Cow carnation

Cow carnation
	Cow carnation ( Vaccaria hispanica ), illustration
Systematics
Order :	Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family :	Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae)
Subfamily :	Silenoideae
Tribe :	Caryophylleae
Genre :	Vaccaria
Type :	Cow carnation
Scientific name of the genus
	Vaccaria
	wolf
Scientific name of the species
	Vaccaria hispanica
	( Mill. ) Intoxicated

The Kuhn Elke ( Vaccaria hispanica ), also Kuhkraut or seed Kuhn Elke called, is the only kind of plant genus Vaccaria within the family of the Pink family (Caryophyllaceae). It is naturally widespread in temperate Eurasia and is a neophyte in North and South America , South Africa and Australia .

description

Illustration from Jan Kops, FW van Eeden: Flora Batava. Afbeelding en Beschrijving der Nederlandsche Gewassen. Volume 18, Deel 1889.

illustration

Appearance and leaf

The cattle carnation grows as a deciduous, annual herbaceous plant and usually reaches heights of 20 to 70 (8 to 100) centimeters. The vegetative parts of the plant above ground are bare and blue-green. A squat taproot is formed. The independently upright stem , mostly dichotomously branched only in the upper area, is bare and gray-green.

The leaves are arranged opposite one another on the stem. The lowest leaves are short-stalked and the upper ones are sessile. With a length of 2 to 10 centimeters and a width of 1.5 to 4 centimeters, the simple leaf blade is lanceolate to ovate or ovate-lanceolate with a rounded to heart-shaped and stem-encompassing blade base and a pointed to blunt upper end. Only one main nerve is recognizable.

Inflorescence and flower

In terminal, upright, loose, richly branched, umbrella-like inflorescences in the form of dichasias are usually 16 to 50 (10 to 100) flowers; the inflorescences are mostly flat at the top. The paired, opposite bracts are leaf-like and lanceolate with a green central nerve. The upright flower stalks are usually 10 to 30 (5 to 55) millimeters long.

The mostly hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five bald, with a length of 1 to 1.5 centimeters and a width of 5 to 10 millimeters narrow egg-shaped sepals are one, with a length of 7.5 to 17 millimeters and a diameter of 1.5 to 9 millimeters, Cylindrical to urn-shaped or bulbous, whitish-green calyx tube fused, it has five nerves. Each sepal is conspicuously sharp-edged to keeled or has a more or less green, maximum 1 millimeter wide wing with cord-like marginal nerves; between the edges or wings the calyx-tube is almost membranous. The calyx tube is significantly longer than the calyx teeth. The five green, one-nerved calyx teeth are egg-shaped to broadly triangular with a length of 1.5 to 3 millimeters with pointed or pointed upper ends and green or reddish dry-skinned edges. After the anthesis , the lower area of the calyx tube inflates. The five free, 14 to 25 millimeters long and 2 to 3 millimeters wide petals consist of a relatively long greenish wedge-shaped nail with a length of 8 to 14 millimeters and a pink to more or less red plate , which is 3 to 8 millimeters is inverted-lanceolate to inverted-egg-shaped or inverted-heart-shaped with a bitten to two-part upper end together. There is no secondary crown. The ten fertile stamens do not protrude above the corolla. The mutually free stamens are fused with the petals. There are nectaries at the base of the stamens . Two carpels are a top permanent, unilocular ovary fused (sometimes the fruit leaves the upper region are not completely grown together), many of the ovules containing. The two thread-like styluses are 10 to 12 millimeters long and slightly protrude from the corolla; they are bare at the top. The papillary (visible at 30x magnification) scar tissue is linearly shaped on the top of the stylus .

Fruit and seeds

The fruit stalk is 0.5 to 1 millimeter long. The inflated spherical cup envelops the fruit. The elongated, egg-shaped to almost spherical capsule fruit with a diameter of 8 to 10 millimeters opens the exocarp with four upwardly directed to backward curved teeth, the endocarp opens irregularly. One capsule fruit contains about ten seeds. With a diameter of 1.6 to 2.5 millimeters, the seeds are more or less spherical and laterally flattened. The red-brown to black seed coat is covered with fine, flat warts, but, unlike some related genera, has no wings or appendages. The embryo is curved.

Chromosome set and ingredients

The basic chromosome number is x = 15; there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 30.

The seeds and other parts of the plant contain saponins and are therefore toxic to humans, but much more toxic to fish. Other bioactive ingredients in cow clove are, for example, phenols and cyclopeptides .

Phenology

The flowering period lasts about three months and in Central Europe ranges from June to September, mostly from July to August, depending on the location. In China, the flowering period extends from April to July. In North America the clove blooms in spring and summer and in Australia between October and December.

In China, the fruits ripen between May and August.

ecology

The cow carnation is a therophyte , it is winter annual. It is rooted up to 60 centimeters deep. Germination takes place in autumn and the seedling outlasts winter. The best germination results are achieved in the dark and at relatively low temperatures. No permanent seed bank is formed in the soil, this is the reason that populations that have been formed by seed carry-over are not persistent. If it is dry in summer with full sun, the specimens wither and die.

Gynomonomy has been proven, but it rarely occurs. Most of the flowers are hermaphroditic. The flowers are pollinated by butterflies because only they can reach the nectar at the base of the flower tube with their long proboscis . But self-pollination occurs more frequently . There is self- compatibility.

The diaspores are the seeds and the wind spreads.

Occurrence and endangerment

The cow carnation is common in temperate Eurasia . The original distribution center of the cow carnation is in the Mediterranean area with Western Asia . The cow's carnation has been carried around the world with seeds . In Europe there is only the subspecies Vaccaria hispanica subsp. hispanica . Natural occurrences in Europe and the Mediterranean are in Portugal , Spain (including the Balearic Islands), France (including Corsica), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Malta , Ukraine (including Crimea), Hungary , and the former Yugoslavia , in Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , Greece (including the islands of the Eastern Aegean , Crete and neighboring islands) Cyprus , in the European and Asian part of Turkey , in Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , in Syria , Egypt (including Sinai), Libya , Tunisia , Morocco and Algeria . In Germany only the subspecies Vaccaria hispanica subsp. hispanica , which was introduced as a field weed in Germany , but is considered an archaeophyte . It thrives in wheat fields in the Chinese provinces : Anhui , Gansu , Guizhou , Hebei , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Nei Mongol , Ningxia , Qinghai , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi , Xinjiang , Xizang and Yunnan .

In North and South America , South Africa and Australia it is a neophyte . In Australia, cow carnations are found in grain fields in the states of New South Wales , Queensland , Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia. In North America, the cow carnation thrives in fields and ruderal areas at altitudes between 0 and 2400 meters; There were sites in many states of Canada and the USA, but at some of these sites the populations have died out. The clove grows as weed in fields in Pakistan in Chitral , Swat , Hazara , Punjab and Baluchistan . On the British Isles there are always wild stocks in fields and ruderal areas that develop as garden refugees or through imported seeds and birdseed.

It settles in the climatically favored areas of Central Europe. Grain or clover fields are however - apart from the eastern federal states in Austria - mostly inconsistent. For several years, you can see the Kuhn Elke sometimes in clover-grass mixture seeds as an alternative economic forming of agricultural enterprises encounter if they import their seeds from southern Europe. In Switzerland it thrives in grain fields and debris areas in warm locations in the colline to montane altitudes .

The cow carnation thrives in Central Europe on warm, dry, lime-rich or at least calcareous , loamy or clayey , loose and therefore often stony soils that should be rich in nutrients and that may be moderately high in nitrogen .

The pointer values according to Ellenberg are: Light index: 7 = half-light plant, temperature index: 6 = moderate heat pointer to heat pointer, continental index: 7 = subcontinental to continental, humidity index: 2 = extremely dry to dry pointer, reaction number: 9 = base and calcium indicator, nitrogen index: 3 = more frequent on low-nitrogen locations, salt number: 0 = not salt bearing, change in humidity: showing no change in humidity, heavy metal resistance: not heavy metal resistant. The pointer values for the influence of civilization on the location according to Kunick 1974 and Frank & Klotz 1988 are: human influence (hemerobia): 5 (alpha-euhemerobic = strong human influence) and the attachment to cities (urbanity) is urbanophobic (only outside of cities) . It occurs in the plant sociological society Caucalion = grain weed societies. The main occurrences are in the formation of "fields and short-lived weed meadows". The cow carnation is a characteristic of the association Caucalidion lappulae Tx. 1950.

The cow carnation is endangered throughout Central Europe and rated as critically endangered in the Red Lists of Threatened Plant Species in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Since this species is threatened with extinction in all locations in Germany, there are conservation cultures and attempts at reintroduction in German botanical gardens.

Systematics

It was first published in 1768 under the name ( Basionym ) Saponaria hispanica by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary: ... , 8th edition, Saponaria number 4 , in errata. The type material comes from a specimen cultivated in Chelsea Garden . The genus Vaccaria was established in 1776 by Nathanael Matthaeus von Wolf in Genera Plantarum vocabulis characteristicis definita , 3. A homonym of Vaccaria Wolf is Vaccaria Medik. (published in Philosophical Botany , Volume 1, 1789, p. 96). The new combination to Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert was published in 1966 by Stephan Rauschert Feddes Repertorium , Volume 73, Issue 1, p. 52. Other synonyms for Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert are: Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. , Vaccaria parviflora Moench , Saponaria vaccaria L. , Saponaria segetalis Neck. , Vaccaria segetalis Garcke nom. illeg., Vaccaria segetalis Asch. nom. illeg., Gypsophila vaccaria (L.) Sm. , Vaccaria brachycalyx Pau , Vaccaria grandiflora (Ser.) Jaub. & Spach , Vaccaria grandiflora Jaub. & Spach , Vaccaria perfoliata Gilib. , Vaccaria perfoliata Halácsy nom. illeg., Vaccaria vulgaris Host , Vaccaria hispanica subsp. grandiflora (Ser.) Holub , Vaccaria pyramidata subsp. grandiflora (Ser.) Hayek , Vaccaria pyramidata subsp. parviflora Hayek , Saponaria vaccaria var. grandiflora Ser. , Vaccaria pyramidata var. Grandiflora Ser.

The generic name Vaccaria is derived from the Latin word vacca "cow" and from -aria "concerning", as it is supposedly a good feed. The specific epithet hispanica refers to the country of origin of the type material Spain.

Some authors mention a species number of up to four. But in the more recent sources, Vaccaria is considered a monotypical genus and only contains the species Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert . If only one species is included, then it is divided into several subspecies, otherwise these subspecies have the rank of a species.

There are three subspecies of the species Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert :

Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert subsp. hispanica
Vaccaria hispanica subsp. liniflora (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Greuter & Burdet (Syn .: Saponaria liniflora Boiss. & Hausskn. , Vaccaria liniflora (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Bornm. ): It occurs only in Asia Minor .
Vaccaria hispanica subsp. oxyodonta (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet (Syn .: Vaccaria oxyodonta Boiss. , Saponaria oxyodonta (Boiss.) Boiss. ): It occurs only in Asia Minor .

Vaccaria hispanica is the only species of the plant genus Vaccaria from the tribe Caryophylleae in the subfamily Silenoideae within the family Caryophyllaceae . Some authors place in Vaccaria in the genus Saponaria .

use

The leaves are used as aromatic herbs. The seeds are ground and used in dishes. They are rich in starch and contain 13.8 to 16.1% protein and 1.6 to 3.2% fats - about 15 g protein and about 2.5 g fats per 100 g. The seeds contain saponins and are therefore somewhat toxic to humans.

The seeds are used in traditional Chinese medicine . The seed drug is called Semen vaccariae. Pharmacological tests have shown a wide range of medical effects. Examples of bioactive ingredients in cow clove are phenols , cyclic peptides and saponins. It is grown to produce its triterpenoid saponins and can be harvested 90 to 100 days after sowing.

The cow carnation has been used as an ornamental plant since 1548 .

Common names

There are many common names in different languages:

English language: Cowcockle, Cowherb, Cow Soapwort, Cow Herb, Cow Cockle, Bladder-soapwort, Field Vaccaria, Prairie Carnation
Arabic language: فول العرب
Chinese language: 王不留行（本草纲目）, 环留行, 麦蓝子, 麦蓝子（河南, 陕西）, 麦蓝菜 mai lan cai
Finnish language: Toukokukka
French language: saponaire des vaches, Vaccaire d'Espagne
Italian language: Cetino dei campi

swell

literature

Dequan Lu, Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman: Monotypische Gattung Vaccaria , p. 102. - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 6 - Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001 ISBN 1-930723-05-9 (Sections Systematics and Description)
John W. Thieret, Richard K. Rabeler: Genus Vaccaria and Species Vaccaria hispanica - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae , part 2 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-522211-3 (Sections Systematics and Description)
Ronald L. Hartman & Richard K. Rabeler: Data sheet at Jepson eFlora , 2013. (Sections Systematics and Description)
Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen (greeting), Siegmund Seybold: The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants. 95th completely revised u. exp. Edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). 2nd, corrected and enlarged edition. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 1: General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae. 2nd, supplemented edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 .
Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. 2nd Edition. Volumes 1–5, Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .

Individual evidence

↑ Data sheet with photo at the Ruhr University Bochum . ( Memento from September 3, 2004 in the Internet Archive )

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Dequan Lu, Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman: Monotypische Gattung Vaccaria , p. 102. - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 6 - Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001 ISBN 1-930723-05-9

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kuhnelke. In: FloraWeb.de.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ronald L. Hartman & Richard K. Rabeler: data sheet at Jepson eFlora , 2013.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ John W. Thieret, Richard K. Rabeler: Genus Vaccaria and Species Vaccaria hispanica - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.) : Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-522211-3

↑ ^a ^b Shahina Ghazanfar: Flora of Pakistan , Volume 175 - Caryophyllaceae , Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 1986: Vaccaria - online at tropicos.org from the Missouri Botanical Garden.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kuhnelke . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.

↑ George E. Burrows, Ronald J. Tyrl: Toxic Plants of North America , John Wiley & Sons, 2012. ISBN 978-1-118-41339-5 Vaccaria hispanica on pp. 329-331 in the Google book search

↑ ^a ^b ^c Vaccaria hispanica at Plants For A Future

↑ ^a ^b Aspasia Efthimiadou, Anestis Karkanis, Dimitrios Bilalis, Nikolaos Katsenios: Cultivation of cow cockle (Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert): An industrial-medicinal weed , In: Industrial Crops and Products , Volume 40, 2012, p. 307 -311. doi : 10.1016 / j.indcrop.2012.03.033

↑ ^a ^b data sheet at Flora of Western Australia .

^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 367 .

↑ E. Martínez-Duro, MA Copete, P. Ferrandis, JM Herranz: Germination ecology of a winter annual weed Vaccaria hispanica (Caryophyllaceae). = Estudio de la ecología de la germinación de la especie arvense anual de invierno Vaccaria hispanica (Caryophyllaceae). In: JM Martínez, AARamírez, JAMMontoya (eds.): La malherbología en los nuevos sistemas de producción agraria. XI Congreso SEMh, 7.-9. November 2007, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain, 2008, pp. 103-106. ISBN 978-84-87787-24-9

↑ ^a ^b data sheet with detailed photos at Acta Plantarum - Flora Italiae , distribution in Italy. ( Memento of the original from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Italian) @1@ 2

↑ Data sheet with photo at Cretan Flora of Israel .

↑ Data sheet with photos from Turkish Plants Data Service .

↑ Avinoam Danin: The genus Vaccaria in the Flora of Israel online.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Karol Marhold, 2011: Caryophyllaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. : Data sheet.

↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas Florae Europaeae: Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe , Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-521-34270-4 Distribution map for Europe of Vaccaria hispanica on p. 140 in Google - Book search

↑ Data sheet with photos at Blumen In Schwaben .

↑ Vaccaria hispanica var. Hispanica in the Red List of South African Plants

↑ Datasheet at New South Wales Flora online .

↑ ^a ^b ^c data sheet with photos at US Wildflowers .

↑ ^a ^b data sheet at the Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 8, 2015.

↑ ^a ^b pointer values according to Ellenberg.

↑ Data sheet with photo at Botanik im Bild / Flora von Österreich , 2005.

↑ data sheet of the conservation cultures at ex-situ-erhaltung.de .

^ Vaccaria hispanica at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 18, 2014.

^ Vaccaria hispanica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 18, 2014.