Caryophylloideae

Caryophylloideae
Silene latifolia , white carnation
Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales) Family : Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae) Subfamily : Caryophylloideae
Scientific name
Caryophylloideae
Arn.

The Caryophylloideae (often called Silenoideae called) are a sub-family within the family of the Pink family (Caryophyllaceae).

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description

Vegetative characteristics

The leaves are arranged opposite one another. There are no stipules .

Generative characteristics

Typical morphological characteristics of the subfamily Caryophylloideae are mostly hermaphrodite, radial symmetry and fivefold flowers , the five fused sepals , five free, nailed petals with formation of a corona , with more or less pronounced Vein of the bloom and the adaxial oriented Ligule (Ligula ).

Systematics

The subfamily Caryophylloideae includes the three tribes Caryophylleae, Drypideae and Sileneae. Important genera are, for example, Dianthus (320 to 600 species), Gypsophila (around 150 species), Saponaria or Silene (600 to 700 species). The subfamily Caryophylloideae of the Caryophylloideae thus represents a significant number of species of the Caryophyllaceae family .

• The subfamily Caryophylloideae contains three tribes:
  • Tribe Caryophylleae Lam. & DC. : It contains about 16 genera:
    • Acanthophyllum C.A. Mey. (Syn .: Kuhitangia Ovcz. ): The 50 or so species are common in Central and Western Asia.
    • Allochrusa Bunge ex Boiss. : The seven or so species are common in western and southern Asia.
    • Ankyropetalum Fenzl : The four or so species are distributed from the eastern Mediterranean to western Iran and Armenia.
    • Bolanthus (Ser.) Rchb. (Syn .: Heterochroa Bunge ): The 8 to 18 species are distributed in the eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor from Greece to Palestine .
    • Carnations ( Dianthus L. , Syn .: Caryophyllus Mill. , Tunica Ludw. ): The 320 to 600 species are widespread in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, mainly in Eurasia and Africa, especially in the Mediterranean area. There are only a few species in the New World. For example, some species are neophytes in the New World and Hawaii.
    • Diaphanoptera Rech. F. : The six or so species are distributed from northern Iran to Afghanistan.
    • Gypsum herbs ( Gypsophila L. , Syn .: Banffya Baumg. , Bolbosaponaria Bondarenko , Heterochroa Bunge , Psammophila Fourr. Ex Ikonn. , Psammophiliella Ikonn. , Pseudosaponaria (FNWilliams) Ikonn. ): The approximately 150 species are mainly found in temperate Eurasia, few There are species in Egypt, Australia and on Pacific islands. There are four types of neophytes in South and North America.
    • Ochotonophila Gilli : It contains only one species:
      • Ochotonophila allochrusoides Gilli : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
    • Rock carnations ( Petrorhagia (Ser.) Link , Syn .: Dianthella Clauson ex Pomel , Kohlrauschia Kunth , Tunica Mert. & WDJKoch ): The 18 to 33 species are distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. For example, in South America, South Africa, Hawaii and Australia they are neophytes.
    • Phrynella Pax & K. Hoffm. (Syn .: Phryna (Boiss.) Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It contains only one species:
      • Phrynella ortegioides (Fish. & CAMey.) Pax & K. Hoffm. (Syn .: Tunica ortegioides Fisch. & CAMey. , Gypsophila ortegioides (Fisch. & CAMey.) Boiss. , Phryna ortegioides (Fisch. & CAMey.) Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It occurs only in the Asian part of Turkey .
    • Pleioneura Rech. F. : It contains only one type:
      • Pleioneura griffithiana (Boiss.) Rech. F. : It is distributed from Central Asia to the western Himalayas.
    • Soap herbs ( Saponaria L. , Syn .: Spanish Griseb. , Cyathophylla Bocquet & Strid ): The 30 to 40 species are distributed in temperate Eurasia, mainly in the Mediterranean area. Saponaria officinalis is a neophyte in many areas of the world.
    • Scleranthopsis Rech. F. : It contains only one type:
      • Scleranthopsis aphanantha (Rech. F.) Rech. F. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
    • Vaccaria Wolf : It contains only one species (or four species):
      • Cow carnation ( Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert ): It is common in temperate Eurasia. It is a neophyte in North and South America, South Africa and Australia.
    • Velezia L .: The six or so species are distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia, one species is a neophyte in North America, for example:
      • Velezia rigida L.
  • Tribe Drypideae: It contains only one genus:
    • Drypis L .: It contains only one species in Italy and on the Balkan Peninsula :
      • Crown herb ( Drypis spinosa L. ): There are two subspecies, which are sometimes considered to be separate species:
        • Drypis spinosa subsp. jacquiniana Murb. (Syn .: Drypis jacquiniana (Wettst. & Murb.) Freyn ): It occurs only in Italy.
        • Drypis spinosa subsp. spinosa : It occurs in Italy, in the former Yugoslavia, Croatia, Albania and Greece.
  • Tribus Sileneae DC :
    • Cornwheels ( Agrostemma L. , Syn .: Githago Adans. ): The only two species are common in Eurasia and neophytes in many areas of the world:
      • Corn wheel ( Agrostemma githago L. )
      • Agrostemma gracile Boiss.
    • Atocion Adans. (Syn .: Minjaevia Tzvelev ): The six or so species are common in Europe, for example:
      • Carnation catchwort ( Atocion armeria (L.) Raf. )
      • Rock catchfly ( Atocion rupestre (L.) Oxelmann , Syn .: Silene rupestris L. )
    • Eudianthe (Rchb.) Rchb. (sometimes in Silene L. ): The two species are common in the western Mediterranean:
      • Heavenly rose ( Eudianthe coeli-rosa (L.) Rchb. , Syn .: Silene coeli-rosa (L.) Godr. ): It occurs in Portugal, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Sicily, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
      • Eudianthe laeta (Aiton) Willk. (Syn .: Silene laeta (Aiton) Godr. ): It occurs in Portugal, Spain, France, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
    • Heliosperma (Rchb.) Rchb. (Sometimes in Silene L .; Syn .: Ixoca Raf. , Silene sect. Heliosperma Rchb. ): Most of the 9 to 15 species are endemic to the Balkan Peninsula, only Heliosperma alpestre is endemic to the Eastern Alps and Heliosperma pusillum thrives in the European mountains from northern Spain to the Carpathian Mountains .
    • Pechnelken ( Lychnis L. , Syn .: Lychnis subgen. Lychnis Rchb. , Silene subgen. Lychnis (L.) Greuter , Silene sect. Coccyganthe (Rchb.) Greuter , Coronaria subgen. Coccyganthe (Rchb.) Devyatov & VNTikhom. , Coccyganthe Rchb. , Exemix Raf. , Hedona Lour. ): The 14 to 25 species are common in temperate Eurasia and Africa. They are sometimes incorporated into Silene .
    • Petrocoptis A. Braun ex Endl. (Syn .: Silenopsis Willk. ): Of the approximately seven species, four occur in the Pyrenees .
    • Leimkräuter ( Silene L. , Syn .: Anotites Greene , Behen Moench , Behenantha (Otth) Schur , Carpophora Klotzsch , Charesia E.A.Busch , Conosilene (Rohrb.) Fourr. , Coronaria Guett. , Corone Hoffmanns. Ex Steud. , Cucubalus L. , Ebraxis Raf. , Elisanthe (Fenzl ex Endl.) Rchb. , Evactoma Raf. , Gastrocalyx Schischk. , Gastrolychnis (Fenzl) Rchb. , Kaleria Adans. , Leptosilene Fourr. , Lychnanthos S.G.Gmel. , Melandrium Röhl. , Melandryum Rchb. , muscipula Fourr. , Nanosilene (Otth) Rchb. , Neoussuria Tzvelev , Oberna Adans. , Oncerum Dulac , Petrocoma Rupr. , Pleconax Raf. , Polyschemone Schott, Nyman & Kotschy , Schischkiniella Steenis , Scribaea Borkh. , Silenanthe Griseb. & Schenk , Sofianthe Tzvelev , Ussuria Tzvelev , Xamilenis Raf .; Sometimes Lychnis and Viscaria are included): The 600 to 700 species are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere (70 species in North America). It contains invasive plants and ornamental plants .
    • Uebelinia Hochst. (sometimes in Silene or Lychnis ): The threeor sospecies occur in the mountains of tropical Africa.
    • Viscaria Bernh. (Syn .: Lychnis sect. Viscaria DC. , Steris Adans. , Silene sect. Viscaria (DC.) Greuter , Silene subgen. Viscaria (DC.) Greuter ): The approximately three species are common in Europe. Sometimes they wereincorporatedinto Silene .

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Individual evidence

1. ↑ Caryophylloideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Dequan Lu, Zhengyi Wu, Lihua Zhou, Shilong Chen, Michael G. Gilbert, Magnus Lidén, John McNeill, John K. Morton, Bengt Oxelman, Richard K. Rabeler, Mats Thulin, Nicholas J. Turland , Warren L. Wagner: Caryophyllaceae , p. 1 ff. - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 6 - Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001 ISBN 1-930723-05-9 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c} Shahina Ghazanfar: Caryophyllaceae , In: Flora of Pakistan , Volume 175, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 1986: online at Tropicos.org of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 limited preview in Google book search
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Karol Marhold, 2011: Caryophyllaceae. : In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Richard K. Rabeler, Ronald L. Hartman: Caryophyllaceae - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 .
7. ↑ ^{a b} A. Doust: Entry in New South Wales Flora Online - PlantNET - The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia .
8. ↑ Bengt Oxelman, M. Lidén, Richard K. Rabeler, Magnus Popp .: A revised generic classification of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 20, 2001, pp. 513-518. PDF .
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Bengt Oxelman, A. Rautenberg, M. Thollesson, A. Larsson, Božo Frajman, Frida Eggens, A. Petri, Z. Aydin, Mats Töpel, A. Brandtberg-Falkman , 2013: Sileneae Biodiversity Informatics Project - Sileneae taxonomy and systematics . ( Memento of the original from March 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
10. ↑ ^{a b} Božo Frajman, Mikael Thollesson, Bengt Oxelman: Taxonomic revision of Atocion and Viscaria (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 173, Issue 2, 2013, p. 203. DOI: 10.1111 / boj.12090 online.
11. ↑ Božo Frajman, Richard K. Rabeler: Proposal to conserve the name Heliosperma against Ixoca (Caryophyllaceae, Sileneae). In: Taxon , Volume 55, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 801-808.
12. ↑ Božo Frajman, Frida Eggens, Bengt Oxelman: Hybrid origins and homoploid reticulate evolution within Heliosperma (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) - a multigene phylogenetic approach with relative dating. In: Systematic Biology , Volume 58, Issue 3, 2009, pp. 328-345: doi : 10.1093 / sysbio / syp030
13. ↑ Božo Frajman: Taxonomy and reticulate phylogeny of Heliosperma and related genera (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) PhD thesis at the University of Uppsala, 2007. ISBN 978-91-554-6946-7 .
14. ↑ Božo Frajman, Bengt Oxelman: Reticulate phylogenetics and phytogeographical structure of Heliosperma (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 43, Issue 1, 2007, pp. 140-155: doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.11.003
15. ↑ ^{a b} Magnus Popp: New Combinations in Lychnis (Caryophyllaceae) from Africa. In: Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature , Volume 18, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 99-100: doi : 10.3417 / 2006120

literature

• Matthias Baltisberger, Reto Nyffeler, Alex W. Widmer: Systematic Botany. Native fern and seed plants. vdf Hochschulverlag, Zurich 2013, ISBN 9783728135254

Web links

• The family of the Caryophyllaceae including the subfamily of the Caryophylloideae on the AP website .