Heliosperm

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Heliosperm
Heliosperma pusillum subsp. monachorum, wild habitat in the Orjen

Heliosperma pusillum subsp. monachorum , wild habitat in the Orjen

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae)
Subfamily : Caryophylloideae
Tribe : Sileneae
Genre : Heliosperm
Scientific name
Heliosperm
Rchb.

Helio sperm , even rays seed forms a genus within the family of Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllaceae). Until 2007, species of this genus were mostly placed under the genus of the ciliate herbs ( Silene ). Most of the 15 or so species that thrive in mountain regions are endemic to the Balkan Peninsula , only Heliosperma alpestre is endemic to the Eastern Alps and Heliosperma pusillum thrives in the European mountains from northern Spain to the Carpathians.

description

Illustration from atlas of the alpine flora of the alpine catchfly ( Heliosperma alpestre )
Alpine gluewort ( Heliosperma alpestre )
Alpine gluewort ( Heliosperma alpestre )
Heliosperma pusillum
Heliosperma pusillum subsp. monachorum : Habitus at the natural site on the Jastrebica in the Orjen Mountains, Montenegro

Vegetative characteristics

The Heliosperma species grow as graceful, perennial, herbaceous plants . The stem is erect or lying, often hanging. The above-ground parts of the plant are bare or hairy, often with glandular hairs, especially in the upper part ( indument ).

The opposite leaves are simple, with entire margins, with indistinct network-like veins. The lower leaves are spatulate. The leaves from the middle of the flower stalk are linear, linear-lanceolate, narrow-elliptical or twist-shaped-lanceolate; they are softly hairy and / or hairy glandular.

Generative characteristics

The flowers stand together in a stunted dichasium .

The mostly hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold. The calyx is bell-shaped, without scales at the base, cut off, with ten weakly reticulated nerves, the edge is five-toothed. The corolla is open during the day. The five free, white, light to intensely pink petals are divided into nail and plate. The nail is linear. The four-six-pointed plate is slightly or deeply incised at its upper end, only rarely is the edge straight, indented or incised a little deep, often serrated or incised irregularly from the side. There is a small scale crown at the crown throat. The ten stamens are fused to their base with the petals. The three styluses end with glandular scars.

The long-lasting calyx often still encloses the ripe capsule fruit. The thin-skinned capsule fruit is egg-shaped, indistinctly triple at its base and it jumps up at the top with six teeth. The lenticular, flattened seeds are surrounded at the edge with four rows of dry glandular chaff leaves like a ray comb.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

distribution

The genus is distributed from the Cantabrian Mountains over the Alps to the Carpathian Mountains. Their locations extend from north to south from the Tatra Mountains to the Peloponnese . Most species, however, only have small areas and are typically restricted to individual mountain groups in the Balkan Peninsula.

Locations

The Heliosperma species generally colonize shady, cool and humid mountain locations, mostly north-facing. In terms of the location characteristics, they represent representatives of pronounced chasmophytes that settle in their natural habitat in crevices of limestone , deposits of rubble heaps and especially in shady, moist and cool canyon locations. The majority of the species are calcareous, only one species in the Prokletije is bound to silicates . The Heliosperma species of the canyons ( Heliosperma niolicii , Heliosperma chromodontum , Heliosperma retzdoffianum and Heliosperma intosum ) are special ombrophobic (ombrophobic = rain-avoiding) crevice plants. Pure high mountain plants are Heliosperma macranthum and Heliosperma oliverae, which are restricted to the Prokletije Mountains. While Heliosperma macranthum colonizes base-rich limestones, Heliosperma oliverae vicariates on silicates in the same area. Heliosperma macranthum belongs to the character species of the Dinaric order Amphoricarpetalia Lkšić. whose eponymous representative is the tertiary relic of the Neumayer jug fruit ( Amphoricarpos neumayerianus ). It forms its own association here - Valeriano-Heliosperma macranthae . The small radiant seed, which is also widespread in the Alps, is subalpine and alpine in the Krummholz stage with Pinus mugo and in snow valleys with Dryas octopetala .

Systematics and distribution

As a sub taxon of the genus Silene , the name Heliosperma was published as early as 1832 by Ludwig Reichenbach in Flora Germanica Excursoria , page 817. It was given the status of a genus Heliosperma by Ludwig Reichenbach in Der Deutsche Botaniker Herbarienbuch , 1841, page 206. Type species is Heliosperma quadrifidum Rchb. The botanical genus name Heliosperma is made up of Helio for "sun" and old gr. σπέρμα sperm for "semen". Like the German common name - Strahlensame - it refers to the characteristic long papilla around the longer outer edge of the kidney-shaped seeds, which are reminiscent of rays of the sun. The generic name Heliosperma Rchb. became in 2006 opposite the name Ixoca Raf. preserved. The kinds were until 2007 in the section Silene sect. Heliosperma Rchb. classified.

The species of the genus Heliosperma are closely related to the species in the tribe Sileneae and the genus Leimkräuter ( Silene ). The genus Heliosperrma is of genetic monophyletic origin. It also forms with the genera Viscaria Bernh. and Atocion Adans a distinct clade . Morphologically , they differ from Silene mainly in the presence of a radial ridge with long papillae on the back of the kidney-shaped seeds, as well as the indentations or toothed segments of the petals.

Since 2007, about ten, twelve or more Heliosperma species and numerous subspecies have been distinguished. For Heliosperma pusillum , two to eleven subspecies are named in addition to the nominate form, which some authors consider to be separate species. The center of distribution is the Balkan Peninsula with eight endemic species.

swell

  • Marjan Niketić, Vladimir Stevanović : Heliosperma (Rchb.) Rchb. In: Stevanović (ed.): Flora Srbije , 2, pp. 342–356, Srpska Akedemija nauka i umetnosti (SANU), Beograd, 2012. (PDF)
  • Božo Frajman, Bengt Oxelman: Reticulate phylogenetics and phytogeographical structure of Heliosperma (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 43, Issue 1, 2007, pp. 140-155. (PDF)
  • Božo Frajman: Taxonomy and reticulate phylogeny of Heliosperma and related genera (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) , Ph.D. thesis. Uppsala University 2007. ISBN 978-91-554-6946-7 . (PDF)
  • Božo Frajman, Bengt Oxelman: Reticulate phylogenetics and phytogeographical structure of Heliosperma (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 43, Issue 1, 2007, pp. 140-155: doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.11.003
  • Božo Frajman, Frida Eggens, Bengt Oxelman: Hybrid origins and homoploid reticulate evolution within Heliosperma (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) - a multigene phylogenetic approach with relative dating. In: Systematic Biology , Volume 58, Issue 3, 2009, pp. 328-345: doi : 10.1093 / sysbio / syp030
  • Emiliano Trucchi1, Božo Frajman, Thomas HA Haverkamp, ​​Peter Schönswetter, Ovidiu Paun 2016: Genomic and Metagenomic Analyzes Reveal Parallel Ecological Divergence in Heliosperma pusillum (Caryophyllaceae). (PDF)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Božo Frajman: Taxonomy and reticulate phylogeny of Heliosperma and related genera (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) PhD thesis at the University of Uppsala, 2007. ISBN 978-91-554-6946-7 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Marjan Niketić, Vladimir Stevanović: Heliosperma. In: Vladimir Stevanović 2012: Flora Srbije , Volume 2, Serbian Academy of Knowledge and Arts (SANU), Belgrade 2012, ISBN 978-86-7025-574-6 . Here p. 342.
  3. ^ Eduard Pospichal: Flora of the Austrian coastal country. Volume 1, Franz Deuticke 1897. Here p. 465.
  4. ↑ Volker Melzheimer, Adolf Polatschek: Vevision des Silene (Heliosperma) pusilla agg. (Caryophyllaceae) for the flora of Austria. In: Phyton , Volume 31, Issue 2, 1992, pp. 281-306.
  5. ↑ a b c d e Marjan Niketić, Vladimir Stevanović: A new species of Heliosperma (Caryophyllaceae) from Serbia and Montenegro. In: Bot. Joun. Linne. Soc., Volume 154, 2007, pp. 55-63 (PDF)
  6. ↑ Čedomil Šilić: Endemične biljke. Priroda Jugoslavije, Volume 3, Svjetlost, Sarajewo 1990, p. 28. ISBN 86-01-02557-9 .
  7. ↑ a b Heliosperma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  8. ↑ Božo Frajman, Richard K. Rabeler: Proposal to conserve the name Heliosperma against Ixoca (Caryophyllaceae, Sileneae). In: Taxon , Volume 55, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 801-808. (PDF)  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.bf.uni-lj.si  
  9. ↑ August von Hayek: Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Balcanicae. Volume 1, Pert. Spec. NO. Regni Veg. Beih. 30 (1), 1924, pp. 264-267.
  10. ↑ Ivo Trinajstić: taxa Nova et combi nationes novae in Flora Jugoslaviae. In: Ivo Trinajstić (Ed.): Supplementum ad Floram analyticam Jugoslaviae. Volume 6, 1979. Editio Universitatis Zagrebiensis, Liber.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Karol Marhold, 2011: Caryophyllaceae. : Datasheet Silene In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

Web links

Commons : Heliosperma  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Environmentally induced phenotypic variety and recurrent ecological speciation in Heliosperma pusillum group (Caryophyllaceae). PowerPoint presentation by Božo Frajman at the OPTIMA Congress 2016 (PDF)
  • Holotype of Heliosperma retzdorffianum K. Malý in the Sarajevo Natural History Museum [1]
  • Evolution of the genus Edraianthus and Heliosperma on the Balkan Peninsula, completed project of the European Commission, headed by Harald Nikfeld [2]