Tuareg (language)
| Tuareg, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵌⴰⵆ | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Algeria , Niger , Mali , Mauritania , Burkina Faso , Libya | |
| speaker | more than 1 million | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Official status | ||
| Recognized minority / regional language in |
 Niger
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
tmh |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
tmh (includes thv, taq, ttq, thz) |
|
Tamascheq (or Tamahaq , own name ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵌⴰⵆ ) is the language of the Tuareg . It is common in southern Algeria , Niger , Mali and Mauritania . The language is spoken by about a million people and is written in the ancient Tifinagh script . Writing in the Latin script failed at the beginning of the 20th century, but is common in science. The spelling was standardized in 1966. The language code for Tamahaq / Tamascheq according to ISO 639-3 is tmh and comprises four individual languages or dialects.
structure
The Tuareg languages are divided into the following dialects:
- north
- Tamahaq / Tahaggart ( Tămahăqq / Tăhăggart , Algeria, Libya, Niger, 62,000)
- southern
- Tamascheq ( Tămášăqq , Mali , Burkina Faso , 280,000)
- Tamascheq / Tayart ( Tămážăqq / Tayărt , Niger , 250,000)
- Tamascheq / Tawallammat ( Tawəlləmmətt , Niger , 640,000)
Position and characteristics
The Tuareg languages belong to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asian language family . In the field of phonology they differ from most other Berber languages in the existence of seven vowel phonemes a, i, u, e, o, ə, ă (ä / æ), the consonant system , on the other hand, is rather small, but shows in relation to the reflexes of the protobber consonant * z show a clear dialectal diversity. In terms of morphology , too , Tamahaq and Tamascheq have characteristics that distinguish it from other branches of Berber. The verbal system has - depending on the dialect - at least two additional aspect stems. The status annexus (see Berber languages) is not formed by ablaut or a prefix w-, as in Protoberberian, but by abbreviation of the prefix (Tamahaq akli → ăkli “slave”, Tamažeq iṃan → ṃan “spirit”).
literature
Introductions
- Frank Donath: Tamaschek (Tuareg): word for word, including Hoggar dialect (= gibberish . Band 167 ). Reise Know-How Verlag Rump, Bielefeld 2003, ISBN 3-89416-345-3 (introduction for tourists).
- Karl-G. Prasse: Tuareg Elementary Course (Tahaggart) (= Berber Studies . Volume 33 ). Rüdiger Köppe, Cologne 2012, ISBN 978-3-89645-929-9 (English).
Grammars
- Adolphe Hanoteau: Essai de grammaire de la langue tamachek ': renfermant les principes du langage parlé par les Imouchar' ou Touareg Jourdan, Algiers 1896 (pioneering work of historical interest, now obsolete)
- Jeffrey Heath: Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) . ( Mouton Grammar Library, 35 ) Mouton de Gruyter, The Hague 2005. ISBN 3-11-018484-2 (modern reference grammar )
- Karl-G. Prasse: Manuel de grammaire touarègue (tăhăggart). 3 volumes, Copenhagen 1972–1974. ISBN 87-500-1489-7 , ISBN 87-500-1310-6 , ISBN 87-505-0205-0 ; Volume 4: Schwülper 2009. ISBN 3-938693-13-4 . (monumental historical grammar of the Tuareg with reconstruction of Proto-Berber)
- Karl-G. Prasse, Ekhya ăgg-Ălbosṭan ăg-Sidiyăn: Tableaux morphologiques: dialecte touareg de l'Adrar du Mali (berbère). Tesaten en-tmăwiten. Akademisk forlag, Copenhagen 1985, ISBN 87-500-2568-6
- David Sudlow: The Tamasheq of North-East Burkina Faso. Rüdiger Köppe, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-89645-380-7 .
Dictionaries
- Ghubăyd ăgg-Ălăwjeli: Ăwgălel temajeq-tefrensist. Lexique touareg-français. Akademisk forlag, Copenhagen 1981, ISBN 87-500-1988-0
- Charles de Foucauld : Dictionnaire touareg-français . 4 volumes. Imprimerie Nationale de France, Paris 1951–1952
- Jeffrey Heath: Tamashek Dictionary . Karthala, Paris 2006
- Karl G. Prasse, Ghubăyd ăgg-Ălăwžəli, Ghăbdəwan əg-Muxămmăd: Asăggălalaf tămažǝq-tăfrănsit. Dictionnaire touareg-français (Niger) . 2 volumes. Museum Tusculanum, Copenhagen 2003, ISBN 87-7289-844-5
- Hans Ritter: Dictionary on the language and culture of the Twareg. In collaboration with Karl-G. Prasse. 2 volumes. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009.
- Volume 1: Twareg - French - German. Elementary dictionary of the main Twareg dialects in Algeria, Libya, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso with an introduction to language and writing, poetry and music, orientation and time calculation. ISBN 978-3-447-05886-5 .
- Volume 2: German - Twareg. Dictionary of the main Twareg dialects with a representation of phonology, grammar and verbal system. ISBN 978-3-447-05887-2 .
Web links
- Overview (french)