Red carnation

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Red carnation
Red carnation (Silene dioica)

Red carnation ( Silene dioica )

Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae)
Subfamily : Caryophylloideae
Tribe : Sileneae
Genre : Glue herbs ( Silene )
Type : Red carnation
Scientific name
Silene dioica
( L. ) Clairv.

The red campion ( Silene dioica ), also red campion , red campion , red campion , Taglichtnelke or Lord blood called, is a plant of the genus Silene ( Silene ) within the family of Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllaceae).

description

illustration
Flowers, frontal and in profile
Illustration of a male and female flower
Inflorescence with flowers in a dichasical arrangement
Inflorescence of a male plant from above; the corolla can be seen in the flowers
Ripe, open capsule fruit with seeds

Appearance and foliage leaf

Red campion grows as a summer-green, two-year or a few years perennial herbaceous plant and reaches stature heights of 30 to 90 centimeters. The above-ground parts of the plant are densely hairy with glands.

The against-constantly arranged on the stem leaves have a simple, ovate to lance-shaped leaf blade, which expires ganzrandig and pointed to the top.

Inflorescence and flower

The red carnation is usually dioecious, separate sexes ( diocesan ). The flowering period extends from April to October. The dichasial arrangement of the flowers is striking .

The five-fold, odorless, unisexual flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold with a diameter of 18 to 25 millimeters . The very hairy calyx is 10 to 15 millimeters long, ten-veined in male flowers and 20-veined in female flowers. The five red petals are deeply split into two columns with a length of 15 to 25 millimeters. At the throat of the crown there is a secondary crown , which is formed from five bilobed ligules. The female flower contains five styles.

Pollen grain of the red carnation (400 ×)

Fruit and seeds

The spherical capsule fruit , which is formed from autumn to early winter, has ten outwardly curved teeth, along which it opens jagged. The dark brown to black seeds look a bit like a poppy seed.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24 or 48.

ecology

The red carnation is a hemicryptophyte . It is rooted up to 50 centimeters deep.

Usually there are only flowers of one sex on each plant specimen, but there are also plants with both sexes, which is why this species is actually "three-mane" and the species name dioica (two- mane ) is not entirely correct.

The flowers are only open during the day. The red carnation is pollinated exclusively by insects , mostly butterflies . Some species of hoverflies also get to the nectar . Bumblebees bite a hole in the wall of the cup from the outside. In contrast to butterflies, bumblebees only have a short trunk and otherwise get empty.

The seeds are shaken out of the capsule fruit by swaying to and fro in the wind. The spread is caused by self and wind spread , but also spreads by swimming, which is why this species also occurs as a stream and river valley plant.

Occurrence

The red carnation is Eurasian, with a focus on the central and northern areas. It is widespread in Europe, but it is completely absent in Southeastern Europe (Southern Balkans). Outside of Eurasia , finds in Algeria and Morocco have been documented. The red carnation is a neophyte in some temperate areas of the world .

Preferred locations of the Red campion are calcareous wet meadows , wet forest impacts , forest edges , Hochstaudenfluren , bushes and breaking and alluvial forests . In the Alps, the red carnation rises to altitudes of 2400 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises on the Kreuzeck in Bavaria to an altitude of 2364 meters.

According to the ecological indicator values ​​according to Ellenberg , the red light carnation is indicated as a penumbral plant for a moderately warm sea ​​climate . The red carnation prefers evenly moist to wet, never strongly acidic and nitrogen-rich soils . It grows in groups, but seldom forms a stock. The red carnation thrives at lower altitudes in societies of the order Glechometalia, also in those of the Alno-Ulmion association. At higher altitudes it grows in societies of the associations Arrhenatherion, Polygono-Trisetion, Filipendulion, Atropion or the order Adenostyletalia.

Taxonomy

The first publication of this species took place in 1753 under the name Lychnis dioica by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , p. 437. The type material was deposited as: Herb. Linn. No. 602.6, "6 dioica / Cucubalus dioicus" (lecto-Talavera & Muñoz Garmendia 1989). Joseph Philippe de Clairville placed this species in Manuel d'Herborisation en Suisse et en Valais , p. 146 in 1811 in the genus Silene . A homonym is Silene dioica A.DC. nom. illegal. hom. Other synonyms for Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. are: Lychnis dioica var. rubra Weigel , Lychnis rubra Patze, E.Mey. & Elkan , Lychnis sylvestris Schkuhr : 1791, Lychnis diurna Sibth. , Melandrium sylvestre (Schkuhr) Röhl. , Melandrium diurnum (Sibth.) Fr. , Melandrium dioicum (L.) Coss. & Germ. , Melandrium rubrum Garcke nom. illeg., Melandrium dioicum subsp. rubrum D.Löve . The specific epithet dioica means " dioecious ".

ingredients

Like many other species of the carnation family, the red carnation contains triterpene saponins .

use

The red carnation is used in the temperate zones as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens. There are several varieties available for this, for example those with pink and double flowers.

In folk medicine , the crushed seeds were used to treat snakebites .

The roots of the red carnation used to be used like soap.

In north-eastern Italy, ravioli are filled with ricotta and the leaves of cucumber. The seeds are there and commercially marketed .

Sources and further information

The article is mainly based on the following documents:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 364-365 .
  2. ↑ a b Red carnation . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 475.
  4. ↑ Silene dioica at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ↑ Oskar Sebald : Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe. ADAC Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 , p. 70.

Web links

Commons : Rote Lichtnelke ( Silene dioica )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files