Rosa damascena
| Damask rose | |
|---|---|
Rosa x damascena |
|
| group | Old roses |
| origin | Asia Minor |
| known since | Antiquity |
| breeder | unknown |
| List of rose varieties | |
The group of Damascus roses , Rosa × damascena, is a cultivated form with a heavy, beguiling scent from Asia Minor , which are counted among the old roses .
history
It is widely believed that Damascus roses were known as early as ancient times and were cultivated by the Persians . They are said to have come to European gardens via France with the crusaders of the 13th century .
However, there was a certain lack of clarity or confusion about the name of today's Damascus rose in the early specialist literature. The Spanish doctor Nicolás Monardes referred to them in 1540 in his work De Rosa et partibus eius as Rosa persica or alexandrina , because of their origin from Persia and because they came to Spain via Alexandria . According to Monardes, this rose was known as Rosa damascena in Germany, Italy and France because it was thought to have come from Damascus . The International Dendrology Society believes, however, that the name Rosa damascena was only common in England in the 16th century . In other countries the Rosa moschata was called that, while the plant known today as the Damascus rose was called Rosa incarnata (“flesh-colored rose”) or Rosa pallida (“pale rose”). In 1762 Johann Herrmann classified the current Damascus rose among the centifolia in his dissertation , and apparently used the term Rosa damascena for a different rose than Miller in his dictionary of 1768.
properties
The Rosa damascena is thought to have emerged from a cross between the Rosa gallica and the Rosa phoenicea (a wild rose). Its shrubs are slightly larger than those of Rosa gallica , around 1.50 m high, with more spines and elongated, pointed leaves. When they form rose hips , these are also rather elongated. The flower color is usually a pink shade, more rarely white. An important characteristic is the strong scent. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.
Like all old roses, Damascus roses bloom once a year, in early summer. One exception is with Rosa Damascena closely related zweimalblühende Autumn Damask Rose ( Rosa damascena semperflorens , also 'Rosa Bifera', 'Quatre Saisons' or 'rose of the four seasons'), which was also known in ancient times. This is probably the result of a cross between Rosa gallica and Rosa moschata . Research into the genome of the Rose de Rescht suggests that the autumn damask roses acquired their ability to bloom more often from Rosa fedtschenkoana .
use
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Different varieties of Rosa damascena are used to obtain rose oil and rose water . Important growing areas of the Damascus rose are in Bulgaria , Iran and Turkey . In the Bulgarian Rose Valley , around 1.5 tons of rose oil are distilled each year.
Medicinal effects
The Damascus rose was Medicinal Plant of the Year 2013. According to the NHV Association , which selected the plant, the plant has anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant and antipyretic properties. The aromatherapy uses its essential oil u. a. for mental and physical relaxation.
sorts
The only really old and pure Damascus roses that are still widespread today are the two varieties 'York and Lancaster' ( R. damascena versicolor ) and 'Trigintipetala' or 'Kazanlik'.
According to legend, the rose 'York and Lancaster' - a variety with white, pink and spotted flowers on one and the same shrub - was created at the end of the so-called Rose Wars for the English royal family. It symbolizes the peace between the two noble houses of York , whose coat of arms bore a white rose ( Rosa × alba 'Maxima' or 'Semiplena'), and the Lancaster with the red rose ( Rosa gallica 'Officinalis'). This is how the heraldic rose of the Tudor royal family came about .
The variety 'Trigintipetala' or 'Kazanlik' (after the city of Kazanlak in the Bulgarian Rose Valley ) is mentioned as the "Bulgarian Oil Rose" (Bulgarian Трендафил / Trendafil) as early as 1689. Its overhanging flowers are pink, semi-double and have a strong fragrance. It is one of the summer blooming Damascus roses, grows vigorously and is up to two meters high.
All other varieties emerged later or were imported from Persia in the 19th century.
- 'Celsiana' , before 1750, soft pink, semi-double
- 'Isphahan' , synonymous with 'Pompon des Princes' before 1832, pink
- 'Madame Hardy' , 1832, white, climbing
- 'Marie-Louise' , 1813, dark pink
- 'Rose de Resht' , before 1880, purple in color; is often counted among the ' Portland roses '
- 'Trigintipetala' (also 'Kazanlik'), around 1689, pink
- 'La Ville de Bruxelles' , Vibert 1849, double flower, pink
- 'York and Lancaster' ( Rosa damascena versicolor ), 1551, white-pink, partly also spotted
gallery
'Celsiana'
'Duc de Cambridge'
'Mme. Hardy '
'Rose de Resht'
'St. Nicholas'
'York and Lancester'
.JPG)
Others
The customs and handicraft techniques related to the Damascus rose in Al-Mrah in Syria were added to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2019 .
See also
literature
- David Austin: Old Roses and English Roses , Dumont, Cologne 1993
- Heinrich Schultheis: roses. The best species and varieties for the garden. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-6601-1 .
- Heinrich Schultheis, Helga Urban, Klaus Urban: Rose Lexicon. The roses of the world. 2nd Edition. CEDION Systems GmbH, Troisdorf 2001, ISBN 3-932045-25-4 (CD-ROM).
- Peter Beales: Classic roses. Dream flowers for every garden. Extended German-language edition. DuMont-Monte-Verlag, Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-8320-8736-2 .
Web links
- Rose (Rosa damascena Miller)
- Rosa damascena , article on the website of the International Dendrology Society online (in English; accessed on February 3, 2020)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b David Austin: Alte Rosen und Englische Rosen , Dumont, Cologne 1993, p. 36
- ↑ a b c d e f Rosa damascena , article on the website of the International Dendrology Society online (English; accessed on February 3, 2020)
- ↑ Nicolás Monardes: De rosa et partibus eius: De succi rosarum temperatura, nec non De rosis Persicis, quas Alexandrinas vocant, libellus , from Dominicus de Robertis, 1540, online as a Google Book (Latin; accessed on February 3, 2020)
- ↑ David Austin: Alte Rosen und Englische Rosen , Dumont, Cologne 1993, p. 36
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 566.
- ^ David Austin: Alte Rosen und Englische Rosen , Dumont, Cologne 1993, pp. 36 and 41
- ↑ Pharmacy calendar . 2013, ZDB -ID 2661917-9 .
- ↑ David Austin: Alte Rosen und Englische Rosen , Dumont, Cologne 1993, pp. 41–42
- ^ For example from Austin. David Austin: Alte Rosen und Englische Rosen , Dumont, Cologne 1993, pp. 79 and 82.
- ↑ Practices and craftsmanship associated with the Damascene rose in Al-Mrah. In: unesco.org , accessed on April 22, 2020.
Hawthorn (1990) | Ribwort plantain (1993) | Coltsfoot (1994) | Real St. John's Wort (1995) | Great nettle (1996) | Field horsetail (1997) | Sage (1998) | Mullein (1999) | Rosemary (2000) | Thyme (2001) | Real chamomile (2002) | Mistletoe / Sage (2003) | Common yarrow / centaury (2004) | Lein (2005) | Lemon balm (2006) | Scented Violets (2007) | Real Lavender (2008) | Marigold (2009) | Clove Tree (2010) | Rosemary (2011) | Coloquin (2012) | Damascus Rose (2013) | Anise (2014) | Onion (2015) | Cubeb Pepper (2016) | Daisies (2017) | Ginger (2018) | Genuine St. John's Wort (2019) | Common Wegwarte (2020)