Silene stenophylla

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Silene stenophylla
Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae)
Subfamily : Caryophylloideae
Tribe : Sileneae
Genre : Glue herbs ( Silene )
Type : Silene stenophylla
Scientific name
Silene stenophylla
Ledeb.

Silene stenophylla is a type of plant from the genus of the ciliate herbs ( Silene ) within the carnation family (Caryophyllaceae). Flowering plants were grownfrom placenta tissue from unripe fruits that had been storedin the Siberian permafrost for 30,000 years.

description

Appearance and leaves

Silene stenophylla is a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 5 to 22 centimeters. It grows as a dense cushion plant . The numerous upright, unbranched stems are bare. The numerous basal leaves are up to 1.5 centimeters long and stalked with 1 to 2 millimeters wide, narrowly linear to almost thread-shaped, leaf blades sparsely ciliated at the edge. The stem leaves, arranged in three (to four) opposite pairs , are similar to the basal leaves, but smaller, widened at the base and fused with the opposite leaf.

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The flowers are usually singly at the end of the stem or, more rarely, in twos or threes (up to six) in a grape-like , zymous inflorescence . The ciliate bracts are herbaceous and suddenly contracted for a wide reason. The flower stalks are 10 to 15 millimeters long.

The five sepals are fused into a bare, 10 to 15 millimeter long and 5 to 9 millimeter wide, somewhat inflated, bell-shaped to tubular-bell-shaped calyx. It is either light with clearly contrasting purple or brown veins or completely purple. At the top, the calyx ends in five alternately wide and narrow teeth. The broad calyx teeth are broadly egg-shaped and have a more or less wide skin margin, this skin margin is missing in the narrow, triangular teeth.

The five petals are either pure white and then sometimes have a pink or purple veining, or they are completely pink, purple or purple in color. They are 1.5 times longer than the chalice. The plate of the petal is split up to more than half into two strikingly wide, obovate lobes. Crown scales are missing.

The egg-shaped capsule is 9 to 10 millimeters long. It stands on a 3 to 4 millimeter long, downy hairy carpophor . The approximately 1.5 millimeters long, dark brown seeds are kidney-shaped and striped on the surface.

variability

Plant specimens from the south of the distribution area tend to have broader leaves, inflorescences with more flowers and lighter colored calyxes.

Heyday

The flowering period extends from July to August.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

Occurrence

Silene stenophylla has a large area in arctic and boreal eastern Siberia , with scattered occurrences and larger gaps. It extends from the Lena River in the west to the Chukchi Peninsula in the northeast and to the Sakhalin Islands and the Japanese Hokkaidō in the south.

Silene stenophylla prefers to grow on rather lime-poor substrates. It inhabits dry, wind-exposed terrain, largely free of snow in winter, in treeless tundra with little vegetation and on scree. It is often associated with dwarf willows ( Salix ), silver arum ( Dryas octopetala ) and lichen . Their height amplitude includes both the coast and mountain ranges.

Research with Ice Age cell material

In 2012, a team of scientists from the fields of cryobiology , cell biology and botany led by Svetlana Yashina from the Russian Academy of Sciences succeeded in revitalizing around 32,000-year-old, cryopreserved placental tissue (no seeds) from the permafrost soil of Siberia and using it to grow tissue cultures in vitro win. One of the tissue cultures, a Silene stenophylla , was given to the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna, where the plant was brought to flower under the appropriate growth conditions. Genetic analyzes of this plant and comparisons with today are intended to show how the plant genome has adapted or changed evolutionarily to the different climatic conditions .

Taxonomy

Silene stenophylla was first described by Carl Friedrich von Ledebour in 1842 . Within the genus Silene it is placed in the section Graminifoliae .

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Svetlana Yashina, Stanislav Gubin, Stanislav Maksimovich, Alexandra Yashina, Edith Gakhova, David Gilichinsky: Regeneration of whole fertile plants from 30,000-y-old fruit tissue buried in Siberian permafrost. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 109, No. 10, 2012, pp. 4008-4013, DOI: 10.1073 / pnas.1118386109 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l B. A. Yurtsev: Silene. In: Aleksandr Innokent'evic Tolmacev, JG Packer (ed.), GCD Griffiths (transl.): Flora of the Russian Arctic a critical review of the vascular plants occuring in the Arctic region of the former Soviet Union. Volume III: Salicaceae - Ranunculaceae. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-443-50024-2 , pp. 286–287, 290–292 (English; Russian original: Aleksandr Innokent'evic Tolmacev (ed.): Arkticeskaja flora SSSR (Flora arctica URSS): kriticeskij obzor sosudistych rastenij, vstrecajuscichsja v arkticeskich rajonach SSSR. 6. Semejstva Caryophyllaccae - Ranunculaceae. Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Leningrad 1971.)
  3. ↑ Silene stenophylla at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2012.
  4. ^ Hideo Toyokuni: On some Noteworthy Plants from Hokkaidô, Japan. In: Journal of the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Shinshu University. Volume 13, 1979, pp. 127-133, ISSN  0583-0605 , PDF file .
  5. ↑ Margit Laimer : 32,000 year old plant first bloomed at BOKU. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , June 24, 2020, accessed on June 24, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Carl Friedrich von Ledebour: Flora Rossica: sive enumeratio plantarum in totius imperii rossici provinciis Europaeis, Asiaticis et Americanis hucusque observatarum. Volume 1, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1842, p. 306, preview in the Google book search.

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