy
The first publication of Dianthus caryophyllus was by Carl von Linné . The generic name Dianthus means "Zeus flower" (cf. carnations ). The epithet Dianthus caryophyllus comes from the Greek word καρυόφυλλον Karyophyllon what actually " clove " means (for more details in the article Pink Family ).
use
Carnations have been with people since ancient times. Medical use for upset stomach and fever . The scent of cloves was used for vinegar , beer , wine , sauces and salads , flowers are often candied .
Today, carnations are mainly used as ornamental plants . The world's largest producer of carnations as cut flowers is Colombia . In Aalsmeer , the Netherlands , for example, the largest auction center for cut flowers in Europe, 57 million cut carnations were sold in 2005, 38 million of which were imported. This makes the cut carnation one of the ten best-selling cut flowers in the international cut flower trade.
In Asia, especially in southern China, dried whole carnation flowers are the basis of a tasty tea . In addition to its medicinal effects, it has an optical effect as the flower appears to bloom again in warm water.
symbolism
The carnation has numerous meanings in a cultural context:
- In the Middle Ages , the carnation was a symbol of the Virgin Mary and the sufferings of Christ .
- Three countries have the carnation as their national flower : Spain , Monaco and Slovenia . The carnation is also the regional flower of the Balearic Islands .
- The red carnation (Mainelke) is today a symbol of the labor movement . Many socialist parties around the world use them in their logo . It received its political image as a worker flower at the International Socialist Congress in Paris in 1889 . There it was decided to celebrate May 1st as a day of struggle in all countries.
- At Oxford University , students traditionally wear carnations to their exams: white for the first exam, pink afterwards, and red for the final exam.
- On April 25, 1974 were Portuguese soldiers put in their uprising against the dictatorship of red carnations into the rifle barrels, see Carnation Revolution .
Mountain carnation
The mountain carnation belongs to the Dianthus caryophyllus because of its characteristics . In addition to the land carnation (grenadine carnation), the descendants of this wild carnation are the strongly fragrant Margareten, Chabaud, Remontant, sweet and chorn carnations (pot chorn carnations). The mountain clove comes from the 18th / 19th century. Chornelke became very popular in the 19th century. Their thin, drooping shoots are the result of selection. Depending on its origin, the mountain carnation is also called Engadine or Tyrolean carnation. It is practically the only type of carnation that is suitable for the balcony and for hanging baskets (hanging flower pots). Their flaming colors (red, pink, yellow) only develop under strong UV influence. That is why it thrives best in sunny mountain valleys (southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland). The Engadine carnation used to adorn almost every Engadine house . Today these ornamental plants have practically disappeared. In order not to let the splashes of color on the house facades be completely forgotten, ProSpecieRara Switzerland collects old clove varieties.
Common name
The name of the carnation comes from the Middle High German word negellîn , which is still recognizable in the Viennese dialect . Here the carnation is called Nagerl, such as B. in Johann Nestroys Zauberposse Nagerl und Handschuh (1832).
Other common German-language names are or were: Felsennägeli ( Bern ), Friesenäuglin (already mentioned in 1542), Friesli ( Lucerne , Bern), Friessnägale, grass flowers ( Hesse ), grass nails, nail flowers ( Transylvania ), nail flowers, Nägeli ( St. Gallen on the Upper Rhine ) , Nagelin, Nägelinblume and Sammetnägeli ( Appenzell ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Hans Wolfgang Behm: The flora around us. The colored book of flowers and blossoms in gardens and homes. Berlin 1966.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 370.
- ↑ Flora Europaea online.
- ↑ http://www.aalsmeer.com/AalsmeerUpload/VBA_Kengetallen2005eng.pdf Key figures 2005
- ↑ On the cultural significance: Susanne Stephan: Nelken. A portrait . Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2018. ISBN 978-3-95757-551-7 ; Antje Peters-Reimann: The flower of Zeus . In: Gartenpraxis 09/2018, p. 90.
- ↑ Antje Peters-Reimann: The flower of Zeus . In: Gartenpraxis 09/2018, p. 90.
- ↑ Peter Wehle : Do you speak Viennese? From Adaxl to Zwutschkerl. Verlag Carl Ueberreuther, Vienna / Heidelberg 1980, ISBN 3-8000-3165-5 ; P. 208.
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 134. ( online ).
Web links
- Dianthus caryophyllus L., garden carnation. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Carnation . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Dianthus caryophyllus at Plants For A Future
- Dianthus caryophyllus L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 8, 2015.
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )