cinder

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under Zinder (disambiguation) .

Ville de Zinder
Ville de Zinder
Coordinates	13 ° 48 ′  N , 8 ° 59 ′  E Coordinates: 13 ° 48 ′  N , 8 ° 59 ′  E
Basic data
Country	Niger
region	cinder
department	Mirriah
height	479 m
Residents	322,935 (2012)

Zinder [ zɛ̃ˈdɛːr ] is the capital of the Zinder region in Niger . With around 323,000 inhabitants, it is the second largest city in the country after Niamey . The capital of Niger until 1926, Zinder is today an important cultural and economic center of the West African state.

geography

Alley in the old town of Zinder

location

Zinder is located in the south of Niger in the Sahel zone . The neighboring communities are Dakoussa in the north, Gaffati in the northeast, Kolléram and Gouna in the southeast, Dogo in the south, Droum in the southwest and Tirmini in the northwest. The cityscape is characterized by a Precambrian granite massif on which the old French fort and a water tower are located. About three kilometers west of the city is the Mare de Kaniya, a pond with many bird species used to irrigate the surrounding gardens.

City structure

Zinder is a city ( ville ) and commune with special status ( commune à statut particulier ) consisting of five arrondissements of: Zinder I , Zinder II , Zinder III , Zinder IV and Zinder V . These are in turn divided into city quarters as well as rural villages and hamlets.

climate

cinder
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     0   31 14th     0   34 17th     0   38 21st     1   41 25th     25th   41 25th     51   39 24     159   34 23     216   32 22nd     70   35 22nd     7th   38 22nd     0   36 19th     0   32 15th Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: wetterkontor.de

Average monthly temperatures and precipitation for cinder Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 31.4 33.8 38.2 41.0 40.9 38.6 34.3 32.0 35.0 38.1 35.5 31.9 O 35.9 Min. Temperature (° C) 14.4 16.7 21.3 24.6 25.3 24.2 22.5 22.2 22.1 22.1 18.8 15.1 O 20.8 Precipitation ( mm ) 0 0 0 1 25th 51 159 216 70 7th 0 0 Σ 529 Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 8.2 8.6 8.2 8.5 8.6 8.3 7.4 6.6 8.2 9.1 8.8 8.3 O 8.2 Rainy days ( d ) 0 0 0 0 2 5 9 11 6th 0 0 0 Σ 33 Humidity ( % ) 28 23 21st 24 35 49 67 76 68 40 29 29 O 40.9 Source: wetterkontor.de

history

View over the city in 1906

Sultan's Palace in 1906

According to mythological tradition, the name of the city goes back to the fact that a hunter from Bornu made a pact with a sacred snake and shouted “Zindirr!” In view of the size of the snake. Another interpretation is that the place name is derived from the word zoumdoum , which means "large" and describes the large rocks in the area. In Tuareg the city is called Zǝndǝr .

In the 18th century, Zinder was still a small Hausa village. Sélimane dan Tintouma founded the powerful Sultanate of Zinder in 1812 as part of the Bornu empire by establishing his seat of power there. His dynasty is traced back through a number of village chiefs in Bornu to a pious man named Mallam who lived in the 17th century. From Zinder the Sultan conquered the old town of Damagaram . Since the rulership title Serki n'Damagaram was associated with more prestige than the still unknown title Serki n'Zinder , the area of ​​the Sultanate of Zinder has been called Damagaram since then . One of the most important successors of Sélimane dan Tintoumas was Ténimoun dan Sélimane , who ruled from 1851 to 1884. He questioned the position of Damagaram as a satellite state of Bornus and defeated several neighboring states with his army. In December 1852, the German Africa explorer Heinrich Barth visited the city. The remains of the house in the Birni district where Barth lived are still preserved.

In 1856, Sultan Ténimoun dan Sélimane had a five-kilometer-long belt of fortifications built around the Birni district, the seat of the Sultanate and the Kanuri aristocracy. According to tradition, editions of the Koran and living virgins were walled into this three meter wide and up to seven meter high city wall to give it a special strength. Sultan Ténimoun also strengthened Zinder's economic position and made the city a center of the Trans-Saharan trade for ivory, gold, salt and slaves. The Zengou district , the original Hausa settlement, served as a temporary residence for the passing Tuareg traders.

Since the Anglo-French Agreement of 1890 , the line Say - Barwa has been the border between the French and British spheres of influence . On June 14, 1898, the two colonial powers agreed that the Sultanate of Zinder would belong to France. The then Sultan Amadou dan Ténimoun was defeated on July 29, 1899 by the French military expedition Voulet-Chanoine near Tirmini , around twenty kilometers west of Zinder. On July 30, 1899, the French occupied Zinder. The Foureau-Lamy military expedition took up their quarters in the city from November 20 to December 28, 1899 and kept resistance in the villages to the west in check. The old city wall of Birni was finally largely destroyed by the French in 1906.

As part of French West Africa , France created the Territoire Militaire de Zinder (Military Territory of Zinder) as early as 1900 , which was expanded into the Territoire Militaire de Niger (Military Territory of Niger) in 1910 . Zinder maintained its prominent position for the French Niger colony and became its first capital in 1911. After the village Sorbon Haoussa had previously served as the provisional administrative seat of the military territory for a short time , Zinder was designated as its capital on April 20, 1901. Between Birni and Zengou, the new town was built with administration buildings and residential buildings in the French colonial style . From 1903 to early 1911 the seat of the territorial government was in Niamey , while the military command remained in Zinder. It was not until 1926 that governor Jules Brévié designated Niamey instead of Zinder as the capital of the Niger colony.

In the 1940s, the city was expanded west of the Zengou district: the Zengou Ouest district was built here. Since then, and especially since Niger's independence in 1960, the city has grown continuously. The 1986 Dakar Rally led through Zinder. In 2002, Zinder was transformed into a community association ( communauté urbaine ), which consisted of five municipalities ( communes urbaines ). In 2005 a major renovation of the decaying buildings in Birni began. In July 2008, floods destroyed around 2,000 houses in the city, and over 24,000 people were considered damaged. In the flood disaster in West and Central Africa in 2010 , 2,205 residents of Zinder were classified as disaster victims. The municipal association Zinder was converted into a city ( ville ) or municipality with special status ( commune à statut particulier ) in 2010 and the previous municipalities into arrondissements. On January 16, 2015, four people died in an arson attack on the Franco-Nigerien cultural center Center Culturel Franco-Nigérien (CCFN). The attack occurred during a demonstration against the publication of a cartoon of Mohammed by the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo .

population

Play media file

A military parade and its audience on the Nigerien national holiday on December 18, 2018 in Zinder (video, 30 s)

At the 2012 census, Zinder had 322,935 residents who lived in 51,026 households. Of these, 235,605 people lived in the urban and 87,330 people in the rural municipality.

Population development

Zinder is in the north of the large contiguous settlement area of ​​the Hausa in Niger and Nigeria . The city itself is multicultural with other population groups such as Fulbe , Kanuri, Tubu and Tuareg. In addition to Islam, a number of other religious communities are represented in Zinder. Protestants have been around since the Serving In Mission emerged in the 1920s. The Roman Catholic parish of Saint Therese of the Child Jesus, which belongs to the Maradi diocese , was founded in 1940. In the early 1990s, two Pentecostal churches from Nigeria established themselves in Zinder. Jehovah's Witnesses and Baha'i also live in the city.

Culture and sights

architecture

Old minaret of the Great Mosque and Sultan's Palace in Birni

Traditional architecture in Birni

The Birni district is characterized by square houses with geometrically carved ornaments and paintings. The sultan, his family and his court, together around 450 people, live in the Sultan 's palace in Zinder in Birni. The palace is decorated with relief ornaments. The sultan's emblems are placed on the facade: a staff, a sword and the Koran. As the local Islamic leader, the Sultan no longer has an official political function. The sultan's great influence on the local population and a differentiated court ceremony have been preserved . Next to the Sultan's Palace is the Great Mosque of Zinder with a thirteen meter high minaret and a remarkable interior. The residence of the Fulbe leader was built from 1812 to 1820 in the Hausa style. It previously served as the seat of the Damagaram Sultanate. Other aristocratic palaces in Birni date back to the mid-19th century, some of which were probably designed by the master builder Dangoni Dandibi.

In the Zengou district, many of the Hausa-style buildings were destroyed around 1940. From 1946 to 1950, however, this traditional architecture was reborn, so that the district is today again characterized by the Hausa style. Zengou's most important architects in the middle of the 20th century were the builder Mamane Illoua and the decorative painter Dandibi.

In the north of Zinder there is a 250 meter high mast, which is the tallest structure in Niger.

Cultural institutions

The Center de Collecte has existed as a museum for regional culture since 1988. Located between Birni and Zengou, the buildings of this museum are designed in the traditional Hausa style. The Center Culturel Franco-Nigérien (CCFN) is an important place for all kinds of cultural events . The head of the center, which also houses one of the largest bookshops in Niger, is also the French honorary consul .

Regular events

Rider at the Hawan Festival

The Hawan Festival in Zinder takes place every year on the occasion of the Islamic Festival of Sacrifice . The focus of the festival is a bullfight , which is carried out according to Nigerien tradition. The festival extends over several central squares in the city, especially prominent in front of the Sultan's Palace. The celebrations are accompanied by butchers riding horses and their sons, as well as the singing of griots .

Wassan Kara is another traditional festival that takes place annually in December. Here leading personalities are made fun of in theatrical form.

Fiction

Zinder is in 1863 published adventure novel Five Weeks in a Balloon by Jules Verne before. The city is a main setting in the 1955 novel La grande fauve by Christian Chéry . Jean d'Esme described the murder of officer Marius Cazemajou in Zinder in the short story La marche vers le soleil , which was published in 1949 in the anthology Sables de feu . The colonial era in Zinder and N'Guigmi at the end of the 1920s forms the background of René Persyn's 1978 autobiographical novel Les Talakas and the memories of Tubu researcher Jean Chapelle , published posthumously in 1987 under the title Souvenirs du Sahel .

Economy and Infrastructure

economy and trade

Zinder is located in the middle of a large peanut growing area. Clothing, shoes and handicrafts are made in the town itself. From an economic point of view, however, Zinder is primarily important for trade. The big daily market is called Kassua'n Dollé . In addition to a variety of other goods, traditional medicines are also sold here. A local culinary specialty are alkali , small cakes made from wheat and honey. Every Thursday there is also a large cattle market that extends to neighboring Nigeria. Sheep, goats, cattle, camels, donkeys and horses are traded.

Education, care and justice

There are 188 primary schools in Zinder, 23 of which are private schools . Zinder hosts a branch of the Abdou Moumouni University Niamey . Taught planning and urban studies and management assistance.

In Zinder there is a national hospital (French: Hôpital national ) and several private clinics. There are numerous pharmacies, most of which have only a small selection of medicines available. The supply of electricity and water is basically given. In the dry season, however, there can be dramatic bottlenecks in the water supply. In the city there are several development aid stations of the German Development Service and the Peace Corps as well as a coordination office for Danish development cooperation .

One of the country's two appellate courts has its seat in Zinder - the other is in Niamey - as does a Tribunal de Grande Instance, one of the ten civil courts of first instance nationwide .

traffic

Zinder Airport

The streetscape is dominated by motorcycle taxis , called kabou-kabou . Zinder is on National Road 1 leading to Niamey and on National Road 11 , which is part of the international Algiers-Lagos Highway . The city is served by all four major bus companies in the country. There are bus connections to Niamey, Arlit and N'Guigmi , among others . In the south-west of Zinder there is a small civil airport, Zinder Airport ( IATA code : ZND, ICAO code : DRZR).

Personalities

• Aboubacar Ibrahim Abani (* 1962), diplomat
• Amadou dan Ténimoun († 1899), Sultan of Zinder
• Gabriel Cyrille (* 1944), officer and politician
• Hadjia Délou (1938–2020), actress and director
• Moussa Hamadou Djingarey (* 1973), film director and film producer
• Issa Ibrahim (1922–1991), politician
• Marcel Inné (1934–2001), headmaster and vice mayor (1966–1974) of Zinder
• Albert Issa (1943–1993), writer and publisher
• Harou Kouka (1922–2008), doctor and politician
• Ali Lamine Zeine (* 1965), politician
• Abdoulaye Mamani (1932–1993), writer and politician
• Kélétigui Mariko (1921–1997), author and manager
• Habib Moctar (1950–1994), politician
• Salifou Mody (* 1962), officer
• Mahamane Ousmane (born 1950), politician
• Malam Saguirou (* 1979), film director
• André Salifou (* 1942), historian, writer, politician and diplomat
• Salifou Fatimata Bazèye (* 1951), judge
• Aboubakar Amadou Sanda (* 1964), officer
• Sélimane dan Tintouma († 1831), Sultan of Zinder
• Ténimoun dan Sélimane († 1884), Sultan of Zinder

literature

• Maman Abdou Maman: Diagnostic de l'élevage avicole dans la communauté urbaine de Zinder . Faculté d'Agronomie, Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niamey 2012.
• Louis François Delisse: Enquête sur l'architecture et la décoration murale à Zinder . Center d'études linguistiques et historiques par tradition orale, Niamey 1986.
• Roberta Ann Dunbar: Damagaram (Zinder, Niger) 1812-1906: The History of a Central Sudanic Kingdom . Dissertation. University of California, 1971.
• Jolijn Geels: Niger . Bradt, Chalfont St Peter 2006, ISBN 1-84162-152-8 .
• Robert Glew: The Construction of Muslim Identities and Social Change in Zinder, Republic of Niger . Michigan State University, 1997 (dissertation).
• Ama Idrissa: Les fonctions de center urbain de Zinder. Université scientifique et médicale, Grenoble 1984.
• Ibrahim Mana Koudoussou: Intégration agriculture-élevage dans la communauté de Zinder. Current situation . Faculté d'Agronomie, Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niamey 2012.
• Maman Nasser Sani Ado: Etat de l'environnement dans la ville de Zinder. Principales sources de pollutions métalliques et organiques . Faculté d'Agronomie, Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niamey 2012.
• Edmond Séré de Rivières: Histoire du Niger . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965.
• André Salifou: Le Damagaram ou sultanat de Zinder au XIXème siècle . Dissertation. University of Aix-en-Provence, 1970.

Web links

Commons : Zinder  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Ibrahim Mamadou: Colmatage des mares et risques environnementaux dans la ville de Zinder au Niger . In: Africa Science . Vol. 11, No. 5 , September 2015, ISSN  1813-548X , p. 80 ( researchgate.net [PDF; accessed February 11, 2018]).
2. ↑ ^{a b} National Repertoire des Localités (ReNaLoc). (RAR) Institut National de la Statistique de la République du Niger, July 2014, p. 709 , accessed on August 7, 2015 (French). 
3. ^ ^{A b} Jean-Paul Labourdette, Dominique Auzias: Niger 2009 . Nouvelle édition de l'Université, Paris 2009, ISBN 2-7469-1640-1 , pp. 139 .
4. ↑ ^{a b} Rivières, p. 135
5. ↑ Karl-G. Prasse, Ghoubeïd Alojaly, Ghabdouane Mohamed: Dictionnaire Touareg - Français (Niger): M – Ž . Museum Tasculanum Press, Copenhagen 2003, ISBN 87-7289-844-5 , p. 551 .
6. ↑ Rivières, p. 260
7. ↑ ^{a b} Rivières, pp. 234-235
8. ↑ Fernand Foureau : Documents scientifiques de la mission saharienne. Mission Foureau-Lamy d'Alger au Congo par le Tchad . Atlas (cartographer: Verlet-Hanus). Masson, Paris 1905 ( jubilotheque.upmc.fr [accessed May 6, 2018]).
9. ↑ Dakar Retrospective 1979–2007. (PDF) Amaury Sport Organization, archived from the original on July 8, 2011 ; accessed on February 14, 2018 (English). 
10. ↑ Historique de la decentralization. ANIYA. Réseau des collectivités nigériennes et françaises, archived from the original on April 6, 2012 ; Retrieved January 23, 2014 (French). 
11. ↑ Situation des dégâts causés par les inondations (2008) ( Memento of the original of February 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Center d'Information et de Communication website, published November 18, 2008, accessed March 31, 2012. 
12. ↑ Situation des besoins des populations victimes d'inondations (2010) ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Website of the Center d'Information et de Communication, published on September 23, 2010, accessed on March 31, 2012. 
13. ↑ République du Niger: Ordonnance n ° 2010-56 on September 17th, 2010. Portant érection des communautés urbaines de Niamey, Maradi, Tahoua et Zinder en communes à statut particulier ou villes et les communes les composant en arrondissements. (PDF file) (No longer available online.) Association des Municipalités du Niger, archived from the original on February 2, 2014 ; Retrieved January 23, 2014 (French). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
14. ^ Charlie Hebdo: 'Four dead' in Niger protest. British Broadcasting Corporation , January 16, 2015, accessed February 7, 2015 . 
15. ^ Riots in Niger: Dead in protest against "Charlie Hebdo". In: Tagesschau.de . January 16, 2015, archived from the original on January 18, 2015 ; Retrieved February 7, 2015 . 
16. ↑ Kokou Henri Motcho: Niamey, Garin captan Salma ou l'histoire du peuplement de la ville de Niamey . In: Jérôme Aloko-N'Guessan, Amadou Diallo, Kokou Henri Motcho (eds.): Villes et organization de l'espace en Afrique . Karthala, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-8111-0339-2 , pp. 29 .
17. ^ Zinder - Paroisse Sainte Thérèse de L'Enfant Jésus. Eglise Catholique au Niger, accessed July 1, 2015 (French). 
18. ↑ Niger ENR 5.4 Obstacles à la navigation aérienne de route. (PDF) Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar, August 10, 2000, accessed on August 5, 2016 (French). 
19. ^ Daniel Mignot, Jean-Dominique Pénel: Le Niger dans la littérature française . In: Marie-Clotilde Jacquey (ed.): Littérature nigérienne (=  Notre librairie . No. 107 ). CLEF, Paris 1991, p. 25-26 .
20. ^ Daniel Mignot, Jean-Dominique Pénel: Le Niger dans la littérature française . In: Marie-Clotilde Jacquey (ed.): Littérature nigérienne (=  Notre librairie . No. 107 ). CLEF, Paris 1991, p. 28-29 .
21. ^ Catherine Baroin: Jean Chapelle, Souvenirs du Sahel . Book review. In: Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée . No. 43 , 1987, pp. 154 ( persee.fr [accessed August 20, 2019]).
22. ↑ Statistiques de l'éducation de base. Annuaire 2009–2010 ( Memento of October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 19.1 MB). Nigerien Ministry of Education website, published September 2010, accessed February 14, 2012.
23. ↑ Zinder ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the German Development Service . 
24. ↑ Bachir Talfi: Note sur l'organization judiciaire . Nigerien Ministry of Justice website, accessed September 24, 2012.
25. ↑ Airports in Niger . Aircraft Charter World website, accessed January 23, 2012.