Pigeon goiter

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Pigeon goiter
Pigeon goiter (Silene vulgaris), flowers

Pigeon goiter ( Silene vulgaris ), flowers

Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae)
Subfamily : Caryophylloideae
Tribe : Sileneae
Genre : Glue herbs ( Silene )
Type : Pigeon goiter
Scientific name
Silene vulgaris
( Moench ) Garcke

The bladder campion ( Silene vulgaris ) also ordinary campion , Inflated Campion , gossip Elke , Bladder campion or Knirrkohl called, is a flowering plant in the family of the Pink family (Caryophyllaceae). Although this meadow plant belongs to the species of cucumber, it is not sticky.

From the name of pigeon goiter, this species can easily be confused with the pigeon goiter or chicken bite ( Cucubalus baccifer ), which also has a similar flower shape.

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 11
Section of an inflorescence

Vegetative characteristics

Pigeon goiter is a perennial herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 20 to 50 (15 to 60) centimeters. The roots can penetrate to a depth of 1 meter. Each plant specimen has a few or only a single ascending or erect stem , which is branched in the upper area. The above-ground parts of the plant are bare and not sticky glandular.

The opposite leaves are smooth, bluish green and ovate to lanceolate and pointed at the top. The basal leaves are up to 4 inches long and 1.2 inches wide. The stem leaves are about 7 inches long and 2.5 inches wide. The inflorescences sprout together with two opposite leaves from a knot on the stem.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to mid-September. The terminal, forked inflorescence contains several (3 to 20) upright to slightly nodding flowers. It is noticeable that all the flowers in a growing area usually face in one direction.

Pollen (400 ×)

The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold. The five sepals form a characteristic white or light pink, strongly network-like veined 20-nerved calyx tube. The calyx tube is 1 to 2 centimeters long and not cylindrical as with other species of catchfly, but inflated, hence the common name pigeon goiter. The five 15 to 25 millimeters long about a third incised petals have a diameter of about 1.5 centimeters when the flower is open. They appear waxy and have a finely powdered coating. There is no secondary crown. The flowers can be female, male or hermaphrodite. Each female flower has three long pistils on the ovary. The ten stamens and the stylus protrude from the flower.

The spherical capsule fruit opens at the top with usually six initially erect, then outwardly curved teeth and releases the seeds. The gray seeds are about 1.5 millimeters in length kidney-shaped and finely prickly.

The basic chromosome number is x = 12; were chromosome payer determined 2n = 24 or 48th

ecology

The pigeon goiter is a chamaephyte or hemicryptophyte . A vegetative propagation can take place by branching their roots and by cuttings .

The pollination is either by bees and butterflies instead of ( insect pollination ), or hermaphrodite flowers pollinate themselves ( self-pollination ).

Although the flowers are open all day, they only give off a clover-like scent during the night to attract insects. Only long-nosed bees and moths get to the nectar deep in their calyx. Bumblebees circumvent this hurdle by biting a hole in the calyx to get to the nectar ("blossom collapse"); however, the flower is not pollinated.

The seeds spread through self and wind spreading .

Herbarium evidence of Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris

Occurrence

Silene vulgaris is common in the temperate latitudes of Europe and Western Asia. It thrives up to medium altitudes, but occasionally also up to over 2000 meters. Outside Eurasia it occurs naturally in North Africa as well. In North America and Australia she became a neophyte through human activity .

The pigeon goiter occurs on dry, poor meadows and other sunny locations. The pigeon goiter thrives best on dry, alternately moist, non-acidic and low-nitrogen, calcareous soils . It rarely occurs on cultivated areas.

According to the ecological indicator values ​​according to Ellenberg , Silene vulgaris is specified as a partial shade to full light plant. Pigeon goiter settles in larger groups, but only rarely forms stocks.

Systematics

It was first published in 1794 under the name ( Basionym ) Behen vulgaris by Conrad Moench . The new combination to Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke was published in 1869 by Christian August Friedrich Garcke . Other synonyms for Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke are: Cucubalus behen L. , Cucubalus latifolius Mill. , Oberna behen (L.) Ikonn. , Silene campanulata Saut. , Silene cucubalus Wibel , Silene inflata Sm. , Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle , Silene oleracea Ficinus nom. illeg., Silene venosa Asch. , Silene angustifolia subsp. vulgaris Briq. des. inval., Silene inflata subsp. vulgaris P. Fourn. des. inval., Silene venosa Asch. subsp. venosa , Silene vulgaris var. maritima .

The pigeon goiter is very diverse and therefore has a number of subspecies and associated synonyms. The accepted taxon name of the species is Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke s. l.

In Central Europe there are at least two to four subspecies, in the Mediterranean area there are a total of over twelve subspecies, depending on the author:

  • Silene vulgaris subsp. aetnensis (Strobl) Pignatti : It occurs in Sicily.
  • Silene vulgaris subsp. commutata (cast.) Hayek
  • Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa (Jord.) Marsden-Jones & Turrill : It occurs in Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Slovenia.
  • Silene vulgaris subsp. macrocarpa Turrill
  • Silene vulgaris subsp. prostrata (Gaudin) Schinz & Thell.
  • Silene vulgaris subsp. suffrutescens Greuter & al. : It occurs in Greece and in Crete.
  • Silene vulgaris subsp. vourinensis Greuter : It occurs in Greece.
  • Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. vulgaris

Subspecies common pigeon catchfly

Subspecies common pigeon catchfly ( Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. Vulgaris ):

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24 or 48.

The following locations are specified for this subspecies: rock, wall and scree meadows outside the high mountains, nutrient-rich perennial and perennial weed meadows, semi-brudal mercurial grasses in dry and warm locations, fresh meadows and pastures, dwarf shrub heaths and grass grass , dry and semi- arid grasslands , perennial areas in dry, warm locations and bushes in dry and warm locations.

On soils containing heavy metals, a special subspecies of the pigeon goiter has developed, which practically only differs from the other plants by its heavy metal resistance . It bears the name Silene vulgaris subsp. humilis (R.Schub.) Rauschert . The associated synonyms are: Silene vulgaris var. Humilis R.Schub. and Silene cucubalus subsp. humilis (R.Schub.) Rothm. It is a species of the genus Violetea calaminariae.

Subspecies gravel catchfly

Subspecies gravel catchweed ( Silene vulgaris subsp. Glareosa (Jord.) Marsden-Jones & Turrill ). There are a number of synonyms: Silene glareosa Jord. , Behenic alpinus var. Glareosus (Jord.) Gusul. , Oberna glareosa (Jord.) Ikonn. , Silene uniflora subsp. glareosa (Jord.) Chater & Walters , Silene alpina auct., Silene vulgaris subsp. alpina auct. non (Lam.) Thomas , Silene vulgaris subsp. prostrate auct. non (Gaudin) Schinz & Thell. , Silene willdenowii auct. non sweet , Silene inflata subsp. prostrata Gaudin .

The numerous prostrate, ascending stems serve as a distinguishing feature to the other subspecies of the pigeon goiter. The inflorescences are one to seven-flowered and the upper stem leaves look herbaceous. The flowers usually have a developed corolla. The fruit capsules have bent teeth and the seeds are finely warty with a width of 1.5 to 2 millimeters.

This subspecies occurs in higher mountain areas in lawns, rock and scree meadows. It is a character species of the class Thlaspietea rotundifolii, occurs mainly in the Petasitetum paradoxi, but also in societies of the Caricion ferrugineae association.

use

Pigeon goiter as a deep-rooted, undemanding perennial is an ideal plant for stone and wild gardens. Since it blooms all summer, it can serve as an eye-catcher in a suitable place. It thrives best in dry, sunny, chalky areas. The largely hardy plant there neither needs fertilizer nor needs to be watered. As a long-flowering plant in wild gardens, it is a valuable source of food for moths.

In the past, soapy water was boiled from the roots.

Young shoots can be picked before flowering and used like vegetables or added raw to a salad or as fresh wild herbs for an interesting, sweet taste of liquorice and peas in the last 5 minutes of cooking. As a medicinal plant, the pigeon goiter is of no importance today. However, it was thought to stimulate the metabolism. In a study of local eating habits in the Mediterranean area, extracts from the leaves were assigned a positive effect on type 2 diabetes .

photos

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Individual evidence

  1. Oskar Sebald: Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe . ADAC Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 , p. 72 .
  2. a b c d e f g h Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris sl, common pigeon goiter (subspecies). In: FloraWeb.de.
  3. Georg Tischler: The chromosome numbers of the vascular plants of Central Europe. W. Junk, 's-Gravenhage 1950, p. 76.
  4. a b c d Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page . Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  361-362 .
  5. a b c d e f Karol Marhold, 2011: Caryophyllaceae. : Datasheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  6. Werner Greuter , Hervé-Maurice Burdet , Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 1: Pteridophyta (ed. 2), Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones (Acanthaceae - Cneoraceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1984, ISBN 2-8277-0151-0 , p.  276-279 .
  7. Meret Bissegger: My wild plant kitchen . Identifying, collecting and cooking wild plants. 2nd Edition. AT Verlag, Aarau / Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-03800-552-0 , p. 58.
  8. ^ The Local Food-Nutraceuticals Consortium: Understanding local Mediterranean diets: A multidisciplinary pharmacological and ethnobotanical approach. In: Pharmacological Research . Volume 52, No. 4, 2005, pp. 353-366, DOI: 10.1016 / j.phrs.2005.06.005 (PDF file; 967 kB) .

Web links

Commons : Pigeon Goiter ( Silene vulgaris )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files