Glue herbs

Glue herbs
Pigeon catchfly ( Silene vulgaris )
Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales) Family : Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae) Subfamily : Caryophylloideae Tribe : Sileneae Genre : Glue herbs
Scientific name
Silene
L.

The Silene ( Silene ) form a diverse plant species (major species) within the family of Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllaceae). Some species of the genus are known as light carnations or pigeon goiters . The 600 to 700 species are mainly found in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere .

description

Illustration of A red light carnation ( Silene dioica ) and B white light carnation ( Silene latifolia )

Appearance and leaves

Silene species grow as annual or perennial herbaceous plants ; they are rarely subshrubs . The stems are independently upright, ascending or creeping.

Of the opposite leaves , the lower ones are mostly stalked and the upper ones are mostly sessile. The simple leaf blades are awl-shaped, linear, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptical.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are solitary or are grouped together in inflorescences that have the shape of monochasia , dichasia or thyrsen .

Clockwise from top left: male flowers of Silene latifolia and Silene dioica , hermaphroditic flowers of Silene vulgaris , male flowers of Silene diclinis

The radial symmetry flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are tubular, funnel-, egg- to bell-shaped fused. The calyx is usually ten-nerved. The five calyx teeth have a ciliate, membranous edge. The petals have a wide range of colors. The five petals are each undivided or divided into two or four lobes. The petals are mostly divided into nails and plates, the elongated part of the petals called "nail" extends into the calyx and the plate is that part of the petal that forms the visible part of the crown when bent. There are crown scales that form a side crown.

There are two circles with five stamens each. Three or five carpels have become an ovary grown. The ovary contains many ovules . There are three or five free pens available. The androgynophore is more or less noticeable. The flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual. Often there are male, sterile flowers with significantly shorter androgynophores and crowns on plants with otherwise hermaphrodite flowers. Partly there is secondary dioeciousness ( diocyte ) with male and female flowers on separate plants.

Fruits and seeds

Open capsule fruit with seeds of the red light carnation ( Silene dioica )

The capsule fruit opens with six, ten or rarely five teeth. Berries are rarely produced (for example in pigeon goitre ( Silene baccifera ); these species used to be in their own genus, Cucubalus ). The tiny, kidney-shaped seeds have a more or less warty surface and sometimes a winged edge.

ecology

Depending on the type of Silene , they are therophytes , hemicryptophytes or chamaephytes .

The genus Silene is known for different types of metallophytes (metal pointer plants). They can absorb large amounts of heavy metals ( zinc , cobalt , also cadmium , mercury ).

Male of the butterfly butterfly ( Gonepteryx rhamni ) as a pollinator on a cuckoo's light carnation ( Silene flos-cuculi )

The pollination is often done by butterflies . Often those species with striking flower colors are pollinated by butterflies during the day , including all species of the former genera Lychnis and Viscaria . In contrast, many species that were previously in the narrow genus Silene have white flowers and are pollinated by moths during the night .

Ovary and free branches of the style (stylodia) of the cuckoo's light carnation ( Silene flos-cuculi )

The night flowering seems to have arisen several times from originally day flowering species. Other insects also play a role in pollination. Self-pollination ( autogamy or geitonogamy ) occurs especially with therophytes . Self-compatibility occurs in many species. Some species have a strong scent.

Surname

The generic name Silene refers to Silenus , the companion of Bacchus in Greek mythology. This was often shown puffy and obese, which is associated with the inflated calyx of the pigeon goiter ( Silene vulgaris ).

Systematics and distribution

The genus Silene was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The diagnosis in Genera Plantarum also belongs to the Protolog . The botanical genus name Silene is the feminine form of Silenus , a figure in Greek mythology . Silene L. nom. cons. was preserved according to the rules of the ICBN (Vienna Code Art. 14.4 & App. III) compared to Lychnis L. nom. rej. Other synonyms for Silene L. are: Anotites Greene , Behen Moench , Behenantha (Otth) Schur , Carpophora Klotzsch , Charesia E.A.Busch , Conosilene Fourr (Rohrb.). , Coronaria Guett. , Corone Hoffmanns. ex Steud. , Cucubalus L. , Ebraxis Raf. , Elisanthe (Fenzl ex Endl.) Rchb. , Evactoma Raf. , Gastrocalyx Shishk . , Gastrolychnis (Fenzl) Rchb. , Kaleria Adans. , Leptosilene Fourr. , Lychnanthos S.G. Gmel . , Melandrium Röhl. , Melandryum Rchb. , Muscipula Fourr. , Nanosilene (Otth) Rchb. , Neoussuria Tzvelev , Oberna Adans. , Oncerum Dulac , Petrocoma Rupr. , Pleconax Raf. , Polyschemone Schott, Nyman & Kotschy , Schischkiniella Steenis , Scribaea Borkh. , Silenanthie Griseb. & Schenk , Sofianthe Tzvelev , Ussuria Tzvelev , Xamilenis Raf.

Since 2007 some species have been included in the genus Heliosperma (Rchb.) Rchb. outsourced.

The genus Silene belongs to the tribe Sileneae in the subfamily Caryophylloideae within the family Caryophyllaceae .

The scope of the genera Silene , Lychnis , Viscaria , Melandrium and Cucubalus has long been the subject of controversy. While the latter two genera are probably contained in Silene today, there are still almost equivalent opinions to keep Lychnis as an independent genus or to place their species in a very species-rich genus Silene . Molecular genetic data allow two ways to obtain monophyletic genera here . There is the option of either dividing the genus Silene into several smaller genera, then you can also keep the genus Lychnis , or you can form a large genus Silene , which includes all species (from Cucubalus , Melandrium , Lychnis , Silene , Viscaria ) .

There are about 600 (or with the Lychnis species 700) Silene species. They are mainly found in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere . But there are also species in Africa and South America . There are 110 species in China (excluding Lychnis species), 67 of which are only found there. There are species at all altitudes, at least three species occur at altitudes of around 5000 meters, but the record height of 5200 meters in Tibet is Silene zhongbaensis .

Habit and flowers of the stemless catchfly ( Silene acaulis )

Inflorescence of Silene aegyptiaca

Inflorescence of Silene antirrhina

Habit and flowers of Silene argaea

Inflorescence of the clove-leafwort ( Silene armeria )

Pigeon goiter ( Silene baccifera )

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Silene banksia

Habit and flowers of Silene cambessedesii

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Silene campanulata

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Silene caroliniana

Blossom of Silene caucasica in detail

Burning love ( Silene chalcedonica )

Illustration of the celestial rose ( Silene coeli-rosa )

Flowers of the colored catchfly ( Silene colorata )

Silene compacta

Cone-fruited catchfly ( Silene conica )

Red carnation ( Silene dioica )

Flower of Silene douglasii

Silene Elizabethae

Cuckoo's light carnation inflorescence ( Silene flos-cuculi )

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of the Jupiter carnation ( Silene flos-jovis )

Illustration by Silene fortunei

Inflorescence of Silene gallica var. Quinquevulnera

Inflorescence and flowers of Silene gracillima

Habit and flowers of Silene grayi

Inflorescence of Silene hicesiae

Silene hifacensis

Blossom of Silene hookeri

Habitus and inflorescences of the Italian catchwort ( Silene italica )

Blossom of Silene laciniata

White carnation inflorescences ( Silene latifolia )

Flowers of Silene legionensis

Stalked flower of Silene lemmonii ; the free style and the glandular hairs are clearly visible

Silene littorea

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of Silene miqueliana

Inflorescence of Silene multifida

Habitat and habitus of Silene nicaeensis

Nodding catchfly ( Silene nutans )

Flower and leaves of Silene obtusifolia

Silene oregana

Ear spoon catchfly ( Silene otites )

Flower of Silene parishii

Illustration of the hanging catchfly ( Silene pendula )

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Silene petersonii

Flowers with fringed petals of Silene polypetala

Section of an inflorescence of Silene psammitis

Inflorescence of Silene regia

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of rock catchfly ( Silene rupestris )

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Silene sachalinensis

Silene sangaria

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Silene saxifraga

Habit, leaves and flowers of Silene sericea

Silene stellata

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Silene stockenii

Silene struthioloides

Habit, leaves and flowers of Silene succulenta

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of the Alpine light carnation ( Silene suecica )

The hermaphrodite flower of Silene tomentosa

Inflorescence of Silene undulata

Single-flowered catchfly ( Silene uniflora )

Crownless carnation ( Silene uralensis )

Flower of Silene vallesia

Silene virginica

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of the sticky light carnation ( Silene viscosa )

Inflorescences of the common Pechnelke ( Silene viscaria )

Flowers of Silene zawadzkii

Here is a selection of types:

• Silene abietum Font Quer & Maire : It occurs only in Morocco .
• Stalkless catchfly ( Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. ): It is widespread in the northern hemisphere in Eurasia and North America .
• Silene adelphiae Runemark : It occurs only in Greece on three islands of the Cyclades .
• Silene adenocalyx F.N.Williams : It thrives on shrub-lined alpine mats and rock debris at altitudes between 3200 and 4300 meters only in the central and southeastern parts of the autonomous region of Tibet .
• Silene aegaea Oxelman : It occurs in the Aegean Sea on the islands of Tinos and Ikaria .
• Egyptian catchwort ( Silene aegyptiaca (L.) L. f .; Syn .: Cucubalus aegyptiacus L. ): It occurs in Egypt and the Middle East .
• Silene aellenii Sennen : It occurs only in southwest and central Spain .
• Silene aethiopica Burm. : It contains at least two subspecies:
  • Silene aethiopica Burm. subsp. aethiopica (Syn .: Silene burchellii var. cernua (Thunb.) FNWilliams , Silene cernua Thunb. , Silene clandestina Jacq. , Silene clandestina var. major Sond. , Silene clandestina var. minor Sond. , Silene Constantia Eckl. & Zeyh. , Silene crassifolia var. Angustifolia Bartl. , Silene dewinteri Bocquet , Silene linifolia Willd. , Silene recta Bartl. ): It occurs in the South African provinces of North Cape and Western Cape .
  • Silene aethiopica subsp. longiflora J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : This endemic was newly described in 2012 and occurs in the fynbos only between Cederberg and Swartruggens in the eastern Koue Bokkeveld in the Western Cape.
• Silene akmaniana Ekim & Çelik : It occurs in Turkey .
• Silene alaschanica (Maxim.) Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis alaschanica Maxim. , Melandrium alaschanicum (Maxim.) YZZhao ): It thrives in bushes and on alpine mats at altitudes between 2000 and 2700 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Nei Mongol and Ningxia .
• Silene alexandrae B.Keller (Syn .: Silene altaica var. Grandiflora C.A.Mey. , Silene altaica var. Hystrix Trautv. ): It occurs in northern Xinjiang and Kazakhstan .
• Silene Alexandri Hillebr. : This endemic occurs only on the eastern part of the Hawaiian island of Molokaʻi .
• Silene alexandrina (Ash.) Danin : It occurs in the floristic territories of Egypt, Israel , Cyprus and Crete .
• Silene Alexeji Kolak. : It is common in the Caucasus .
• Silene almolae J.Gay : It occurs in Spain and the Balearic Islands .
• Silene altaica Pers. (Syn .: Cucubalus fruticulosus Pall. , Physolychnis altaica (Pers.) Rupr. , Silene altaica var. Typica Trautv. , Silene fruticulosa (Pall.) Schischk. Ex Krylov non Siebold ex Otth non M.Bieb. ): She comes in northern Xinjiang, Kazakhstan and Russia .
• Silene ammophila Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in two subspecies in Eastern Crete as well as on Kasos and Karpathos .
• Silene ampullata Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene anatolica Melzh. & A.Baytop : It only occurs in Turkey.
• Silene andicola Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. : It occurs in Bolivia , Peru , Argentina and Chile .
• Silene andryalifolia Pomel : It occurs in southern Spain and North Africa .
• Silene antirrhina L .: It is distributed from Canada via the USA to the Mexican state of Sonora and is a neophyte in South America.
• Silene antri-jovis Greuter & Burdet (Syn .: Silene fruticulosa Otth in DC. Non M.Bieb. ): It is endemic to the mountains of central and eastern Crete.
• Silene apetala Willd. : It occurs in southern Europe , North Africa and the Middle East.
• Silene aprica Turcz. ex fish. & CAMey. (Syn .: Elisanthe Aprica Peshkova , Melandrium apricum (Turcz.) Rohrb. , Silene Aprica subsp. Oldhamiana (Miq.) CYWu , Silene melandriiformis Maxim. , Silene morii Hayata , Silene mushaensis Hayata , Silene oldhamiana Miq. , Silene taquetii H. Lév. ): It occurs in Siberia , Russia's Far East ( Amur , Primorye ), in China, in Korea and on the Japanese islands of Honshu (only in the western part) and Kyushu .
• Silene arabica Boiss. : It is common in Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula , Israel and Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Iran.
• Silene araratica Shishk. : It occurs in Turkey and Armenia .
• Silene arenarioides Desf. : It occurs only in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia .
• Silene arenosa C. Koch : It occurs in Armenia.
• Silene argaea fish. & CAMey. : It only occurs in Turkey.
• Silene argentea Ledeb. : It only occurs in Turkey.
• Silene argillosa Munby : It only occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
• Silene arguta Fenzl : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene aristidis Pomel : It only occurs in Algeria.
• Silene armena Boiss. : It only occurs in Turkey.
• Carnation catchweed ( Silene armeria L. , Syn .: Atocion armeria (L.) Raf. )
• Silene articulata Viv. : It only occurs in Libya .
• Silene asclepiadea Franch. (Syn .: Lychnis adenantha Franch. Ex Diels , Melandrium adenanthum (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. , Melandrium kermesinum (WWSm.) Hand.-Mazz. , Melandrium viscidulum var. Szechuanense (FNWilliams) Hand.-Mazz. , Silene adenantha Franch. , Silene asclepiadea var. glutinosa Franch. , Silene kermesina W.W.Sm. , Silene lutea Franch. , Silene szechuanensis F.N.Williams ): It thrives in shrubby grasslands and on the edges of forests at altitudes between 1,300 and 3,900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou , Sichuan and Yunnan .
• Silene astartes Boiss. : It occurs in Lebanon and Syria .
• Silene asterias Griseb. : It is common on the Balkan Peninsula .
• Silene astrachanica (Pacz.) Takht. : It occurs only in southern Russia in the Volga Delta.
• Silene atlantica Coss. & Durieu : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.
• Silene atrocastanea Diels (Syn .: Melandrium atrocastaneum (Diels) Hand.-Mazz. , Silene cupiformis C.L.Tang ): This endemic thrives on stony alpine mats at altitudes of rarely 3000 to, mostly 3200 to 4000 meters only in Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian im northwest Yunnan.
• Silene atropurpurea (Griseb.) Greuter & Burdet : It iswidespreadin Southeastern Europe and Turkey.
• Silene atsaensis (Marquand) Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis atsaensis C.Marquand , Melandrium atsaense (C.Marquand) Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It thrives on alpine mats and rock debris at altitudes between 4200 and 4500 meters in central and eastern Xizang .
• Silene auriculata Sm . : It occurs in Italy and Greece.
• Silene auriculifolia Pomel : It occurs only in Algeria.
• Silene ayachica Humbert : It only occurs in Morocco.
• Silene azirensis Coode & Cullen : It is only found in Turkey.
• Pigeon goiter , also chicken bite or berry catchfly ( Silene baccifera (L.) Roth , Syn .: Cucubalus baccifer L. ): It is widespread in Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kashmir , Nepal , Bhutan , Sikkim , China, Korea and Japan.
• Silene balansae Boiss. : It only occurs in Turkey.
• Silene banksia (Meerb.) Mabb. (Syn .: Agrostemma banksia Meerb. , Lychnis coronata Thunb. , Lychnis fulgens Fisch. Ex Spreng. , Lychnis × haageana Lemoine , Lychnis senno Siebold & Zucc. , Lychnis Sieboldii Van Houtte , Silene fulgens (Fisch. Ex Spreng.) EHLKrause , Silene senno (Siebold & Zucc.) S.Akiyama ): She is in Eastern Siberia, Russia's Far East (Amur, Primorye), China (Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan), Korea and the Japanese Islands of Honshu and Hokkaidō are common. It is used as a medicinal plant.
• Silene barbara Humbert & Maire : It only occurs in Morocco.
• Silene barbarea Humb. & Maire : It occurs in Morocco.
• Silene barbeyana Boiss. : It only occurs in Greece.
• Silene barrattei Murb. : It only occurs in Tunisia.
• Silene Bashkirorum Janisch. : It is common in Russia.
• Silene batangensis H. Limpr. (Syn .: Melandrium batangense (H.Limpr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It thrives at the edges of forests and areas near the coast at altitudes between 2500 and 3500 meters in the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan and eastern Xizang.
• Silene behen L .: It iswidespreadin southern Europe, North Africa, Madeira and the Middle East.
• Silene bellidifolia Jacq. : It is common in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
• Silene berthelotiana Webb : It only occurs in Tenerife .
• Silene biappendiculata Rohrb. : It is common in Libya, Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula.
• Silene bilingua W.W.Smith (Syn .: Melandrium bilinguum (WWSmith) Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It thrives in forests and alpine meadows at altitudes of (2200 to) mostly 3100 to 4100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Xizang and northwestern Yunnan .
• Silene birandiana Ekim : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene bolanthoides Quézel : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene border Jord. : It occurs only in the Pyrenees of France and Spain.
• Silene Bornmülleri Freyn : It occurs in Armenia.
• Silene Boryi Boiss. : It occurs in Spain, Portugal, Morocco and Algeria.
• Silene borysthenica (Gruner) Walters (Syn .: Cucubalus parviflorus Ehrh. , Otites borysthenica (Gruner) Klokov , otites borysthenica subsp. Parviflora Holub , otites parviflora Grossh. , Otites parviflorus (Hornem.) Fourr. , Silene borysthenica subsp. Parviflora Holub , Silene ehrhartiana Soó , Silene otites var. Borysthenica Gruner , Silene parviflora Pers. , Viscago parviflora Hornem. ): It is widespread in Central Asia and Europe.
• Silene boullui (Rouy & Foucaud) Kerguélen : It only occurs in Corsica .
• Silene bourgeaui H.Christ : It only occurs on the Canary island of Gomera .
• Silene brahuica Boiss. : It iswidespreadin Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan and the former USSR .
• Silene brevicalyx Hartvig & Strid : It only occurs in Turkey.
• Silene brevicaulis Boiss. : It only occurs in Turkey.
• Silene brotheriana Sommier & Levier : It is common in the Caucasus.
• Silene bungeana (D.Don) H.Ohashi & H.Nakai (Syn .: Lychnis senno Siebold & Zucc. , Lychnis bungeana (D.Don) Fischer ex Lindl. , Agrostemma bungeana D.Don ): She is Japan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
• Silene bungei Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis tristis Bunge , Melandrium triste (Bunge) Fenzl ): It is widespread in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Mongolia.
• Silene bupleuroides L .: It is widespread in Southeastern Europe, in the Middle East and Central Asia and in Southeastern Central Europe (Litoměřice, Sebuzín and Jaroslavice in the Czech Republic).
• Silene burchellii Otth ex DC. : Since 2012 it contains several subspecies that are common in Africa:
  • Silene burchellii Otth ex DC. subsp. burchellii (Syn .: Silene burchellii Otth ex DC. var. burchellii , Silene thunbergiana Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Sond. ): This endemic occurs only from Darling across the Cape Peninsula to the Agulhas Plain in the Western Cape.
  • Silene burchellii subsp. modesta J.C. Manning & Goldblatt ( Silene acuta E.Mey. , Silene burchellii var. latifolia Sond. ): It was named in 2012. It is common from southern Africa to the Arabian Peninsula .
  • Silene burchellii subsp. multiflora J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It was described again in 2012. It is distributed from the east coast of South Africa to southern Mozambique and Swaziland .
  • Silene burchellii subsp. pilosellifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) JCManning & Goldblatt (Syn .: Silene burchellii var. angustifolia Sond.), Silene burchellii var. cernua Rohrb. nom illegit. superfl., Silene burchellii var. macrorrhiza R.E.Fr. , Silene burchellii var. Pilosellifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) Sond. , Silene cernua var. Denudata Fenzl. , Silene dinteri Engl. , Silene pilosellifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) : It is common from Namibia to South Africa.
• Silene caesarea Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene caesia Sm . : It is common in Albania and western Greece.
• Silene caespitella F.N.Williams (Syn .: Melandrium neocaespitosum Y.W.Tsui ex LHZhou , Melandrium xainzaense L.H.Zhou , Silene maheshwarii Bocquet ): It comes in Kashmir, Bhutan and the Chinese provinces of southeastern Qinghai , southwestern and western Sichuan and the southern and southeastern Tibet .
• Silene caliacrae Jordanov & Panov : It only occurs in Bulgaria .
• Silene cambessedesii Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs only in Spain and Ibiza .
• Bellfly ( Silene campanula Pers. ): It occurs only in the Maritime Alps of France and Italy.
• Silene canariensis Willd. : It occurs in the Canaries .
• Silene capillipes Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene capitata Kom. (Syn .: Melandrium capitatum Kom. Ex Mori ): It occurs in Jilin (Yalu Jiang) and Korea.
• Silene capitellata Boiss. : It is common in the Middle East.
• Silene caramanica Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene cardiopetala Franch. (Syn .: Melandrium cardiopetalum (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. ): It thrives in bushes and on the edges of forests at altitudes between 700 and 3200 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Sichuan, southeastern Xizang (Zayü Xian) and northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene cariensis Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene cartilaginea Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene caryophylloides (Poir.) Otth : It is widespread in Southeastern Europe and the Middle East.
• Silene cashmeriana (Royle ex Benth.) Majumdar (Syn .: Lychnis cashmeriana Royle ex Benth. ): It occurs in southern Xizang and in the Himalayan region (Kashmir) of India and Pakistan.
• Silene catholica (L.) WTAiton : It occurs only in Italy and Croatia , and used to appear in northern France.
• Silene caucasica (Bunge) Boiss. : It is common in Turkey and the Caucasus region; in the Caucasus it grows at altitudes between 2400 and 3000 meters.
• Silene cephalantha Boiss. : It occurs in Armenia.
• Silene cephallenia Heldr. : It occurs in Albania and Greece.
• Silene chaetodonta Boiss. : It is common in the Middle East.
• Burning love or scarlet light carnation ( Silene chalcedonica E.HLKrause , Syn .: Lychnis chalcedonica L. , Agrostemma chalcedonica (L.) Doell ): It is native to Gansu, Xinjiang, Russia and Mongolia. Its varieties are used as ornamental plants and it has become wild in some areas.
• Silene chersonensis (Zapalł.) Kleopow : It occurs in Europe in Romania and in Ukraine .
• Greenish catchfly ( Silene chlorantha (Willd.) Ehrh. )
• Silene chlorifolia Sm .: It is widespread in the Middle East and has isolated occurrences on Rhodes , in the Grammos Mountainsin northern Greeceand in European Turkey .
• Silene chodatii Bocquet : It thrives with two varieties on steep rock faces and crevices at altitudes between 2700 and 4300 meters only in the Chinese provinces of southwest Sichuan and northwest Yunnan.
• Silene choulettii Coss. : It occurs in Algeria.
• Silene chungtienensis W.W.Smith (Syn .: Melandrium chungtienense (WWSm.) Pax & K.Hoffm. , Silene flavovirens C.Y.Wu ): It thrives on damp rocks at altitudes between 2800 and 3600 meters only in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene ciliata Pourr. : It is common in southern Europe.
• Silene cinerea Desf. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
• Silene cintrana Rothm. (Syn .: Silene longicilia (bread.) Otth subsp. Cintrana (Rothm.) Jeanmonod ): It occurs only in western Portugal.
• Silene cirtensis Pomel : The home is Algeria.
• Silene claryi Batt. : The home is Algeria.
• Heavenly rose ( Silene coeli-rosa (L.) Godr .; Syn .: Eudianthe coeli-rosa (L.) Rchb. ): It is widespread in the western Mediterranean region.
• Silene cognata (Maxim.) H.Ohashi & H.Nakai (Syn .: Lychnis cognata Maxim. , Lychnis fulgens var. Cognata (Maxim.) Rule ): You in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi and Zhejiang and common in Korea and Russia's Far East.
• Colored catchfly ( Silene colorata Poir. ): The distribution area includes southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
• Silene colpophylla Wrigley : It occurs only in France in Provence .
• Silene commelinifolia Boiss. : It occurs in Azerbaijan .
• Silene compacta fish. (Syn .: Atocion compactum (fish.) Tzvelev , Silene hypanica Klokov ): It occurs in Southeastern Europe and the Middle East.
• Silene confertiflora Chowdhuri : It occurs in the Turkish and Syrian parts of the Amanus Mountains.
• Silene congesta Sm . : It occurs in Greece and Macedonia in two subspecies.
• Silene conglomeratica Melzh. : It occurs only in southern Greece.
• Cone-fruited catchfly ( Silene conica L. )
• Silene coniflora Nees ex DC. : It is common in Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula and the Middle East.
• Ball catchwort ( Silene conoidea L. ): The distribution area includes southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
• Heart-leaved gluewort ( Silene cordifolia All. ): It occurs only in the Maritime Alps of France and Italy.
• Silene corinthiaca Boiss. & Hero. : It is in Flora Hellenica seen as endemic to Greece in the Euro + Med PlantBase is Silene vittata Stapf (syn .: S. rigidula Sm. S. juncea to put what the distribution area to Anatolia, Syria and Lebanon expanded Sm.).
• Crown light carnation ( Silene coronaria (L.) Clairv. , Syn .: Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. )
• Silene corrugata Ball : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene coutinhoi Rothm. & P.Silva : It is common on the Iberian Peninsula.
• Silene crassifolia L .: It occurs with two subspecies only in South Africa:
  • Silene crassifolia L. subsp. crassifolia : This endemic occurs only on the coast of the Western Cape from Saldanha to Struisbaai .
  • Silene crassifolia subsp. primuliflora (Eckl. & Zeyh.) JCManning & Goldblatt (Syn .: Silene colorata var. ciliata Fenzl. , Silene primuliflora Eckl. & Zeyh. , Silene primuliflora var. ciliata Sond. , Silene vlokii Masson ): It comes only on the coasts the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal, Western and Eastern Cape .
• Silene crassipes Fenzl : It is common in Anatolia, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Jordan.
• Silene cretacea Spreng. : The home is Ukraine.
• Crete catchwort or Cretan flax carnation ( Silene cretica L. ): The distribution area includes southern Europe and the Middle East.
• Silene cryptoneura Stapf : The home is Turkey.
• Silene cryptopetala Hillebr. : This endemic occurs only on the eastern part of the Hawaiian island of Maui .
• Silene csereii Baumg. : It occurs in Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Turkey.
• Silene cuatrecasasii Pau & Font Quer : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene cyrenaica Maire & Weiller : The home is Libya.
• Silene Cyri Shishk. : It occurs in on the coasts of the Caspian Sea and in Transcaucasia .
• Silene cythnia (Halácsy) Walters : It is common in the Aegean from Greece to Asia Minor .
• Silene daghestanica Rupr. : It is common in the Caucasus region.
• Silene damascena Boiss. & Gaill. : It is common in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and possibly also in Syria.
• Silene damboldtiana Greuter & Melzh. : The homeland is southeastern Albania and northern Greece.
• Silene davidii (Franch.) Oxelman & Lidén (Syn .: Lychnis davidii Franch. , Melandrium caespitosum F.N.Williams , Silene caespitosa Bureau & Franch. , Silene kantzeensis C.L. Tang ): It thrives on alpine mats at altitudes of (3500 to) mostly 4100 up to 4700 meters in the Chinese provinces of southeastern Qinghai, western Sichuan, Xizang and northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene dawoensis Limpr. (Syn .: Silene longiuscula C.Y.Wu & CLTang ): It thrives on grasslands and on steep rocks at altitudes between 1400 and 3100 meters in the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene Delavayi Franch. (Syn .: Lychnis delavayi Franch. Ex Diels , Melandrium delavayi (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. ): It thrives on mountain meadows at altitudes below 3800 meters only in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene delicatula Boiss. : It only thrives in Turkey.
• Silene densiflora d'Urv. : It is common in Southeastern, Eastern Europe and Turkey.
• Silene depressa M.Bieb. : The homeland is Armenia.
• Silene dianthoides Pers. : The homeland is Armenia and Turkey.
• Fork catchfly ( Silene dichotoma Ehrh. )
• Silene diclinis (Lag.) M.Laínz : The home is eastern Spain (near Játiva).
• Silene dinarica Spreng. : It occurs in Romania.
• Red light carnation or day light carnation ( Silene dioica (L.) Clairv .; Syn .: Melandrium dioicum (L.) Coss. & Germ .; Melandrium rubrum (Weigel) Garcke )
• Silene dirphya Greuter & Burdet : It is endemic to the Greek island of Evia .
• Silene discolor Sm .: It occurs on thesouth-eastAegean islands from Samos to Rhodes and Karpathos , in the south of Anatolia and on Cyprus .
• Silene dissecta litard. & Maire : The home is Morocco.
• Silene disticha Willd. : It is spread from the Iberian Peninsula over the Balearic Islands to Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
• Silene diversifolia Otth : The home is Spain, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica and Morocco.
• Silene donetzica Kleopow : It is widespread in France, Italy, Central and Eastern Europe.
• Silene dumetosa C.L.Tang : It thrives in the bushes at altitudes of around 4000 meters only in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene dyris Maire : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene echinata Otth : The home is Italy.
• Silene echinosperma Boiss. & Hero. : It is endemic to the Greek Taygetos Mountains.
• Silene echinospermoides Hub.-Mor. : It is widespread in southwestern Anatolia and on the southeast Aegean islands of Rhodes, Chalki and Symi.
• Large-flowered cucumber ( Silene elisabethae Jan ; Syn .: Melandrium elisabethae (Jan) Rohrb. ): It thrives at altitudes between 1500 and 2500 meters only in the Italian southern Alps .
• Silene eremitica Boiss. : The homeland is Armenia and Turkey.
• Silene erimicana Stapf : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene ermenekensis Vural & Kit Tan : The home is Turkey.
• Silene esquamata W.W.Smith : It thrives on stony mountain meadows and bushes at altitudes of mostly 2700 to 3300 (1800 to 4000) meters only in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Silene euxina (Rupr.) Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs on the coasts of the Black Sea, the Marmara Sea and the northern Aegean Sea in Southeastern Europe and Turkey.
• Silene exaltata Friv. : It is widespread in the Balkans, Romania and Turkey.
• Silene fabaria (L.) Sm . : It is common in Greece, on Crete and the East Aegean Islands and in western and southern Anatolia.
• Silene fabarioides Hausskn. : It is spread from Bulgaria via Albania and Macedonia to Greece.
• Silene falcata Sibth. & Sm .: The home is Turkey.
• Silene fenzlii Boiss. & Balansa : The home is Turkey.
• Silene fernandezii Jeanm. : It is endemic to the Spanish Sierra Bermeja .
• Silene filipetala litard . & Maire : The home is Morocco.
• Silene company Siebold & Zucc. (Syn .: Melandrium firmum (Siebold & Zucc.) Rohrb. , Melandrium apricum var. Firmum (Siebold & Zucc.) Rohrb. , Melandrium firmum var. Pubescens (Makino) YZZhao , Silene aprica var. Firma (Siebold & Zucc.) FNWilliams , Silene epilosa WWSm. , Silene firma var. Pubescens (Makino) SYHe) : It is common in large areas of China, Japan (including Ryukyu ), Korea and Russia's Far East (Amur and Ussuri region).
• Yellow catchwort ( Silene flavescens Waldst. & Kit. ), With three subspecies. The distribution area includes the east-central Balkan peninsula with isolated occurrences in Hungary, south Dalmatia and on the Aegean islands of Lesbos and Crete.
• Cuckoo's light carnation ( Silene flos-cuculi (L.) Clairv .; Syn .: Lychnis flos-cuculi L. )
• Jupiter Carnation ( Silene flos-jovis (L.) Clairv .; Syn .: Lychnis flos-jovis (L.) Desv. )
• Silene foetida Link : It is common on the Iberian Peninsula.
• Silene foliosa Maxim. (Syn .: Silene foliosa var. Mongolica Maxim. , Silene maximowicziana Kozhevn. Non Rohrb. , Silene tatarica var. Foliosa (Maxim.) Rule ): It is in Japan, Korea and Russia and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Heilongjiang, southern Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi and northern Shaanxi common.
• Silene fortunei Vis. (Syn .: Silene argyi H.Lév. , Silene fissipetala Turcz. , Silene kiiruninsularis Masam. ): It is widespread in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Hebei, Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi as well as Sichuan and on Taiwan . It is used in Chinese medicine.
• Silene fraudatrix Meikle : The home is Cyprus.
• Silene frivaldszkyana Hampe : It is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula and in Turkey.
• Silene fruticosa L .: The home is Sicily, Malta, Greece (with Crete and East Aegean islands), Cyprus, Libya and Egypt.
• Silene fulgens (Sprengel) EHLKrause (Syn .: Lychnis fulgens Fischer ex Sprengel ): It is common in China, Japan, Korea, Siberia and Russia's Far East.
• Silene fuscata bread. : The distribution area includes southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
• Silene gaditana Talavera & Bocquet : The home is south-western Spain.
• Silene galatea Boiss. : The home is Cyprus.
• French catchfly ( Silene gallica L. )
• Silene gallinyi Rchb. : It is widespread in central Italy and on the Balkan Peninsula from Dalmatia and southwest Romania to Greece and European Turkey.
• Silene gemmata Meikle : The home is only Cyprus.
• Silene germana J.Gay : The home is Spain.
• Silene ghiarensis Batt. : The home is Algeria.
• Silene gigantea (L.) L .: It is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula, the Aegean Islands, Cyprus and Anatolia.
• Silene glaberrima Faure & Maire : The home is Algeria.
• Silene glabrescens Coss. : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene gonosperma (Rupr.) Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis pumila Royle ex Benth. , Melandrium pumilum (Royle ex Benth.) Walp. , Physolychnis gonosperma Rupr. ): It occurs in China and Central Asia.
• Silene goulimyi Turrill : The home is Greece ( Taygetos Mountains).
• Silene gracilenta H.Chuang : It only thrives on steep rock faces at altitudes between 3700 and 3800 meters in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene gracilicaulis C.L.Tang (Syn .: Silene gracilicaulis var. Longipedicellata C.L.Tang , Silene gracilicaulis var. Rubescens (Franch.) CLTang , Silene sericata C.L.Tang , Silene tenuis var. Denudata Y.W.Cui & LHZhou , Silene tenuis var. Rubescens Franch. ) : It thrives on gravelly grasslands and mountains at altitudes between 3000 and 4000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan.
• Silene gracillima Rohrb. (Syn .: Lychnis gracillima Makino ): It occurs in Japan.
• Silene gracilis DC. : The home is Portugal, Spain and Morocco.
• Silene Graeca Boiss. & Spruner : The home is Albania, Greece, Bulgaria and Macedonia.
• Silene graminifolia Otth (Syn .: Silene jenisseensis var. Viscifera Y.C.Chu , Silene pubistyla L.H.Zhou ): It occurs in China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia, in Europe only in Russia (at Pechora).
• Silene grandiflora Franch. (Syn .: Melandrium grandiflorum (Franch.) YWTsui ): It thrives in shrub- lined grasslands at altitudes of around 2000 meters only in Yunnan. It is used as an ornamental plant.
• Silene grisea Boiss. : The homeland is Lebanon and Israel.
• Silene grisebachii (Davidov) Pirker & Greuter : The home is the coasts of the northern Aegean in Greece.
• Silene guinetii Quézel : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene haradjianii Chowdhuri : The homeland is Turkey.
• Silene haussknechtii Hausskn. : The home is Greece.
• Silene hawaiiensis Sherff : It occurs in Hawaii.
• Silene heldreichii Boiss. : The homeland is Albania, Croatia, Greece and Turkey.
• Silene hellmannii Claus : The homeland is Bulgaria and the Ukraine.
• Silene herbilegorum (Bocquet) Lideeen & Oxelman (Syn .: Silene yetii var. Herbilegorum Bocquet ): It thrives on alpine mats at altitudes between 2,700 and 4,100 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene heterodonta F.N.Williams : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene heuffelii Soó : The home is the Balkan Peninsula, Romania and Ukraine.
• Silene hicesiae Brullo & Signor. : The home is the Lipari Islands north of Sicily and Sicily.
• Silene hifacensis Willk. : The home is the Balearic Islands and Spain (but here,not observedat Penyal d'Ifac since 1930).
• Silene himalayensis (Rohrb.) Majumdar (Syn .: Lychnis apetala var. Pallida Edgew. & Hook. F. , Lychnis himalayensis (Rohrb.) Edgew. & Hook. F. , Lychnis macrorhiza Royle ex Benth. , Melandrium apertum Pax & K .Hoffm. , Melandrium apetalum var. himalayense Rohrb. , Melandrium himalayense (Rohrb.) YZZhao , Melandrium macrorhizum (Royle ex Benth.) Walp. , Melandrium qomolangmaense Y.W.Cui & P.Ke ex LHZhou , Melandrium souliei F.N.Williams , Silene gonosperma var . himalayensis Bocquet , Silene gonosperma subsp. himalayensis (Rohrb.) Bocquet , Silene madens Majumdar ): It occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and China.
• Silene holopetala Bunge : It only occurs in northwestern Xinjiang and Kazakhstan.
• Silene Holzmannii Heldr. ex Boiss. : It occurs only on small islands in the southern half of the Aegean Sea in Greece (including Crete and East Aegean Islands).
• Silene huguettiae Bocquet : It occurs in two varieties in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan and thrives on the edges of forests and on grasslands at altitudes between 2300 and 4600 meters.
• Silene humilis C.A. Mey. : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
• Silene hupehensis C.L.Tang : It occurs in two varieties in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi and Sichuan and thrives in crevices in mountain forests and mountain meadows at altitudes between 1200 and 2700 meters.
• Silene hussonii Boiss. : It occurs in Egypt, on the Sinai Peninsula and in Israel.
• Silene iberica M.Bieb. : It occurs in Armenia.
• Silene ibosii Emb. & Maire : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene idaea Hausskn. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene incisa C.L.Tang : It thrives on stony mountain meadows at altitudes between 1700 and 1800 meters only in Sichuan.
• Silene incurvifolia Kar. & Kir. : It occurs in China (southeastern Xinjiang), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia.
• Silene indica Roxb. ex Otth : It occurs in the Himalayan region in southern Tibet, India and Pakistan.
• Silene imbricata Desf. : The homeland is Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene inaperta L .: It occurs in Portugal, Spain, North Africa, France and Italy.
• Silene inclinata Hub.-Mor. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene insularis Barbey : The home is Karpathos .
• Silene integripetala Bory & Chaub. : It occurs in Greece and Crete.
• Silene intonsa Melzh. & Greuter : It only occurs in northwestern Greece.
• Silene intricata Post : It occurs in Anatolia and Syria.
• Silene involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bocquet (Syn .: Silene furcata Raf. ): It occurs in two subspecies in Finland, Sweden, Norway and on Svalbard.
• Silene ionica Halácsy : It occurs in western Greece.
• Silene isaurica Contandr. & Quézel : The home is Turkey.
• Silene ismailitica (Schweinf.) Botsch. : It occurs in Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, Israel and Jordan.
• Silene ispartensis Ghaz. : The home is Turkey.
• Italian catchfly ( Silene italica (L.) Pers. , Syn .: Cucubalus italicus L. , Silene pilosa (Willd.) Spreng. )
• Silene jailensis N.I. Rubtzov : The homeland is the Crimea (near Gurzuf) in the Ukraine.
• Silene jenisseensis Willd. (Syn .: Silene dasyphylla Turcz. , Silene graminifolia var. Parviflora Fenzl , Silene iche-bogdo Grubov , Silene jeniseensis var. Dasyphylla (Turcz.) Kitag. , Silene jenissea Poir. , Silene jenissea Stephan ex Bunge , Silene jenissea var. Parviflor Turcz. , Silene jenissea var. setifolia Turcz. , Silene jenisseensis var. oliganthella (Nakai ex Kitag.) YCChu , Silene jenisseensis var. vegetior Popov , Silene oliganthella Nakai ex Kitag. , Silene pauciflora (FNWilliams) Nakai , Silene tenuis var. jenissea Rohrb. , Silene tenuis var. Pauciflora F.N.Williams , Silene tuvinica Sobolevsk. ): It occurs in China, Korea, Russia and Mongolia.
• Silene karaczukuri B. Fedsch . : It occurs in China (in southwestern Xinjiang) as well as in Tajikistan .
• Silene karekirii Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis sordida Kar. & Kir. , Melandrium sordidum (Kar. & Kir.) Rohrb. , Melandrium verrucosoalatum Y.Z.Zhao & P.Ma ): It occurs in western Xinjiang and Kazakhstan.
• Silene khasiana Rohrb. : It occurs in Assam , Nepal and Tibet.
• Silene kialensis (FNWilliams) Lidén & Oxelman (Syn .: Lychnis kialensis (FNWilliams) H.Lév. , Melandrium kialense F.N.Williams , Silene nepalensis var. Kialensis (FNWilliams) CLTang ): It thrives on the edges of forests and on grasslands at altitudes between 1800 and grasslands 4000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and southeastern Xizang.
• Silene komarovii Shishk. (Syn .: Silene viscidula Kom. ): It occurs in China (Xinjiang), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan .
• Silene koreana Kom . : It occurs in Japan, Korea, Russia and in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin .
• Silene Kochyi Boiss. : The homeland is Cyprus, Anatolia, Lebanon and Syria.
• Silene kremeri Soy.-Will. & Godr. : The home is Algeria.
• Silene kungessana B. Fedsch. : It occurs only in China (Xinjiang).
• Silene lacera (Steven) Sims : It occurs in Armenia.
• Silene laconica Boiss. & Orph. : The homeland is southern Greece (Parnon).
• Silene laeta (Aiton) Godr. (Syn .: Eudianthe laeta (Ait.) Willk. ): The distribution area includes France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. There is an adventitious certificate in Lebanon.
• Silene laevigata Sm . : The homeland is Cyprus.
• Silene lagenocalyx Fenzl ex Boiss. : It occurs only in southern and western Iran and northeastern Iraq .
• Silene lagrangei (Coss.) Greuter & Burdet : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene lagunensis H.Christ : It occurs in Tenerife.
• Silene lamarum C.Y.Wu : It thrives on alpine mats and in bushes at altitudes of (2900 to) mostly 3400 to 4000 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan (there only in Dêqên Xian and Zhongdian Xian).
• Silene lanceolata A.Gray : It occurs in Hawaii.
• Silene lasiantha C. Koch : It occurs in Turkey and Armenia.
• White light carnation or broad-leaved light carnation ( Silene latifolia Poir. )
• Silene laxa Boiss. & Kotschy : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene lazica Boiss. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene legionensis Lag .: The homeland is Portugal and Spain.
• Silene leptoclada Boiss. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene lerchenfeldiana Baumg. : The homeland is Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Romania.
• Silene leucophylla Boiss. : The homeland is Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula.
• Silene lhassana (FNWilliams) Majumdar (Syn .: Melandrium lhassanum F.N. Williams , Silene nyinchinensis L.H.Zhou ): It grows on alpine meadows that existed shrub are at altitudes from 2900 to 4600 meters only in the central and southern Tibet.
• Silene libanotica Boiss. : The home is Lebanon and Syria.
• Silene lichiangensis W.W.Sm. (Syn .: Melandrium lichiangense (WWSm.) Hand.-Mazz. ): This endemic thrives in China in meadows near forest edges at altitudes between 2900 and 3600 meters only in Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene linearifolia Otth
• Silene lineariloba C.Y.Wu : It thrives at an altitude of about 2900 meters in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene linearis Decne. : The homeland is Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, Israel, Jordan, Syria as well as the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Iran.
• Flax glue or common flax ( Silene linicola C.C.Gmel. ): Its home is in Croatia, France and Italy and it has been introduced in Germany and Spain. It is threatened with extinction due to the decline in flax cultivation worldwide.
• Silene Linnaeana Vorosch. (Syn .: Lychnis sibirica L. non (L.) Pers. , Melandrium sibiricum (L.) A. Brown ): It occurs in Nei Mongol , in Mongolia and in Russia's Far East as well as Siberia.
• Silene linoides Otth : The home is Greece and Macedonia.
• Beach catchwort ( Silene littorea bread. ): The home is Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands and Morocco.
• Silene lituanica Zapalł. : The home is Lithuania and Ukraine.
• Silene longicilia (bread.) Otth : The homeland is western Portugal.
• Silene longicornuta C.Y.Wu & CLTang : It thrives in the mountains at an altitude of around 2500 meters in crevices in the Chinese provinces of southwest Sichuan and western Yunnan.
• Silene longipetala Vent. : The distribution area includes Algeria, Libya, Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, Cyprus, Greece, Anatolia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria as well as Iraq and Iran.
• Silene lucida Chowdhuri : The home is Turkey.
• Silene lycaonica Chowdhuri : The homeland is Turkey.
• Silene lychnidea C.A.Mey. : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
• Silene Lydia Boiss. : The homeland is the Balkan Peninsula, the East Aegean island of Samos , Anatolia and Lebanon.
• Silene lynesii C.Norman : It occurs in Algeria.
• Silene macrodonta Boiss. : The homeland is Greece (Karpathos and Rhodes), Cyprus, Anatolia, Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.
• Silene macrostyla Maxim. (Syn .: Silene foliosa var. Macrostyla (Maxim.) Rohrb. , Silene tatarica var. Macrostyla (Maxim.) Rule ): It occurs in Korea, Russia and in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin and Liaoning .
• Silene makmeliana Boiss. : The home is Syria and Lebanon.
• Silene manissadjianii Freyn : The homeland is Turkey.
• Silene marcowiczii Schischk. : It occurs in the area of ​​the Caucasus.
• Silene marginata (kit.) Kit. : It occurs in the area of ​​the former Yugoslavia.
• Silene mariana Pau : It only occurs in southern Spain.
• Silene marizii Samp. : The home is Portugal and Spain.
• Silene marmarica Bég. & A.Vacc. : The home is Libya.
• Silene marshalii C.A.Mey. : The distribution area includes Greece (Parnassos) and Western Asia with Turkey.
• Silene martyi Emb. & Maire : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene maurorum Batt. & Pit. : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene media (litv.) Kleopow
• Silene mekinensis Coss. : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene Melanantha Franch. (Syn .: Melandrium longipes Hand.-Mazz. , Melandrium melananthum (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. , Silene longipes (Hand.-Mazz.) CYWu ): It thrives on meadows at altitudes of mostly 2800 to 3800 (up to 4200) meters only in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene mellifera Boiss. & Reut. : The home is Portugal and Spain.
• Silene melzheimeri Greuter : It occurs in Greece.
• Silene mentagensis Coss. : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene mesatlantica Maire : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene meyeri Fenzl : It occurs in Armenia.}
• Silene micropetala Lag .: Home is Portugal, Spain, Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene minae Strobl : The home is Sicily.
• Silene miqueliana (Rohrb.) H.Ohashi & H.Nakai (Syn .: Lychnis miqueliana Rohrb. ): It occurs only in Japan.
• Silene mirabilis Rouy & Foucaud : It occurs in France.
• Silene moehringiifolia Pančić : The homeland is Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia.
• Silene moldavica (Klokov) Sourkova : It occurs in Moldova.
• Silene mollissima (L.) Pers. : The home is the Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza).
• Silene monbeigii W.W.Sm. (Syn .: Silene cardiopetala var. Deqenensis CYWu, Silene zangdongensis LHZhou.): It occurs in India and the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and southeast Xizang.
• Silene montbretiana Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. (Syn .: Silene gyirongensis L.H.Zhou , Silene persica subsp. Moorcroftiana (Wall ex Benth) Chowdhuri.. ): It occurs in Afghanistan and the Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal and western Tibet.
• Silene morrisonmontana (Hayata) Ohwi & Ohashi : It occurs only in Taiwan with two varieties and thrives in crevices and rubble heaps at altitudes between 3100 and 3400 meters.
• Silene muliensis C.Y.Wu : This endemic thrives in meadows and on the edges of forests at altitudes between 2800 and 4200 meters only in Muli Zang Zu Zizhixian in Sichuan.
• Silene multicaulis cast. : The distribution area includes Italy, the Balkan Peninsula and Crete.
• Silene multifurcata C L.Tang (Syn .: Melandrium multifurcatum (CLTang) Kozhevn. ): This endemic thrives in the mountains at altitudes between 2600 and 3200 meters only in Cona Xian in southern Tibet.
• Silene multifida (Adams) Rohrb. : The range includes Armenia and Turkey.
• Multi-flowered cucumber ( Silene multiflora (Ehrh.) Pers. , Syn .: Cucubalus multiflorus Ehrh. , Silene steppicola Kleopow , Silene syvashica Kleopow ): The distribution area includes Austria, Hungary, Latvia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Moldova and the former Yugoslavia.
• Silene muradica Shishk. : The home is Turkey.
• Flytrap catchfly ( Silene muscipula L. ): It is native to southern Europe, North Africa, the Canary Islands and the Middle East.
• Silene namlaensis (C.Marquand) Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis namlaensis C.Marquand , Melandrium namlaense (C.Marquand) Pax & K. Hoffm. ): It thrives on alpine mats at altitudes between 3600 and 4500 meters only in the central and southeastern regions Xizang.
• Silene nana Kar. & Kir. : It occurs in Southwest Asia, Kazakhstan, northern Xinjiang and Baluchistan .
• Silene nangqenensis C.L.Tang (Syn .: Melandrium glandulosum var. Hexapetalum (Maxim.) YWCui & LHZhou , Melandrium glandulosum var. Longistylum (Maxim.) YWCui & LHZhou ): It thrives on alpine mats at altitudes between 4200 and 4600 meters only in the southern Qinghai as well as eastern Xizang.
• Silene napuligera Franch. (Syn .: Melandrium napuligerum (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. , Melandrium rubicundum (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. , Silene rubicunda Franch. Non A.Dietrich , Silene rubicunda var. Revoluta Franch. ): It thrives on shrubbery Grasslands at altitudes of 1500 to 3600 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Silene neglecta Ten. : The homeland is Spain, France, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Algeria, Tunisia and Sicily.
• Forest catchwort ( Silene nemoralis Waldst. & Kit. )
• Silene nepalensis Majumdar (Syn .: Lychnis multicaulis Wall. Ex Benth. , Melandrium brachypetalum var. Tibetanum Rohrb. , Melandrium multicaule (Wall. Ex Benth.) Walp. ): It occurs in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan, in southern Tibet and in southwest China (Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan) before.
• Silene niceensis All. : The distribution area includes Portugal, Spain, France, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Greece and Cyprus.
• Silene Niederi Boiss. : The home is Greece.
• Silene nigrescens (Edgew. & Hook. F.) Majumdar (Syn .: Lychnis nigrescens Edgew. & Hook. F. ): It occurs with two subspecies in the Himalayan region in Assam and in Nepal, Pakistan, China and Myanmar.
• Silene ningxiaensis C.L.Tang : It thrives in the mountains at altitudes between 1700 and 2400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Nei Mongol and Ningxia.
• Silene nivalis (Kit.) Rohrb. (Syn .: Lychnis nivalis Kit. ): It occurs in Romania.
• Silene nocteolens Webb & Berthel. : It only occurs in Tenerife.
• Field light carnation or night-blooming catchfly ( Silene noctiflora L. , Syn .: Cucubalus noctiflorus (L.) Mill. , Elisanthe noctiflora (L.) Rupr. , Lychnis noctiflora (L.) Schreb. , Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fr. ): It occurs in Europe, Southwest Asia, Kazakhstan, Russia and China (Xinjiang).
• Night catchwort ( Silene nocturna L. ): It occurs in southern Europe (north to the western Alps), in North Africa and in western Asia.
• Silene nodulosa Viv. : The homeland is Corsica and Sardinia.
• Silene nuncupanda Coode & Cullen : The home is Turkey.
• Silene Nutabunda Greuter : The home is Greece.
• Nodding catchfly ( Silene nutans L. , Syn .: Cucubalus nutans Lam. , Cucubalus rubens Roth , Silene brachypoda Rouy , Silene nutans var. Brachypoda (Rouy) Molero , Silene nutans subsp. Smithiana (Moss) Jeanm. & Bocquet , Silene nutans var . Smithiana Moss , Viscago nutans Fourr. )
• Silene oblanceolata W.W.Sm (Syn .: Melandrium oblanceolatum ( WWSm.) Hand.-Mazz. ): It thrives in stony soils in forests at altitudes between 2,400 and 3,600 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwest Sichuan and northern Yunnan.
• Silene obtusifolia Willd. : The homeland is Spain, Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene odontopetala Fenzl : The homeland is Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, Anatolia, Syria and Lebanon. as well as Iraq and Iran.
• Silene odoratissima Bunge (Syn .: Cheiropetalum radians Fr. ex Urb. , Silene radians Kar. & Kir. ): It occurs in China (Xinjiang), Kazakhstan and Russia.
• Silene Oligantha Boiss. & Hero. : It only occurs on Olympus in Greece.
• Silene oligotricha Hub.-Mor. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene olympica Boiss. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene orbelica Greuter : The home is Greece.
• Silene oreades Boiss. & Hero. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene oreophila Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene oreosinaica Chowdhuri : The homeland is Egypt.
• Silene orientalis Mill.
• Silene orientalimongolica Kozhevn. (Syn .: Melandrium orientalimongolicum (Kozhevn.) YZZhao ): It probably only occurs in the steppes of Nei Mongol.
• Silene oropediorum Coss. : The homeland is Spain, Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene orphanidis Boiss. : The home is Athos in Greece.
• Ear spoon catchfly ( Silene otites (L.) Wibel , Syn .: Otites artemisetorum Klokov , Cucubalus otites L. , Otites polaris (Kleopow) Stankov , Otites pseudotites (Rchb.) Klokov , Silene otites subsp. Eu-otites Graebn. , Silene otites (L.) weevil var. otites )
• Silene Otodonta Franch. : It thrives in forests at altitudes between 2100 and 2500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Silene oxyodonta Barbey : The homeland is Israel and Jordan.
• Silene paeoniensis Bornm. : The home is Macedonia.
• Silene palaestina Boiss. : The homeland is Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula and Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon.
• Silene paphlagonica Bornm. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene papillosa Boiss. : The home is the East Aegean Islands from Samos to Rhodes, southern Anatolia, Lebanon, Syria and Cyprus.
• Strange catchfly ( Silene paradoxa L. ): Home is France, Corsica, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula and Cyprus.
• Silene parnassica Boiss. & Spruner : The home is Italy, Albania, Greece and Macedonia.
• Silene patagonica (Speg.) Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis patagonica Speg. ): It occurs in Argentina and Chile.
• Silene patula Desf. : The homeland is Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.
• Silene paucifolia Ledeb. : It occurs in Russia and Siberia.
• Silene peduncularis Boiss. : It occurs in Armenia.
• Hanging catchfly ( Silene pendula L. ): It is native to Italy, but is naturalized in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, in southern Africa, in New Zealand, in North and South America.
• Silene pentelica Boiss. : It occurs in Greece in Attica, Euboea, the Cyclades and Ikaria.
• Silene perlmanii W.L.Wagner et al. : It occurs in Hawaii
• Petrarch's catchfly ( Silene petrarchae Ferrarini & Cecchi ): This species, which only occurs in the extreme western Alps of France on Mt. Ventoux, was only newly described in 2001.
• Silene pharnaceifolia Fenzl : The home is Turkey and Lebanon.
• Silene phoenicodonta Franch. : It thrives in bushes and along rivers at altitudes between 1600 and 2600 meters in the Chinese provinces of northwestern Yunnan and eastern and southern Sichuan.
• Silene Phrygia Boiss. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene physalodes Boiss. : The homeland is Syria and Israel.
• Silene physocalyx Ledeb. : She was described from Russia.
• Silene pinetorum Boiss. & Hero. : It only occurs in Crete.
• Silene platyphylla Franch. (Syn .: Melandrium platyphyllum . (Franch) Hand.-Mazz. , Melandrium praticolum (WWSm) Pax & K. Hoffm.. , Silene platyphylla var. Praticola (WWSm) CYWu. , Silene praticola W.W.Sm. ): It thrives on Forest edges and in bushes at altitudes of 2400 to 2700 (rarely up to 3200) meters in the Chinese provinces of southwest Sichuan and western Yunnan.
• Silene pomelii Batt. : The homeland is Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene pompeiopolitana Boiss. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene portensis L .: The range extends over Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Corsica, Greece and Morocco.
• Silene prilepensis Micevski : It occurs in Macedonia.
• Silene prilipkoana Shishk. : It occurs in the Middle East.
• Silene principis Oxelman & Lidén (Syn .: Melandrium platypetalum (Bureau & Franch.) FNWilliams , Silene platypetala Bureau & Franch. ): It thrives on shrub-covered grasslands at altitudes between 1600 and 4000 meters only in western Sichuan.
• Silene procumbens Murray : It occurs in Ukraine.
• Silene propinqua Shishk. : It occurs in the Middle East.
• Silene prostrata explos.
• Silene psammitis blast. : The home is Portugal, Spain and Morocco.
• Silene pseudoatocion Desf. : The homeland is Spain, the Balearic Islands, Algeria and Morocco, it is also introduced in Egypt.
• Silene pseudobehen Boiss. : The homeland is western Anatolia, the East Aegean islands of Lesbos , Chios and Nisyros and the Cycladic island of Thira .
• Silene pseudofortunei Y.W.Tsui & CLTang : It thrives on mountain meadows and in stony bushes at altitudes of 600 to 1300 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Shanxi and eastern Sichuan.
• Silene pseudotenuis Schischk. : It occurs in China in northern Xinjiang, in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
• Silene pseudovestita Batt. : The home is Algeria.
• Silene pubicalycina C.Y.Wu : It thrives in forests at altitudes of around 3200 meters in southeastern Tibet (Zayü Xian) and in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian).
• Silene pungens Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene puranensis (LHZhou) CYWu & H.Chuang (Syn .: Melandrium puranense L.H.Zhou ): This endemic thrives on rock rubble at altitudes of around 5000 meters only in Burang Xian in southwestern Tibet.
• Silene pygmaea Adams : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
• Silene quadridentata (L.) Pers.
• Alpine ray seeds ( Silene quadrifida L. )
• Silene quadriloba Turcz. ex Kar. & Kir. (Syn .: Melandrium quadrilobum (Turcz. Ex Kar. & Kir.) Schischk. , Silene viscosa var. Quadriloba Trautv. ) It occurs in China in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Russia and in Mongolia.
• Silene qiyunshanensis X.H.Guo & XLLiu : This endemic thrives on mountains in scree at altitudes of around 400 meters only in China in Xiuning Xian in Anhui .
• Silene raddeana Trautv. : It occurs in the Middle East.
• Silene radicosa Boiss. & Hero. : The homeland is Albania, Greece and Macedonia.
• Silene ramosissima Desf. : The home is Portugal, Spain, Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene rectiramea B.L. Rob. : It only occurs in Arizona.
• Silenereichenbachii Vis. : The homeland is Croatia.
• Silene reinwardtii Roth : The home is Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.
• Silene regia Sims : It only occurs in the USA.
• Silene repens Patrin (Syn .: Cucubalus congestus Willd. Ex Cham. & Schltdl. , Silene pachyrrhiza Franch. , Silene purpurata Greene , Silene repens var. Angustifolia Turcz. Ex Regel , Silene repens subsp. Australis C.L. Hitchc. & Maguire , Silene repens var. australis (CLHitchc. & Maguire) CLHitchc. , Silene repens var. costata (FNWilliams) B. Boivin , Silene repens var. glandulosa Y.W.Cui & LHZhou , Silene repens var. latifolia Turcz. , Silene repens subsp. purpurata (Greene) CLHitchc. & Maguire , Silene repens var. Sinensis (FNWilliams) CLTang , Silene repens var. Vulgaris Turcz. , Silene repens var. Xilingensis Y.Z.Zhao , Silene scouleri var. Costata F.N.Williams ): It occurs in China, Japan, Korea, Russia , in Mongolia and northwestern North America.
• Silene requienii Otth : The home is Corsica.
• Silene reticulata Desf. : The homeland is Algeria and Tunisia.
• Silene reuteriana Boiss. & CIBlanche : The home is Lebanon.
• Silene reverchonii Batt. : The home is Algeria.
• Silene rhiphaena Pau & Font Quer : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene rigens J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : This endemic was newly described in 2012 and only occurs between Saldanha Bay via the Cape Flats to Hermanus in the fynbos on the coast of the Western Cape.
• Silene rhynchocarpa Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Silene roemeri Friv. : It occurs in Italy and on the Balkan Peninsula.
• Silene roopiana Kleopow
• Silene rosiflora Kingdon-Ward (Syn .: Silene salweenensis W.W.Sm ): It thrives in meadows on the edge of forests at altitudes between 2800 and 3000 meters in Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Silene rosulata Soy.-Will. & Godr. : The homeland is Sardinia (with Segna Teresa Gallura), Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene rothmaleri P.Silva : The home was Portugal.
• Silene Rouyana Batt. : The homeland is Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene rubella L .: The distribution area includes southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
• Silene rubricalyx (C.Marquand) Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis rubricalyx C.Marquand , Melandrium rubricalyx (C.Marquand) Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It thrives on alpine mats at altitudes between 3400 and 3600 meters in southwest Sichuan and in eastern Xizang.
• Rock catchfly ( Silene rupestris L. , Syn .: Atocion rupestre (L.) Oxelman )
• Silene ruprechtii Shishk. : It occurs in the Middle East.
• Silene ruscifolia (Hub.-Mor. & Reese) Hub.-Mor. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene sabinosae Pit.
• Silene salamandra Pamp. : It occurs only in Greece and Turkey.
• Silene saldanhensis J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It was described again in 2012. There are only three known sites on the coast of the Western Cape from Saldanha Bay to Hopefield. In 2014 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa, as its populations are declining at all three locations due to habitat loss .
• Silene salicifolia C.L. Tang . It thrives in stony forest soils at altitudes between 2100 and 2300 meters only in Sichuan.
• Silene salsuginea Hub.-Mor. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene saltzmannii Moretti
• Silene samia Melzh. & Christod. : The homeland is the East Aegean island of Samos and the Marmaris Peninsula in southwest Anatolia.
• Silene samothracica (Rech.f.) Greuter : It occurs on the Aegean islands Samothrace, Chios and Samos.
• Silene sangaria Coode & Cullen : The home is Turkey, but it also occurs on the sandy coasts of the European part.
• Silene sartorii Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Greece on the Cyclades, on the Aegean coast of Attica and the Argolis peninsula and on Crete.
• Silene saxatilis Sims : It occurs in Turkey.
• Saxifrage catchfly ( Silene saxifraga L. )
• Silene scabrida Soy .-- Will. & Godr. : The homeland is Algeria and Tunisia.
• Silene scabriflora bread. : The home is Portugal, Spain and Morocco.
• Silene schimperiana Boiss. : The homeland is Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula.
• Silene schlumbergeri Boiss. : The home is the anti-Lebanon in Syria.
• Silene schmuckeri Wettst. : The homeland are the mountains of northwestern Macedonia.
• Silene schwarzenbergeri Halácsy : The homeland is Albania, Greece and Macedonia.
• Silene sclerocarpa Dufour : The home is Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands, Greece and Crete.
• Silene sclerophylla Chowdhuri : The homeland is Turkey.
• Silene scopulorum Franch. (Syn .: Lychnis scopulorum (Franch.) Diels , Melandrium scopulorum (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. ): It thrives on alpine mats at altitudes between 3000 and 4000 meters only in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene scouleri Hook. : It is widespread from Canada to the USA and Mexico.
• Silene scythicina Coode & Cullen : The home is Turkey.
• One-sided catchfly ( Silene secundiflora Otth ): It occurs only in Spain, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.
• Stonecrop catchwort ( Silene sedoides Poir. ): It is common in southern Europe, North Africa and western Asia.
• Silene Seelyi C.V. Morton & JWThomps. : It occurs only in the US state Washington .
• Silene sefidiana (Pau) Greuter & Burdet : It occurs in Lebanon and Iran.
• Silene Sendtneri Boiss. : The homeland is Croatia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and Macedonia.
• Silene sennenii Pau : The home is Spain.
• Silene seoulensis Nakai : It occurs in Korea and in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin and Liaoning .
• Silene sericea All. : The homeland is Spain, the Balearic Islands, France, Corsica, Sardinia and Italy.
• Silene sessionis Batt. : The home is Algeria.
• Silene sibirica (L.) Pers. : It is common in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Siberia.
• Silene siderophila Boiss. & Gaill. : The home is Lebanon and Syria.
• Silene Sieberi Fenzl : Home is Crete.
• Silene sisianica Boiss. & Buhse : The home is Middle East.
• Silene skorpilii Velen. : The homeland is Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia and Turkey.
• Silene solenantha Trautv. : It is common in the Caucasus .
• Silene songarica (Schrenk ex Fisch. & CAMey.) Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis brachypetala Fisch. Ex Hornem. , Lychnis mongolica Maxim. , Melandrium auritipetalum Y.Z.Zhao & P.Ma , Melandrium baicalense Sukaczev ex Tolm. , Melandrium brachypetalum (Fisch. ex Hornem.) Fenzl , Melandrium irikutense Kitag. , Melandrium mongolicum (Maxim.) Grubov , Melandrium songaricum Fisch., CAMey. & Avé-Lall. , Silene duthiei Majumdar ): It is in Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Russia and the common in the Chinese provinces of Jilin, Nei Mongol and Xinjiang.
• Silene sordida Hub.-Mor. & Reese : The home is Turkey.
• Silene spaldingii S.Watson : It is common in Canada and the USA.
• Silene spinescens Sm . : It occurs only in south-eastern Greece.
• Silene splendens Boiss. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene squamigera Boiss. : It is widespread in mainland Greece, on the East Aegean island of Lesbos and in western and southern Anatolia. There is an isolated occurrence with questionable status in the vicinity of Niš in south-east Serbia.
• Silene stellata W.T. Aiton : It is common in the USA.
• Silene stenobotrys Boiss. & Hausskn. : It occurs in Anatolia, Syria, Lebanon as well as Iraq and Iran.
• Silene stenophylla Ledeb. : It couldsurvivein the Siberian permafrost for over 30,000 years. In 2012, researchers from the Russian Academy of Sciences succeeded in obtainingplant specimens from frozen remains.
• Silene stewartiana Diels : This endemic thrives on alpine mats in China at altitudes between 2800 and 3900 meters only in Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene stockenii Chater : The home is in the Spanish province of Cádiz .
• Silene striata Rohrb. : The home is Syria and Lebanon.
• Silene stricta L .: It is common on the Iberian Peninsula and in Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene suaveolens Turcz. ex Kar. & Kir. (Syn .: Melandrium adenophorum Schischk. , Melandrium griffithii (Boiss.) Rohrb. , Melandrium suaveolens (Turcz. Ex Kar. & Kir.) Schischk. , Silene griffithii Boiss. ): She is in Xinjiang, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia.
• Silene subciliata B.L. Rob . : It occurs in the US states Louisiana and Texas .
• Silene subconica Friv. : It occurs in France (not indigenous), Italy, in Sicily, on the Balkan Peninsula, in Romania, the Ukraine, on the East Aegean Islands and in Western Asia.
• Silene subcretacea F.N.Williams : It thrives on alpine mats and gravelly mountain meadows only in Tibet at altitudes of (3000 to) mostly 3800 to 4700 meters.
• Silene subintegra (Hayek) Greuter : The homeland is Albania, Greece, Macedonia and Bulgaria.
• Fleshy catchfly ( Silene succulenta Forssk. ): It occurs in Sardinia and Corsica, on small islands around Crete, in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, on the Sinai Peninsula, in Israel and Lebanon.
• Alpine light carnation ( Silene suecica (Lodd.) Greuter & Burdet , Syn .: Lynchis alpina L. , Lychnis suecica Greuter & Burdet , Viscaria alpina G.Don )
• Silene suffrutescens M.Bieb. : It is common in the Caucasus .
• Silene supina M.Bieb. : It is widespread in the Balkan Peninsula, Romania and the Ukraine, as well as Turkey and Armenia, the Caucasus region, Syria and Iran.
• Silene surculosa Hub.-Mor. : The home is Turkey.
• Silene sveae Lidén & Oxelman : This endemic thrives on gravel banks at altitudes of around 3000 meters only in Dêqên Xian in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene swertiifolia Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey and in Syria, Israel and Jordan.
• Silene syreistschikowii P.A. Smirn . : The home is Ukraine.
• Silene sytnikii Krytzka, Novosad & Protop. : It occurs in Ukraine.
• Silene tachtensis Franch. : It occurs in Turkestan.
• Silene taimyrensis (Tolm.) Bocquet : It is common in Siberia, northern Canada, and Alaska.
• Silene Taliewii Kleopow :
• Silene talyschensis Shishk. : It occurs in the Middle East.
• Tatar catchfly ( Silene tatarica (L.) Pers. ): It is widespread in Europe in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Poland, Germany and the Ukraine.
• Silene tatarinowii rule (Syn .: Melandrium tatarinowii (rule) YWCui , Silene potaninii Maxim. ): It thrives at altitudes between 800 and 2900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Guizhou , Hebei , Henan , Hunan , Nei Mongol, Ningxia , Shanxi , Shaanxi and Sichuan.
• Silene Tatianae Schischk. : It occurs in the Middle East.
• Silene telavivensis Zohary & Plitmann : It only occurs in Israel.
• Silene thirkeana C. Koch : It occurs in the Middle East.
• Silene thymifolia Sm .: It occurs in Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey on the sandy coasts of the Black Sea.
• Silene tianschanica Shishk. : It occurs in the Tian Shan in northern Xinjiang as well as in Kazakhstan.
• Silene tibetica Lidén & Oxelman : This endemic thrives at altitudes of around 3000 meters only in Zanda Xian in southwestern Tibet.
• Silene tomentosa Otth : The home is Gibraltar.
• Silene trachyphylla Franch. : It thrives between shrubs at altitudes of 3100 to 3900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan.
• Silene tridentata Desf. : It occurs in the Canary Islands (possibly not native), in Spain, the Balearic Islands, France (introduced), in Cyprus, in all of North Africa, on the Sinai Peninsula, and in Israel and Jordan.
• Silene tubicalyx Trinajstić & Zi.Pavletić : It occurs in the area of ​​the former Yugoslavia.
• Silene tubiformis C.L.Tang : It thrives in shrubby stony grasslands at altitudes between 700 and 1000 meters only in northern Sichuan.
• Silene tubulosa Oxelman & Lidén : It thrives on granite boulders in the deep shadow of birch forests, on grassy cliffs and steep slopes at altitudes between 3600 and 4100 meters only in Tibet.
• Silene tunetana Murb. : The homeland is Algeria and Tunisia.
• Silene tunicoides Boiss. : It occurs in southwest Anatolia and on Rhodes.
• Silene turbinata cast. : The homeland is Sicily, Tunisia and Algeria.
• Silene tyrrhenia Jeanm. & Bocquet
• Silene undulata Aiton : It has contained two subspecies in southern Africa since 2012:
  • Silene undulata subsp. polyantha JCManning & Goldblatt: It occurs in Swaziland in the South African provinces of southern Mpumalanga and the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal .
  • Silene undulata Aiton subsp. undulata (Syn .: Silene bellidifolia var. foliosa Fenzl, Silene bellidifolia var. stricta Fenzl, Silene bellidioides Sond., Silene caffra Fenzl, Silene caffra Fenzl ex C. Muell., Silene capensis Otth, Silene diurniflora Kunze, Silene eckloniana Sond., Silene meyeri Fenzl, Silene thunbergii E. Mey.): It is also called the African dream root. It is common in South Africa and Lesotho .
• Silene ungeri Fenzl : The homeland is western Greece and maybe also Albania.
• Single-flowered catchfly or beach catchfly ( Silene uniflora Roth , Syn .: Silene maritima With. )
• Crownless carnation ( Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet ): It is common in Northern Europe, Russia and North America.
• Silene urvillei d'Urv. : It is common on the East Aegean islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samus and Kos as well as in southwest Anatolia.
• Silene uscata bread. : It is common in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco.
• Valais catchwort ( Silene vallesia L. )
• Silene variegata (Desf.) Boiss. & Hero. : It only occurs in Crete.
• Silene velebitica (sword) Wrigley : The homeland is Croatia.
• Silene velutina Loisel. : It occurs only in Corsica and Sardinia.
• Silene velutinoides Pomel : The home is Sardinia, Algeria and Morocco.
• Silene vidaliana Pau & Font Quer : The homeland is Morocco.
• Silene villosa Forssk. : It is common in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula and Israel.
• Silene virescens Coss. : The homeland is Morocco.
• Green-flowered catchfly ( Silene viridiflora L. ): It is widespread in Central Europe, Southern Europe, Southeastern Europe and the Near East.
• Silene virginica L .: It is in the US states of Indiana, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia are widespread.
• Common Pechnelke ( Silene viscaria (L.) Jess. , Syn .: Lychnis viscaria L. , Viscaria vulgaris Bernh. , Viscaria viscosa (Scop.) Asch. )
• Silene viscariopsis Bornm. : It occurs only in southern Macedonia near Prilep .
• Silene viscidula Franch. (Syn .: Melandrium lankongense (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. , Melandrium viscidulum (Franch.) FNWilliams , Silene asclepiadea var. Dumicola (WWSm.) CLTang , Silene bodinieri H.Lév. , Silene dumicola W.W.Sm. , Silene lankongensis Franch. , Silene mairei H.Lév. ): It thrives in shrubby grasslands at altitudes of (1200 to) mostly 1500 to 3200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, southeastern Xizang and Yunnan. The underground parts of the plant are used in Chinese medicine.
• Sticky light carnation ( Silene viscosa (L.) Pers. ): It is an Asian and Eastern European steppe plant that used to be found on Hiddensee .
• Silene vivianii Steud. : It is common in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, Israel, Jordan and Syria.
• Silene volubilitana Braun-Blanq. & Maire : The home is Morocco.
• Pigeon goiter , common pigeon goiter , inflated catchfly or common catchfly ( Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke , Syn .: Behen vulgaris Moench , Cucubalus behen L. , Cucubalus latifolius Mill. , Oberna behen (L.) Ikonn. , Silene campanulata . , Silene cucubalus Wibel , Silene inflata Sm. , Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle , Silene oleracea Ficinus nom. Illeg., Silene venosa Asch. ): It is found in large parts of Europe, North Africa and Southwest, Central and South Asia , native to many Mediterranean islands and Madeira . In much of North America it is a neophyte.
• Silene waldsteinii Griseb. : It only occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.
• Silene wallichiana Klotzsch : It occurs in Armenia.
• Silene wardii (C.Marquand) Bocquet : It thrives on rock debris and sandy areas formed by glacial streams at altitudes of about 4200 meters in southeastern Tibet.
• Silene wilfordii (rule) H.Ohashi & H.Nakai (Syn .: Lychnis wilfordii (rule) Maxim. , Lychnis fulgens var. Wilfordii rule ): It is common in Jilin, Japan, North Korea and Russia's Far East.
• Silene wolgensis (Hornem.) Otth (Syn .: Otites jenissensis Klokov , Otites orae-syvashicae Klokov , Otites wolgensis (Hornem.) Grossh. , Silene densiflora var. Wolgensis Jordanov & Panov , Silene otites var. Wolgensis (Hornem.) Rohrb. , Silene wolgensis (Willd.) Bess. Ex Spreng. , Viscago wolgensis Hornem. ): It is widespread in Europe, Central Asia and Xinjiang.
• Silene yetii Bocquet (Syn .: Lychnis glandulosa Maxim. , Melandrium glandulosum (Maxim.) FNWilliams ): It thrives on alpine mats at altitudes of 2700 to 4800 (rarely up to 5000) meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Xizang .
• Silene yunnanensis Franch. : It thrives in forests and on fields at altitudes of mostly 2700 to 3400 (2400 to 3900) meters only in northwestern Yunnan.
• Silene zawadzkii Herbich : The species is endemic to the Eastern Carpathians.
• Silene zhongbaensis (LHZhou) CYWu & CLTang (Syn .: Melandrium zhongbaense L.H.Zhou ): This endemic only thrives in altitudes from 4700 to 5200 meters only in Zhongba Xian in the southwestern Tibet.
• Silene zhoui C.Y.Wu (Syn .: Melandrium integripetalum L.H.Zhou ): This endemic thrives on meadows only at altitudes of about 5000 meters only in Lhasa Shi in southern Tibet.

There are also hybrids , which sometimes makes it difficult to identify the species.

swell

• Zhou Lihua, Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman: Silene. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 66 (English, online - PDF file ).
• Arthur Oliver Chater, Stuart Max Walters, John Robert Akeroyd: Silene L. In: TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 191–218 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
• John K. Morton: Silene Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 5: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 , pp. 166-214 (English, online ).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di} Zhou Lihua, Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman: Silene. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 66 (English, online - PDF file ).
2. ↑ ^{a b} Silene Project . ( Memento of the original from November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
3. ↑ Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 728.
4. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 416 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D416%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
5. ↑ Carl von Linné: Genera plantarum: eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium. Editio quinta. Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1754, p. 193 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F14678%23page%2F228%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
6. ^ Silene at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 20, 2012.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap} Silene in the Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc} Karol Marhold: Caryophyllaceae. Silene. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Berlin 2011.
9. ^ ^{A b} Bengt Oxelman, A. Rautenberg, M. Thollesson, A. Larsson, Božo Frajman, Frida Eggens, A. Petri, Z. Aydin, Mats Töpel, A. Brandtberg-Falkman, 2013: Sileneae Biodiversity Informatics Project - Sileneae taxonomy and systematics . ( Memento of the original from March 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
10. ↑ Bengt Oxelman, Magnus Lidén: Generic boundaries in the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from nuclear rDNA sequences. In: Taxon , Vol. 44, No. 4, 1995, pp. 525-542, JSTOR 1223498 .
11. ↑ Bengt Oxelman, Magnus Lidén, Daniel Berglund: Chloroplast rps16 intron phylogeny of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 206, No. 1-4, 1997, pp. 393-410, doi : 10.1007 / BF00987959 .
12. ↑ Bengt Oxelman, Magnus Lidén, RK Rabeler, Magnus Popp: A revised generic classification of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). In: Nordic Journal of Botany. Volume 20, No. 6, 2000, pp. 513-518, doi : 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2000.tb00760.x , PDF file.
13. ^ Frida Eggens: Systematics in Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae) - Taxonomy and Phylogenetic patterns. Dissertation at the University of Uppsala 2006, PDF file.
14. ↑ Per Erixon: Phylogenetic Support and Chloroplast Genome Evolution in Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). Dissertation at the University of Uppsala 2006, PDF file.
15. ↑ Magnus Popp: New Combinations in Lychnis (Caryophyllaceae) from Africa. In: Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. Volume 18, No. 1, 2008, p. 99, doi : 10.3417 / 2006120 .
16. ↑ Werner Greuter : Silene (Caryophyllaceae) in Greece: a subgeneric and sectional classification. In: Taxon. Vol. 44, No. 4, 1995, pp. 543-581, JSTOR 1223499 .
17. ↑ C. Desfeux, B. Lejeune: Systematics of Euromediterranean Silene (Caryophyllaceae): evidence from a phylogenetic analysis using ITS sequences. In: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Series 3, Sciences de la vie. Volume 319, No. 4, 1996, pp. 351-358, PMID 18383631 .
18. ↑ John K. Morton: Silene Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 5: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 , pp. 166-214 (English, online ). .
19. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 7. Caryophyllaceae (Silenoideae). Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1986, ISBN 951-9108-06-8 , pp. 22-122.
20. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} David Aeschimann, Konrad Lauber, Daniel Martin Moser, Jean-Paul Theurillat: Flora alpina. An atlas of all 4500 vascular plants in the Alps. Volume 1, Haupt, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-258-06600-0 , pp. 322-344.
21. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag} Arthur Oliver Chater, Stuart Max Walters, John Robert Akeroyd: Silene L. In : TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (Eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 191–218 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
22. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z} Werner Greuter, Bengt Oxelman, Brigitte Pirker: Silene. In: Arne Strid, Kit Tan (ed.): Flora Hellenica. Volume One (Gymnospermae to Caryophyllaceae) . Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein 1997, ISBN 3-87429-391-2 , p. 239-323 .
23. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} J. C. Manning, P. Goldblatt, 2012: A taxonomic revision of the southern African native and naturalized species of Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae). In: Bothalia , Volume 42, Issue 2, pp. 147-186.
24. ↑ Silene aethiopica subsp. aethiopica in the Red List of South African Plants
25. ↑ Silene aethiopica subsp. longiflora in the Red List of South African Plants
26. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} David Heller, Chaia Clara Heyn: Conspectus Florae Orientalis. An Annotated Catalog of the Flora of the Middle East. Fascicle 9, Lycopodiaceae - Sarraceniales. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem 1994, ISBN 965-208-109-4 , Silene , pp. 91-106.
27. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae} Paul Mouterde: Nouvelle Flore du Liban et de la Syrie. Texts. Volume 1 (Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledones, Dicotyledones (Salicaceae - Caryophyllaceae)), Éditions de l'imprimerie catholique, Beirut 1966, Silene, pp. 482-505.
28. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Lu Dequan, Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman: Lychnis. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 100 (English, online - PDF file ).
29. ↑ Hans-Christian Friedrich: Family Caryophyllaceae . In: Karl Heinz Rechinger (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd, completely revised edition. Volume III. Part 2: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 1 (Phytolaccaceae - Portulacaceae) . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1979, ISBN 3-489-60020-7 , pp. 1080-1081 (published in deliveries 1959-1979).
30. ↑ Silene burchellii subsp. burchellii in the Red List of South African Plants
31. ↑ Silene burchellii subsp. modesta in the Red List of South African Plants
32. ↑ Silene burchellii subsp. multiflora on the Red List of South African Plants
33. ↑ Silene burchellii subsp. pilosellifolia in the Red List of South African Plants
34. ↑ BK Schischkin: Silene L. In: Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov, BK Shishkin (ed.): Flora of the USSR Volume VI: Centrospermae. Israel Program for Scientific Translations / Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Jerusalem / Washington, DC 1970, pp. 442-526 (English, translated by N. Landau; Russian original: Botanicheskii institut, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow / Leningrad 1936, pp. 577–691) Digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F95462%23page%2F488%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .
35. ↑ Silene crassifolia subsp. crassifolia in the Red List of South African Plants
36. ↑ Silene crassifolia subsp. primuliflora in the Red List of South African Plants
37. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} A. Danin, D. Heller, O. Fragman-Sapir, M. Kislev, H. Vered-Leschner (eds.): Flora Palaestina. Part 1. Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms: Salicaceae - Caryophyllaceae . Founded by Michael Zohary, Naomi Feinbrun. 2nd Edition. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem 2012, Silene ( online ).
38. ^ Arne Strid: Silene lydia (+ AE). In: Werner Greuter, Thomas Raus (eds.) Med-Checklist Notulae, 22. In: Willdenowia. Volume 34, No. 1, pp. 71-80 (here: p. 72), DOI: 10.3372 / wi.34.34107 .
39. ↑ Dawood M. Al-Eisawi: List of Jordan vascular plants. In: Communications from the Botanical State Collection, Munich. Volume 18, 1982, pp. 79-182 (here: p. 93, online ).
40. ↑ Silene rigens in the Red List of South African Plants
41. ↑ Silene saldanhensis in the Red List of South African Plants
42. ^ Announcement on handelsblatt.com dated February 21, 2012 , accessed on February 21, 2012.
43. ↑ Peter Schönfelder , Ingrid Schönfelder: The new cosmos Mediterranean flora. Franckh Kosmos Verlag Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3 . P. 170.
44. ↑ Silene undulata subsp. polyantha in the Red List of South African Plants
45. ↑ Silene undulata subsp. undulata in the Red List of South African Plants

Supplementary literature

• Daniel B. Sloan, Bengt Oxelman, Anja Rautenberg, Douglas R. Taylor: Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial substitution rate variation in the angiosperm tribe Sileneae. In: BMC Evolutionary Biology. Volume 9, 2009, p. 260, doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-9-260 .

Web links

Commons : Leimkräuter ( Silene )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• The Austrian species with links to profiles.
• Genus: Leimkraut / Lichtnelke (Silene) incl. Lychnis and Heliosperma at Blumeninschwaben.de .
• Pictures of different Silene TYPES