Vinegar rose

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Vinegar rose
Vinegar rose (Rosa gallica)

Vinegar rose ( Rosa gallica )

Systematics
Order : Rose-like (rosales)
Family : Rose family (Rosaceae)
Subfamily : Rosoideae
Genre : Roses ( pink )
Subgenus : pink
Type : Vinegar rose
Scientific name
Rosa gallica
L.

The Rosa Gallica ( Rosa gallica ), also Gallica Rose called, is a plant of the genus roses ( Rosa ) within the family of the rose family (Rosaceae). It is a robust wild rose that has been cultivated for many centuries and from which many of today's garden roses are derived; it is counted among the old roses .

description

The vinegar rose grows as a deciduous, compact, upright shrub and reaches heights of about 1 meter. Creeping runners are formed to a large extent . The branches are green or dull green. The spines are very unequal, mostly curved, but also straight and often covered with numerous more or less straight spiked bristles and stalk glands.

The 2 to 6 centimeters long leaves are pinnate unpaired with mostly three or five, rarely seven leaflets. The petiole and spindle are rough due to glands and hooks. The leathery leaflets are 2 to 6 centimeters wide and elliptical or ovate with a rounded to heart-shaped base and a blunt or suddenly pointed upper end. The upper side of the leaflets is dark green and rough and the underside is lighter and often slightly hairy. The summer leaves stay on the shrub until winter. The stipules are narrow.

Rose hip of Rosa gallica 'Versicolor'

The flowering period extends from June to July. The flowers usually stand individually on thick, glandular flower stalks. Bracts are available. The flower stalks, flower cups and sepals are mostly glandular. The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are 4 to 6 centimeters in diameter and have radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The outer sepals are strongly pinnate, turned back tightly after flowering and lapsed. The five petals are edged, light red to dark purple, they have a light nail. The short styles are free.

The rose hips are spherical with a length of about 1.5 centimeters or pear-shaped, slightly fleshy, before maturity drüsenborstig and stain brown-red when ripe.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 21 or 28.

ecology

The vinegar rose is a nanophanerophyte . The vegetative reproduction happens through underground runners .

Occurrence

In Central Europe there is no vinegar rose north of the Main and Moselle (with the exception of the southern Eifel , the Rhön and the Haßberge ). It is rare in the low mountain ranges with calcareous rock, but there it often forms loose stands; it is absent in the Alps.

The Gallica rose grows wild in deciduous forests and on dry meadows in Central and Southern Europe . It was already cultivated by the Romans as a medicinal plant , for the production of perfume and rose vinegar in plantations . After the fall of the Roman Empire, it was planted as a medicinal plant in monastery gardens and later also as an ornamental plant in private gardens. It can be propagated without roots and leaves runners that are difficult to remove in the garden.

The warmth-loving vinegar rose needs spring wetness and summer dryness in light to partial shade. It thrives best on heavy loam or clay soils that are rich in nutrients but poor in lime . It settles on the edges of forests and Wegraine in the hills and mountains. In Central Europe it occurs primarily in societies of the Berberidion or Geranion sanguinei associations, but also in those of the Quercetalia pubescentis or the Carpinion association.

Systematics

The first publication of Rosa gallica was by Carl von Linné .

Rosa gallica is the only species of the section Rosa in the subgenus Rosa within genus Rosa . In molecular genetic studies, Rosa gallica is found within the clade of the Caninae section , but has normal meiosis (see Canina meiosis ). It or an unknown / extinct closely related species could be one of the parent species of the allopolyploid Caninae species.

Use of the Gallica roses

Rosa 'Officinalis'

In addition to its fragrance and its ornament for gardens, the Rosa gallica has been used by pharmacists for the production of rose oil , rose water, rose vinegar and its petals as tea since ancient times. The extract of the flowers has an astringent effect and is used for healing in the mouth and throat area, for gargling, and for treating wounds that do not heal well.

sorts

The magenta variety 'Officinalis' (Apothecary Rose) was the symbol of the House of Lancaster in the 15th century as the 'Red Rose of Lancaster' . Opposite her stood the Rosa alba , the 'white rose' of the noble family of York .

A well-known sport (suddenly occurring mutation ), which originated from the variety 'Officinalis' before 1583 (mentioned by Carolus Clusius as Rosa gallica variegata), is called 'Versicolor' or 'Rosa Mundi' and has light crimson- white striped flowers. The 'Rosa Mundi' was in the 2009 Hall of Fame of the world Rosen selected.

A center of the cultivation of Rosa gallica was the city of Provins near Paris, therefore it is also called Provinsrose. From the beginning of the 17th century, when there were only about a dozen different varieties of the Gallica rose, to the beginning of the 19th century, the number of cultivars in Holland and France rose to over 1,000. Some popular varieties of Rosa gallica at a glance:

  • 'Aimable Rouge', before 1800, velvet red;
  • 'Camaieux', 1830, pale pink with white and carmine stripes;
  • 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 1840, purple-violet , very dark;
  • ' Charles de Mills ', before 1811, crimson-crimson;
  • 'Conditorum', introduced by Dieck (D) 1889, magenta red , “Konditor-Rose”;
  • 'Duc de Guiche', before 1810, carmine to pink;
  • 'James Mason', Peter Beales, 1982, wine red , yellow stamens;
  • 'Jenny Duval', 1800, pink, lighter outside;
  • 'Officinalis', before 1310, magenta, “Apotheker-Rose”;
  • 'Perle von Weißenstein', Schwartzkopf (D) 1773, red, oldest German rose cultivation;
  • 'Tuscany', before 1581 (mentioned by Lobel ), double velvet rose, dark red;
  • 'Versicolor', before 1583, crimson-white striped;
  • 'Violacea', before 1581 (mentioned by Lobel ), simple velvet rose, dark red

  • 'Officinalis'

  • 'Versicolor', world rose

  • 'Tuscany'

  • 'Charles de Mills'

  • 'Cardinal de Richelieu'

  • 'Complicata'

  • 'Jenny Duval'

literature

  • Heinrich Schultheis: Roses: the best types and varieties for the garden. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-6601-1 .
  • Heinrich Schultheis, Helga and Klaus Urban: Rose Lexicon. 2nd Edition. 2001, ISBN 3-932045-25-4 . (CD-ROM)
  • Peter Beales: Classic roses. 2nd Edition. DuMont-Monte-Verlag, Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-8320-8736-2 .
  • Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. 4th edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-8001-8246-6 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: Which tree is that? Kosmos nature guide. 24th edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-440-06570-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Vinegar Rose. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 567.
  3. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  4. ↑ a b c Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. Volume 2: Yew plants to butterfly plants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06192-2 .
  5. ↑ Volker Wissemann, CM Ritz: The genus Rosa (Rosoideae, Rosaceae) revisited: molecular analysis of nrITS and atp B- rbc L intergenic spacer (IGS) versus conventional taxonomy. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 147, 2005, pp. 275-290. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2005.00368.x

Web links

Commons : Varieties of Rosa gallica  - album containing pictures, videos and audio files