Urbanism

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Urban Studies and Urban Studies is an interdisciplinary field of research devoted to the discovery and description of towns with social , geographical , historical , ecological and urban dedicated perspective. Research is also interested in political, economic and cultural structures. Urban studies thus combines aspects of the natural sciences , engineering and humanities , in the latter case in particular social and political sciences .

Questions

Based on the heuristic assumption of a difference between urban forms of life, which can be delimited from peasant or rural , urban studies in general researches places with the highest population density , urban land use and urban socialization. With the increasing urbanization of the world population on a global scale and the simultaneous de-urbanization in the industrialized nations , urbanistic issues are becoming increasingly important. In the German-speaking area, urban studies are mostly understood to mean these theoretical questions. In contrast, terms such as English urbanization, French urbanisme, Spanish urbanismo are mostly intended to be concrete and practical and include the additional meaning of German-speaking urban development and planning (see also urbanization ).

Typical questions in urban planning concern the spatial and social organization within cities and their role as fixed points or nodes within the globalizing flow of information and capital. Participating subjects are for example:

Urbanism

A number of heterogeneous concepts of urbanism are summarized under the catchphrase urbanism , each of which tries to take account of the phenomenon “city” as a whole. In addition, architectural theoretical programs such as new urbanism take up the term in order to bundle a number of urban planning requirements with it. The term “urbanism” is therefore always to be understood in two ways: on the one hand, sociological- descriptive , on the other hand, aesthetic- normative .

Concept history

Urbanitas in the designated ancient rhetoric initially a stylistic quality, namely the ingenious, elegant and witty expression that reflects the refinement of the Greco-Roman culture. From a historical perspective, this background aspect moved ever more to the fore. In the Enlightenment , especially among the authors of the encyclopedia , the old ideal of style is still identified with urbanité , but it is also associated with “ politeness in language, spirit and morals”. Immanuel Kant praises the visual arts for promoting the “urbanity of the visual powers of knowledge” and thus contributing to the refinement of forms of life.

“Urbanity” finally describes the aesthetic ideal of social life par excellence. However, with the population explosion in cities since the industrial revolution, this aspect has become central.

The term urbanism ultimately goes back to Ildefonso Cerdá ( Teoría general de Urbanización , 1867): He encountered the theoretical problem of finding a form of planning for European cities that was neither based on the impracticable architectural theories of the Baroque nor on the checkerboard-shaped planned colonial settlements in North America .

In the 20th century, the term was soon divided among the disciplines: In sociology , it operates particularly in the so-called " Chicago School ", where it describes a mode of socialization in the modern metropolis that leads to higher morality and morality . In the architecture , especially the programmatic writings work of Le Corbusier .

Postmodern

Life in the city as a specific way of life is announced by Jean-Francois Lyotard as a failed project of modernity : Postmodern thinking is only possible in the outskirts of the cities because the urban utopia of creating a culture for the people has failed. Lyotard sees cities only as tourist museums of an already obsolete way of life. In L'empire des signes (1970), Roland Barthes gives a comparison of Tokyo with western cities: he contrasts the decentralized structure of Tokyo with the classic centralistic order of European cities, which for him the aporetic basic pattern of western metaphysics , the dialectics of center and periphery, represents.

In The Ordinary City (1997), the two geographers Ash Amin and Stephen Graham claim that the “urban landscape” ( urbanscape ) must be understood as a place of multiple, overlapping spaces, times and networks of relationships, which places and subjects in globalized networks of economic, integrated into social and cultural change.

Initial and continuing education

Urban studies can be studied at the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar as a Bachelor or Master. The interdisciplinary and international Master's degree in European Urban Studies has been offered here since 1999 . At the TU Darmstadt , the master's degree in history can be studied with a focus on technology - environment - city , which deals with urban planning from a historical and ecological perspective. In addition, there was a LOEWE research focus there until 2013 , which dealt with the “intrinsic logic of cities”. It was supported by the sociologist Martina Löw , the architectural historian Werner Durth and the historian Dieter Schott, as well as other professors from related disciplines.

The Brandlhuber class works at the AdbK Nuremberg under the name “Architecture and Urban Research”.

The Technical University of Berlin offers each year 30 students the opportunity to master their accounts under the master's program "Historical Urban Studies" at the Center for Metropolitan Studies (CMS) to acquire. The University of Applied Arts Vienna has had a master's degree in Social Design Arts as Urban Innovation since 2012, and the University of Duisburg-Essen also has an interdisciplinary focus on urban systems.

Important representatives and works of urban planning

Further works that can be assigned to urban studies:

  • Big cities and intellectual life (Georg Simmel, 1903)
  • The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (Jane Addams, 1907)
  • The City: Suggestions for the Study of Human Nature in the Urban Environment (Robert E. Parks, 1915)
  • Human Communities: the City and Human Ecology (Robert E Parks, 1952)
  • The Ghetto (Louis Wirth 1928)
  • Urbanism as a Way of Life (Louis Wirth, 1938)
  • On Cities and Social Life (Louis Wirth, 1964)
  • From log cabin to skyscraper (Lewis Mumford, 1925)
  • The town. History and Outlook (Lewis Mumford, 1963)
  • The Image of the City (Kevin Lynch, 1960)
  • What time is this place? (Kevin Lynch, 1976)
  • Death and Life of Great American Cities (Jane Jacobs, 1963)
  • The Economy of Cities (Jane Jacobs, 1970)
  • Urban Place and the Non-Place Urban Realm (Melvin M. Webber, 1964)
  • Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning (Melvin M. Webber and HWJ Rittel, 1973)
  • The inhospitableness of our cities. Incitement to strife (Alexander Mitscherlich, 1965)
  • The right to the city (Henri Lefebvre, 1968)
  • The Revolution of the Cities (Henri Lefebvre, 1970)
  • Toward an architecture of Enjoyment (Henri Lefebvre, 2014)
  • Gentrification of the City (Neil Smith and Peter Williams, 1986)
  • The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (Neil Smith, 1996)
  • New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy (Neil Smith, 2002)
  • Endgame of Globalization (Neil Smith, 2005)
  • Visions of the Modern City: Essays in History, Art, and Literature (William Sharpe and Leonard Wallock, 1987)
  • Cities and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements (Manuel Castells, 1983)
  • The Informational City: Economic Restructuring and Urban Development (Manuel Castells, 1989)
  • Cities and Social Theory (Manuel Castells, 2001)
  • Social Justice and the City (David Harvey, 1973)
  • The Urban Experience (David Harvey, 1989)
  • Rebel cities. From the right to the city to urban revolution (David Harvey, 2013)
  • Urban decay and urban renewal (Elisabeth Lichtenberger, 1990)
  • The town. From the polis to the metropolis (Elisabeth Lichtenberger, 2011)
  • Chinatown. The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave (Min Zhou, 1995)
  • Social Polarization in Post-Industrial Metropolises (Jürgen Friedrichs, 1996)
  • The cities in the 90s. Demographic, economic and social developments (Jürgen Friedrichs, 1997)
  • Planning as Persuasive Storytelling (James A Throgmorton, 1996)
  • Living in Poverty Neighborhoods, European and American Perspectives (Jürgen Friedrich, 2005)
  • The Rise of the Creative Class. (Richard Florida, 2002)
  • On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture. (Setha M. Low and Neil Smith, 2000)
  • Rethinking Urban Parks: Public Space and Culture Diversity. (Setha M. Low, 2005)
  • The urban code of China. (Dieter Hassenpflug 2008)
  • The cities' own logic. (Helmut Berking, Martina Löw, 2008)
  • Life between houses. Public space concepts. (Jan Gehl, 2012)
  • Cities for people. (Jan Gehl, 2015)
  • Living in Cities: How to Examine Public Space. (Jan Gehl, 2016)
  • Architecture and urban planning of the 20th century. (Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani, 1980)
  • The city from modern times to the 19th century. Urban designs in Europe and North America. (Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani, 2017)

See also

Portal: Planning  - Overview of Wikipedia content on planning

literature

  • Ash Amin, Stephen Graham : The ordinary city. In: Royal Geographical Society (Ed.): Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. Volume 22, Number 4, December 1997, pp. 411-429 (19). (PDF file; 180.4 kB) ( Memento from January 26, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  • Roland Barthes : L'empire des signes . Paris 1970.
  • Manuel Castells : La question urbaine . Paris 1972.
  • Manuel Castells: The information age: economy, society, culture. Part 1: The rise of the network society. Leske + Budrich, Opladen 2004.
  • Francoise Choay: The modern city. Planning in the 19th Century. New York 1969.
  • Henri Lefebvre : La révolution urbaine. (= Collection Idées. 216). Editions Gallimard, Paris 1970. (German: The Revolution of Cities , Munich 1972)
  • Elisabeth Lichtenberger : The Nature of European Urbanism. In: Geoforum. 4/1970, pp. 45-62.
  • Elisabeth Lichtenberger: The future of the European city in the West and the East. In: European Review. Vol. 3, No. 2, 1995, pp. 183-193.
  • Louis Wirth : Urbanism As A Way of Life. In: American Journal of Sociology. 44, 1938, pp. 1-24. (German: Urbanity as a way of life. In: U. Herlyn (Ed.): City and social structure. Munich 1974, pp. 42–66)
  • Lewis Mumford: What is a City? In: Architectural Record. LXXXII, November 1937, pp. 58-62.
  • Arnold Bartetzky, Marc Schalenberg (Eds.): Urban Planning and the Pursuit of Happiness, European Variations on a Universal Theme. Jovis Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-86859-020-3 .
  • Marcos L. Rosa, Ute Weiland (eds.): Handmade Urbanism - Cape Town - Istanbul - Mexico City - Mumbai - Sao Paulo - From Community Initiatives to Participatory Models. Jovis Verlag, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86859-225-2 .
  • Ernst Seidl (ed.): Political space types. On the power of public building and spatial structures in the 20th century. (= Art and politics. 11/2009). v + r unipress, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-89971-712-9 .
  • Neil Brenner (Ed.): Implosions / Explosions - Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization. Jovis Verlag, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86859-317-4 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Urbanistics  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Eigenlogic of the cities - Website of the TU Darmstadt ( Memento from January 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )