protest

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The protest (Latin protestor, -ari , publicly testify) is a verbal or non-verbal expression of rejection or opposition to certain events, situations or to a certain type of politics . Protests can take very different forms, from individual expressions of opinion to mass demonstrations . Protesters can organize a protest by making their point of view public in order to influence public opinion or politics, or by taking direct action to try to bring about the desired changes. Where the protest is part of a systematic and peaceful campaign to achieve a certain goal and involves both political pressure and persuasion, it can be better described as a case of civil resistance or nonviolent action .

Various forms of protest are sometimes restricted by law, economic circumstances, religious beliefs, social structures or monopolized mass media. If such restrictions occur, the protest can take the form of open civil disobedience or even more subtle resistance to those restrictions or influence other areas such as culture and emigration behavior. Protest can escalate through differences of opinion, sit-ins , unrest, uprisings , revolts and even political or social revolutions .

Finally, the protest itself may at times be the subject of a counter-protest, in which case the latter's supporters endorse the positions against which the original protest is directed.

Causes of Protests

The causes of protest are diverse, they include protests by marginalized groups who are excluded from social participation, such as protests in the context of the labor movement and the women's movement or anti-racist protests. Marginalization can take on various forms and degrees of severity, from informal discrimination to formal exclusions such as the lack of voting rights to pure hunger - the cause of numerous spontaneous unrest and protests during the First World War . In the general sense of the word, however, “protest” can also encompass a defense of the privileges of the middle or upper classes of society . This is often a response to social change and redistribution.

In his 2020 book, The Great No . Armin Nassehi examines the function and form of protest in terms of the dynamic and tragedy of social protest. According to Armin Nassehi, protest is a special social form in a functionally differentiated society . It makes conflicts visible that cannot be worked down in the institutionalized processing routines. In the printing company, "no statements" could be processed to some extent. In the internet age there is almost symmetrical communication due to the many speakers , which makes it confusing. Since protest is also inherent in a logic of increase, this leads to excessive demands on society today. There is no "stop rule for no statements". The tragic thing about the protest is that the demands can never be fully implemented. Protest can be a "generator of democracy" if, for example, it promotes rational decisions in politics ( climate catastrophe ). The cycle of power becomes visible in protest, and protest wants and can interrupt the cycle of power, and it forces those in power to express their opinion. But protest can also be a "threat to democracy" if it empowers groups without a democratically acquired mandate.

Modern form of protest

Sample of on-screen text display at u. A. switched off or unreachable server

A modern form of protest is the temporary shutdown of servers and the resulting inaccessibility of websites. Wikipedia used this tool in Germany for the first time to protest against an upcoming copyright reform in the European Union .

The following lists need to be revised: Arbitrary compilation, literature partly on very narrow sub-areas
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Selection of well-known protests

See also

literature

  • Immanuel Ness (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present , Malden, MA [etc.]: Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 1-4051-8464-7 .
  • Veronika Helfert: Violence and gender in unorganized forms of protest in Vienna during the First World War. In: Yearbook for research on the history of the labor movement . Issue II / 2014
  • Irena Selisnik, Ana Cergol Paradiz, Ziga Koncilija: Women's protests in the Slovene-speaking regions of Austria-Hungary before and during World War I , in: Work - Movement - History , Issue II / 2016.
  • The big no . Dynamic and tragedy of social protest . kursbuch.edition, Hamburg 2020, ISBN 978-3-96196-128-3 .
  • Sabine Mecking (Ed.): "Police and Protest in the Federal Republic of Germany." Springer: Wiesbaden 2020, ISBN 978-3-658-29477-9 .

Web links

  • Report on a judgment of the OLG Frankfurt am Main regarding online protest
Wiktionary: Protest  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wikiquote: Protest  Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ St. John Barned-Smith, How We Rage: This Is Not Your Parents' protest , Winter 2007: pp 17-25.
  2. ^ Adam Roberts , Introduction, in: Adam Roberts, Timothy Garton Ash (Ed.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present , Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 2-3.
  3. ^ Daniel L. Schofield: Controlling Public Protest: First Amendment Implications . in the FBI 's Law Enforcement Bulletin . November 1994. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
  4. ↑ Veronika Helfert: Violence and gender in unorganized forms of protest in Vienna during the First World War. In: Yearbook for research on the history of the labor movement . Issue II / 2014.
  5. ↑ Irena Selisnik, Ana Cergol Paradiz, Ziga Koncilija: Women's protests in the Slovene-speaking regions of Austria-Hungary before and during World War I , in: Work - Movement - History , Issue II / 2016.
  6. ↑ Armin Nassehi: The big no. Dynamic and tragedy of social protest . P. 58
  7. ↑ Armin Nassehi: Monday block / 105 , April 13, 2020
  8. ↑ Armin Nassehi: Monday block / 107 , May 11, 2020
  9. ↑ Focus.de - Internet Online Lexicon Wikipedia