Socialization (sociology)
Socialization generally refers to the transformation of something Ungesellschaftlichem (about club tents) in some Social. This article describes its use in the field of sociology .
Socialization with Max Weber
First, the term was further developed by Max Weber in 1922 from Ferdinand Tönnies ' concept of society . It describes a social relationship "if and to the extent that the attitude towards social action is based on a rationally ( purpose-rational or value-rational ) motivated balance of interests [...]". Ferdinand Tönnies writes in his work, Community and Society , that each of human relationships is a “[…] mutual effect which, in so far as it is done or given by one side, is created by the other in such a way that it is maintained, or so that it tends to destroy the other will and body […]: affirmative or negative. ”Socialization refers to the process that makes individuals members of society by integrating them in different ways into the social context (or integrating them negatively). Socialization takes place primarily in a class, ethnic and gender-specific manner and is subject to changing socio-historical conditions. Examples are the emergence of social, legal or cultural classes such as the nobility , bourgeoisie or proletariat .
In contrast to this is the Vergemeinschaftung with Weber (as with Tönnies the community ) which is based on affect or tradition .
Socialization with Georg Simmel
Probably the most common meaning in which the term is used is that of Georg Simmel (1908). He sees the subject of sociology in the social interactions of society. He calls this socialization. Simmel defines sociability "as a game form of socialization and as - mutatis mutandis - related to its content-based concreteness like the work of art to reality." Realities is experienced.
Sociology as a study of the forms of socialization
Klaus Lichtblau writes in his work From “Society” to “Vergesellschaftung”. On the German tradition of the concept of society through Simmel's discussion of the concept of society. This was closely related to his efforts to provide sociology with a secure scientific basis that should enable it to successfully assert itself as an independent discipline in the concert of the traditional humanities and political sciences. Simmel suggested speaking of "society" in relation to something functional and replacing this term as far as possible with the term Vergesellschaftung in order to avoid misunderstandings.
Klaus Lichtblau: “According to Simmel, it is not the 'community' or the 'state', but the individual that is the actual opposite of that of society. [...]. For Simmel, it is not decisive how fleeting or permanent or how spatially limited or extended their 'with one another', 'for one another' and 'acting against one another' is (Simmel 1992a: 57, 1992b: 18). His concept of society is therefore in principle open and also compatible with a theory of world society, even if Simmel himself preferred to deal primarily with those “microscopic-molecular processes” in which social events are not yet “fixed, supra-individual” Formed "has solidified, but society shows itself in the state of birth, as it were (Simmel 1992b: 33)."
Socialization with reference to gender roles
Regina Becker-Schmidt (2003) describes with “double socialization of women” the double involvement of women in gainful employment and in family work as a result of social change. Reinhard Kreckel emphasizes that the double socialization in the bureaucratic - capitalist society applies to both genders, but that women are typically fully exposed to the contradicting demands of both areas.
With a perspective now called ethnosociology , Claude Lévi-Strauss established a structural consideration of marriage and kinship processes in 1949.
See also
literature
- Ferdinand Tönnies : Community and Society . Fues, Leipzig 1887, DNB 576693871 . (Reprint: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2005, ISBN 3-534-05180-7 )
- Georg Simmel : Sociology. Investigations into the forms of socialization . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, DNB 361709943 . (Reprint: Collected Works. Volume 11: Sociology: Studies on the Forms of Vergesellschaftung. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-518-28411-8 )
- Max Weber : Economy and Society . Cologne / Berlin 1922.
Web links
- Regina Becker-Schmidt: On the double socialization of women . In: gender ... politics ... online , 2003.
Individual evidence
- ^ Tönnies, Ferdinand: Community and Society: Basic Concepts of Pure Sociology. 3. Edition. Berlin 1920.
- ↑ Klaus Lichtblau: From society to socialization. Retrieved September 8, 2010 .
- ↑ Reinhard Kreckel: Sociology of rule - 14th lecture. (PDF; 15 kB) (No longer available online.) In: Soziologie der Herrschaft: Arbeitsblätter. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007 ; Retrieved June 24, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
