List of Japanese prison camps in the world wars

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This list of Japanese prison camps in the world wars shows the prisoner of war (M) and internment camps (Z) set up by the Japanese during both world wars.

1914 to 1920

Japan, then an ally of the British, captured the German colony of Kiautschou in November 1914 . The following camps were set up for around 4,700 prisoners, 4,400 of them Germans and 300 of them Austria-Hungarians. Existing up to the beginning of 1920 are marked with *.

  • Aonogahara * (former military training area, Hyōgo prefecture ), from September 20, 1915, closed January 26, 1920
  • Asakusa (in the temple of the sect of Higashi Hongan-ji ). Nov. 12, 1914, crew of SMS Jaguar and OMD ; Transferred to Narashino camp on September 7, 1915.
  • Bandō , opening 6–9. April 1917, arrivals from Tokushima, Marugame and Matsuyama, until the turn of the year 1919/20, officially closed on February 8, 1920.
  • Fukuoka, November 13, 1914, occupied with 850 men, soon almost exclusively officers camp, with less than 100 inmates. Relocation of the last prisoners to Narashino March 22, 1918.
  • Himeji, 323 men as of Nov. 14, 1914; Crew of the SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth inmates at closure 19. – 20. September 1915 to Aonogahara.
  • Korodai (Kurume Subcamp)
  • Kumamoto, opened Nov. 16, 1914, 651 men. Spread over nine temple buildings u. a. in Amida-ji, Saiko-ji and Kozen-ji. Disbanded June 9, 1915, inmates to Kurume.
  • Kurume, temple camp set up on October 4, 1914, plus the Korodai subcamp, a total of 531 inmates at the end of 1914. Summarized to the newly built barracks camp * on June 8, 1915. Maximum occupancy 1315 men.
  • Marugame, opened Nov. 16, 1914, with 324 men (2nd and 3rd company of the 3rd Sea Battalion), inmates in 1917 to Bandō.
  • Matsuyama, 3 sub-camps, including the Kokaidō temple building, which closed last March 1917, inmates from various troops, to Bandō.
  • Nagoya * opens Nov. 21, 1914 with 309 men, later maximum occupancy around 500. Temple camps until Nov. 2, then rebuilt barracks camp (in Akatsuka district, today Narumi-chō).
  • Narashino * opens Sept. 7, 1915, on a former military training area in Chiba Prefecture , maximum occupancy 890 men.
  • Ninoshima *, inmates from Osaka from Feb. 19, 1917, later non-combatants. Official closure Jan. 22, 1920.
  • Oita, two sub-camps for officers and men (sailor artillery), opened Dec. 4, 1914 with 141 men, maximum occupancy 210. Relocation to Narashino on Aug. 4, 1918.
  • Osaka, opened Nov. 10, 1914, 537 soldiers, several civil servants, maximum occupancy Oct. 1916 approx. 660. 16. – 19. Feb. 1917 moved to Ninoshima
  • Shizuoka, from 9./10. Dec. 1914, 107 men, 97 remaining on Aug. 25, 1918 to Narashino.
  • Tokushima, from December 3, 1914, maximum occupancy 210, relocation to Bandō April 6, 1917.

Hostile foreigners who were civilians in the country when the war broke out were not interned, but had to cease their business activities. During the Siberian intervention , Japanese troops temporarily took over three camps of prisoners who had been abducted from the Eastern Front.

1941 to 1945

Note: The spelling of the place names and English company names follows the then usual.
Outline map of Japanese camps during World War II

Not all smaller and sub-camps are listed. The subcamps were relocated repeatedly during the war. Nor are any camps on the Chinese mainland that hosted the Chinese listed.

It is estimated that a total of 320,000 Allied soldiers fell into Japanese hands, most of them in the first half of 1942. Of these, 140,000 were Europeans and 180,000 were colonial auxiliaries from India, the Philippines or China. Many of the Asians were used as slave labor all over the Japanese territory. For whites, the death rate by the time they surrendered in 1945 was over 30%. Statistics for the US military put 34,648 prisoners of war, of whom 12,935 died. Conditions in the camps, especially in Southeast Asia, were the subject of numerous war crimes trials in Singapore and the Dutch East Indies . The death rate for civilian internees was within the range of normal mortality for the tropics, but rose due to the war-related shortage from mid-1944. Overall, 3–5% of civilians died.

Military hospitals, police and Kempeitai prisons were also used. In the latter, airmen who had been shot down were accommodated under particularly harsh conditions and at half rations, as the bombing of cities after the Doolittle Raid was considered a war crime. Officers were usually forced to work.

Japanese main islands

Hokkaidō :

  • Sapporo in the headquarters of the Northern Army, with subcamps Paramoshiri, Kuril Islands and Sakhalin
  • Hakodate quarantine station (main camp) at Bibai- machi

Hakodate sub-camp:

  • Akahira (from June 7, 1945, for Sumitomo Mining )
  • Ashibetsu (from June 7, 1945, for Mitsui Mining )
  • Kameda (March 13 to June 7, 1945 for the Hakodate Port Authority)
  • Kamiiso (October 1, 1943 to June 7, 1945, for Asano Cement )
  • Otaru
  • Muroran (Kamiso-machi Camp No. 73; December 6, 1942 to January 15, 1943)
  • Nakajima (January 15, 1943 to June 7, 1945 for Nippon Steel )
  • Nishi-Ashibetsu (from June 29, 1945)
  • Temiya Park Stadium
  • Tomakomai
  • Utashinai No. 2 and 3 (from July 1, 1945 for Hokkaido Coal Mining )

Northern Honshu :

  • Niigata (M, subcamp managed by Tokyo, from August 20, 1943, relocated several times within the city; for Niigata Sea and Land Transportation )
  • Akita (Towada-cho), Catholic Church (Z), 48 Italian diplomats and their families after Badoglio's betrayal .
  • Sendai (Z, from April 14, 1945)
  • Sendai (M, 11 sub camps in industrial plants and mines)
Sugamo Prison, Tokyo (1945)

Tokyo ( Kantō ) region:

  • Sugamo prison
  • Kawasaki: Sumire Jogaku-en (Z)
  • Ofuna Naval Hospital (from April 6, 1942)
  • St. Francisco Monastery (Surime; Z)
  • Urawa (Z)
  • Higashi-Shinagawa (M; main camp September 12, 1942 to July 2, 1943, relocated to Omori), still hospital from August 1, 1943
  • Omori (M; main camp from February 7, 1942); External warehouse:
    • Ashio (from November 10, 1943, relocated June 4, 1945, for Furukawa Mining )
    • Hirooka: Kanagawa (M; from November 18, 1942, for Kumagai-gumi )
    • Hitachi-Daoin (from May 12, 1943, for Nippon Mining )
    • Hitachi-Motoyama (from March 5, 1944, for Nippon Mining )
    • Kanose (from April 15, 1944)
    • Kawaguchi (July 45; Nippon Rolling Stock Manufacturing )
    • Kawasaki (M, 2 external camps from 1942)
    • Nagaoka (M, from May 13, 1945, for Nippon Express )
    • Naoetsu (M, July 12, 1942 to February 1943, then relocated within the town, moved again in July 1944; for Shinetsu Chemical, Nippon Stainless and others)
    • Omi (from May 12, 1943)
    • Sekiguchi
    • Sumidagawa (from July 1, 1944, for Nippon Express )
    • Suwa (from June 4, 1945)
    • Tsurumi (December 25, 1943 to April 15, 1944 for Nippon Steel Tube Shipbuilding; from April 15, 1944, for Toshiba Electric Co. )
  • Yokohama
    • Kamioka Prison (Gummyoji; M)
    • Bund Hotel (Z)
    • at least four other smaller sub-warehouses of Tokyo in shipyards
  • Yamakita (Kanagawa Race Course; Z)

Kansai and southern Honshu:

  • Aioshi
  • Akenobe (No. 6 B)
  • Funatsu
  • Furashi
  • Gifu: Nagara Hotel
  • Fuse
  • Harima (No. 29, Wakayama; Osaka subcamp: Chikko, August 12, 1942 to May 21, 1945)
  • Himeji
  • Kamioka
  • Kyoto (3)
  • Toyooka
  • Tsuruga
  • Yodagawa Bunsho
  • Yonago
  • Yura
  • Kobe (Z)
    • Futatabi (about 5 miles outside; ex-patriates from the region and civilians from Guam)
    • Eastern Lodge (Pago Camp No. 2)
    • Butterfield and Swire Res. (Pago Camp No. 3)
    • Seaman's Mission (Pago Camp No. 4)
    • Detention Center (Tashibana-chō)
    • Itomachi (sub-camp 11)
  • Kobe (M, 7 miles west of the Kako River)
    • No. 31
    • Kawasaki Heavy Industries (M; December 8, 1942 to May 11, 1945, Osaka subcamp: Chikko)
    • Military hospital (moved from Osaka July 10, 1944, until June 5, 1945)
    • Koshian Hotel
    • Suzurandai
  • Nagoya (Z, from April 5, 1945, relocated to town on May 14, 1945)
  • Nagoya-Tempakumura (Z), as “unreliable” Italian civilians, from September 1943, including Fosco Maraini
  • Nagoya-Ishigase, Ishino-mura in Kosai-ji (広 済 寺), 15 Italians (Z)
  • Nagoya (M), 3 main warehouses with several branch offices in industrial plants
  • Osaka
    • Honmaji (military prison)
    • Ichioka Hospital (October 5, 1942 to July 10, 1944, then transferred to Kobe)
    • Sakai prison
  • Osaka: Chikko (M) main camp, with several sub-camps in industrial plants, to which also some sub-camps in Kobe were subordinate, u. a .:
    • Amagaseki (January 20, 1943 to June 17, 1945 for Otani Heavy Industries )
    • Hirohata (May 10, 1942 to September 15, 1943, then relocated locally; for Nippon Steel )
    • Minato-ku
    • Naruo (February 1 to May 29, 1945, for Shō Denkyoku )
    • Notogawa (May 18 to July 1945)
    • Oeyama (from August 20, 1943 for Nippon Yakin Kōgyō )
    • Rokuroshi (officers camp, some of which were used as gardeners, June 10, 1945)
    • Sakurajima (from January 20, 1943 to May 18, 1945 in the Hitachi shipyard), with a sub-camp in the Ichioka School
    • Sumiyoshi-ku
    • Umeda Bunsho (November 22, 1942 to May 21, 1945, for Nippon Express )
    • Wakayama (November 5, 1943 to March 29, 1945, for Sumitomo Metal )
    • Wakinohama (February 1 to May 21, 1945)
    • Yodogawa (November 22, 1942 to May 21, 1945, for Yodagawa Steel )

Kyushu (all M, administered by Fukuoka ):

  • Aokuma (No. 22)
  • Arao
  • Beppu
  • Emukae (No. 24, for Sumitomo Coal Mining from January 15, 1945)
  • Fukuoka (Z; January 1, 1943 to June 19, 1945);
  • Fukuoka (No. 1 B; M, April 17, 1944 to January 20, 1945)
  • Futase (No. 7, work for Nitettsu Mining from May 15, 1943)
  • Hakozaki (Subcamp of Fukuoka 1 B, Pine Tree Camp )
  • Higahsi misome
  • Honami (No. 22; for Sumitomo Coal Mining from January 15, 1945)
  • Iizuka
  • Inatsuki (= Yamano; work assignment for Mitsui Mining , from March 10, 1943)
  • Innoshima
  • Kashu (Kashii; November 20, 1943 to April 17, 1944)
  • Keisen (No. 23; Hirayama coal mine for Meiji Mining from August 4, 1944; No. 26 Yoshikuma coal mine for Aso Mining from May 10, 1945)
  • Kokura (No. 3, work for Nippon Steel , from December 15, 1943)
  • Kokura Military Hospital
  • Kumamoto barracks (No. 1; construction of the Kengun airfield November 28, 1942 to November 20, 1943)
  • Kudamatsu (October 13, 1943 to June 3, 1945; for Hitachi Manufacturing )
  • Miyata (No. 9; Kajima-onoura Coal Mining from April 12, 1943)
  • Moji (No. 4 and hospital; for Kanmon Port Authority from November 28, 1942)
  • Motoyama
  • Mukoshima
  • Nakama (No. 21; coal mine of Taishō Coal Mining, from June 15, 1944)
  • Nagasaki, 884 allies in two camps Koyagi Camp (Fukuoka 2-B; on the island in the port) and “No. Fukuoka 14-B "in the Mitsubishi shipyard (in Saiwamachi, Urakami; 315 M, 113 died before August 9, 1945, 7 atomic bomb victims, at the end of the war 152 Dutch, 24 Australians, 19 British), 1.7 km from the center of the atomic bomb explosion, 24 ( Senryu ) and in the former Franciscan monastery, Shiroyama (Z)
  • Ohama
  • Omine (= Soeda; Fukuoka No. 5; work in the coal mine for Takamatsu Coal Mining from April 22, 1943)
  • Omuta (No. 25; from September 29, 1944)
  • Omuta-Miike (No. 17; miiki coal mine from Mitsui , from 10 August 1943)
  • Saganoseki (refinery; September 8, 1944 to June 20, 1945)
  • Sasebo (No. 18; construction of the Soto Dam, August 10, 1943 to April 17, 1944)
  • Tagawa (No. 27; for Mitsui Mining , from May 10, 1945)
  • Tanoura (October 13, 1943 to June 4, 1944, for Tokai Denkyoku )
  • Tobata
  • Yawata (Fukuoka No. 3, work for Nippon Steel , September 23, 1942 to December 15, 1943)

Hiroshima region:

  • Hiroshima (Z; from April 13, 1945)
  • Hiroshima (M)
    • Mukaishima (from November 1942 for the British who had been transported on the Dainichi Maru . 116 Americans were added later.)
    • Kure Naval Prison
    • Zentsūji , with about 10 satellite camps

Other:

  • Shimonoseki quarantine station
  • Besshi Sumitomo Hospital

In addition, there were the special prisons of the Kempeitai Military Police , in which shot down planes were held as war criminals under particularly harsh conditions.

Korean peninsula

The peninsula is called Chosen in Japanese .

Seidaimon Prison in Fuzan ( ca.1924 )
  • Repho (M; at Heijō 平 壊 )
  • Keijō ( 京城 , today Seoul) 3 camps
  • Konan (near Heungnam )
  • Rempo (near Heungnam)
  • Seishin (today: Chŏngjin)
  • Seidaimon Prison , Pusan
  • Jinsen (= Inchon POW Camp ) (M)
  • Ryuszan
  • Koshuyu Island

Formosa

The island was called Tōnei during Japanese rule .

  • Keelung ( 基隆 )
  • Taihoku (No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Muksaq) and 6; 台北 , today: Taipei ) as well as in the local prison
  • Kinkaseki
  • Muksan
  • Karenko
  • Tosei
  • Taichu (today: Taichung )
  • Tamazato
  • Heito (near Pingtung )
  • Takao
  • Shirakawa (near Chiayi )
  • Inrin, 2 bearings, one of which for convalescence ( Inrin )

Mainland China

Chinese conscripts, unless they were killed in the first weeks of captivity, were usually released "home" after a few weeks or months.

  • P'u T'o Shan Island (today: Putuoshan ; Chusan Archipelago)
  • Tinghai Island (today: Zhoushan; Chusan Archipelago)
  • Nanking
  • Yangchow (today: Yangzhou )
  • Kankow (Z; today: Wuhan )
  • 7 camps on Hainan Island , many of the inmates were Indian colonial troops who were transferred to the Wang Jingwei government for forced labor.
  • Dairen (Pt. Arthur)
  • Chin Hua (today: Qinhuangdao )
  • Peiping (today: Beijing )
    • British Embassy and American Legation, both empty after the diplomats have withdrawn. Since May 15, 1945, people who have been released so far on word of honor have been imprisoned. There were Chinese servants. There was an exit during the day, the care was provided on one's own account. The Swiss embassy paid a monthly allowance towards living expenses.
    • Camp 1407
    • Fu Jen Girl's Middle School (today: 輔仁 大學 ): 7 nuns
    • Likuani Kisu monastery (“Christ the King Convent”), 77 nuns, 25 more Dutch nuns in the outbuilding.
    • San Tiao Mutung Monastery (“Maison du Sacré Cœur”, near Morrisson St.), 29 nuns
    • Avoids mission , 64 clergy
    • "Tai Ping T'sang" Monastery

Diplomats exchanged in summer 1942, numerous civilians moved to Weihsien from March 1943. Chinese servants were often available to the clergy.

Canton :
A total of 14 camps in and around the canton, upriver Pakkai and Chueng Fang. Allied civilians were initially not interned. It was not until mid-March 1942 that many were brought to the Victoria Hotel on Shameen . The first relocations to the site of the Oriental Mission (Pokong, Honam River Island) took place on February 1, 1943. Many missionaries, six school-age children and consular police, also from Camp Haiphong Rd. Shanghai, were relocated. Around half of the inmates were repatriated in 1943 in exchange. Until April 1944 there were cash subsidies for subsistence, exempted on August 30, 1945.

Yunnan:

  • Chaiotoukai
  • Huangsikan
  • Lungling
  • Mangshih
  • Shangkiakai
  • Teng Chung

Other:

Building in the former Weihsien camp (2010)
  • Cheefoo (Z), 239 employees and families of the China Inland Mission at their school (approx. 200 children). Relocation to the premises of the Presbyterian Mission (on Temple Hill ) in early November 1942. From March 1943 under the command of the chief of the Japanese consular police, Kodama, who provided sufficient food and prevented price gouging. The inmates had to pay for 4 Yuan food per day, electricity and heating. In autumn 1943 relocations by steamship to Weihsien.
  • Consecration (Z; 潍县 集中营 ). Civilians from Beijing (approx. 300), Tientsin and Tsingtao (approx. 800 each) were brought together here from March 1943. On the extensive grounds of the Presbyterian Mission. Including 180 nuns and 340 missionaries. Liberated by parachutists from the OSS , disbanded in September / October 1945.
  • Yanchow (Z)
  • Tsingtao (Z), from October 27, 1942 at the Hotel Iltis Hydro. Initially 147 detainees, 16 Filipinos and Iranians released in December. 120 Yuan food per month. Relocation to Weihsien on March 20, 1943.
  • Kinhua
  • Tientsin
  • Yangchow ( Kiangsu ): Civil Assembly Center, three camps divided into A (in the southwest), B (formerly Julia Mackenzie Memorial School ) and C ( American Episcopalian Boys' School, in the northeast. 673 inmates, plus 38 Belgians as of November 1944) . A (1,355 inmates, mostly British) and B (382 inmates) closed in September 1943. Camp C was liberated on September 3, 1945.

Shanghai

Several hundred civilians were repatriated, mostly American women and children. They were exchanged after negotiations in June 1942 and traveled on board the Italian TSS Conte Verde or the Asama Maru , which also evacuated British and diplomats from Yokohama via Hong Kong. Another evacuation followed in autumn with Kamakura Maru and Teia Maru . A total of 19 camps in the city area, nine in the surrounding area (the following all Z):

  • Ash Camp, from March 1, 1943, former British barracks, 65 Great Western Rd. Mostly employed by the Shanghai Municipal Council .
  • Chapei, on Chung San Rd. About 10 km from the city center on the former site of today's Eastern China University of Education . Planned as an American camp by the American Relief Organization. The inmates of Yangchow A and B were transferred to this camp in September 1943. There were also priests and nuns from Hankow and Soochow as well as British men from Pootung. Closed August 1945, relocated to Lincoln Ave.
  • Columbia Club (= Camp 3 ), 301 Great Western Rd. Most internees from the interior, hopelessly overcrowded in the summer of 1943. Relocation to Yuyuen Road Camp on 27./28. April 1945.
  • Jessfield: China University
  • Great Western Road
  • 372 Haiphong Road, from Nov. 5, 1942, former barracks of the 4th Marine Regiment. Commander Colonel Ōdera. Mostly "important" foreigners arrested by the Kempeitai , such as employees of the city administration (SMC) and police officers . Greek sailors. Relocation to Fengtai on July 8, 1945 (4-day train journey). A massacre planned for August 15th did not take place, on the 19th move to Beijing, the remaining ones from September 6th in the local Grand Hotel . Transportation of the Americans to Shanghai on October 6th aboard the USS Lavaca .
  • Lincoln Avenue, from June 19, 1944 for all those who were previously not interned on their word of honor, plus from June 28 “old, blind and lame,” a total of around 300 people. 14 houses - devastated in 1937 - originally for employees of the Central Bank of China . Death rate to closure in February 1946 8%.
  • Lughuwa, just under 13 km south-west of the city on Minghong Rd., 1½ km west of the Huángpǔ River .
  • Pootung, from January 31, 1943, single men or married people with Chinese or “neutral” wives. British American Tobacco factory building ready for demolition . 154 inmates repatriated on the Teia Maru. New additions from the closed Yangchow A and B.
  • Yuyuen Road, SMC Western District Public School. Over 2000 inmates. Relocation to 41 Ningkuo Rd. On April 28, 1945 , then Columbia Country Club and Sacred Heart Hospital.

Catholic priests and nuns rounded up from all over China were until September 1945 in the French concession, district Zikawei , in the monasteries 141 Av. Dubail or 622 Av. Joffre housed.

Hong Kong

Room, usually for 7 inmates, at Camp Stanley

Hong Kong was under British administration between 1841 and 1997. The prisoner-of-war camps were all in Kowloon , a total of twelve camps, u. a .:

  • Argyll St .: Camp N
  • Bowen Road Hospital: Camp A.
  • French Hospital: Camp B
  • Mau Tau Chung (Kowloon)
  • North Point Camp, mostly Canadian inmates
  • Sham Shui Po: Camp S.
  • Stanley (赤柱 拘留 營) (Z; February 1942 to August 1945). 27 buildings of St. Stephen's College , in an area described as “wonderful” by the Red Cross in December. To the inmates, who mostly came from the wealthy upper class of the colonial rulers, the camp (8–12 people per classroom) seemed hopelessly overcrowded. Water was rationed. True to British racist ideology, Indians were separated into their own apartment blocks. American inmates repatriated the Asama Maru in the summer of 1943 , and sixty Canadians came to the Teia Maru. 173 inmates were brought to the Mau tau Chung camp on August 10, 1945 on a junk . Released August 30th.

Manchukuo

  • Mukden (today: Shenyang )
    • Fushun (Z)
    • Building of HSBC , from December 12, 1942, mostly businessmen
    • Hoten (M): main camp (17 Aug. 45: 280 officers, 1038 men), north camp in the US consulate and 4 sub camps in factories
    • Mukden Club (Z), opposite. the Standard Oil building at Naniwa Rd. 35 Missionaries
    • Military hospital
    • Ceiling (Z)
  • Kobanhashi (Dairen)
  • Sian Changchung (Hsinking - Seihan)
  • Ssupingkai, at the south gate (Z), later to nearby Shihei. 58 Canadians and two American priests. Later 33 Belgians and forty Canadian nuns. Secluded in the seminary, 1½  yen board, no post until December 1944.

Pacific islands

smaller camps, whose inmates were transferred elsewhere during the war, existed on many islands.

New Guinea

  • Tenin construction, (on Bougainville ). All 517 British artillerymen who were used in the construction of the Ballale temporary landing site died, of which 436 were known to have been massacred.
  • Kavieng ( New Ireland ), 2 camps
  • Rabaul ( New Britain )
  • Kokupo (New Britain)
  • Bita Paka (New Britain)
  • Manokwari
  • Prafi River Camp
  • Wirringgi (at Kaimana)
  • Windshark
  • Vogelkop region : Pasanggrahan in Manokwari (all Dutch Z), June 1943 moved to the STOVIL camp in Ambon.
    • Barracks of Prafi and Hatam. June to November 1944, 900 Z, 400 died.
    • Hollandia or Joka, February to April 1944, about 100 missionaries and families; Survivors of an Allied bombardment of 200 evacuated from the Australian part of the island.

Burma

  • Maymyo (Z)
  • Rangoon Jail, (today: Yangon ) (M; until April 29, 1945)
  • 64 camps along the Thailand-Burma railway (all M) some of which were on Siamese territory, e.g. B. Sonkrai and Kanchanaburi

Thailand

  • Tonchin, ( Thailand ) (M)
  • Ubon
  • Sukotthai
  • Bangkok (Z, including Dutch)

Indochina

French Indochina was occupied by the Japanese in 1941. At the end of the war, some Australian and Dutch soldiers were also found in captivity in Indochina. The following camps existed before March 1945:

  • Savannakhet ( Laos )
  • Phnom Penh ( Cambodia )
  • Battambang, Cambodia
  • Saigon, 7 camps
  • Mȳ Tho, (south of Saigon )
  • Gialan Airport , Hanoi
  • Haiphong

During Operation Meigō on 9/10. In March 1945 the Japanese disarmed most of the approximately 93,000 military personnel. Most of the white soldiers were held in their barracks. Only about 5700 men fought their way to China by August 1945. Almost all of them were Foreign Legionnaires of the 5th Regiment d'Infantrie Coloniale. Only a small part of the French colons, mainly the civil service, with about 8000 civilians were interned permanently. The captured French soldiers in the south were freed by the advancing British on September 23, after they had rioted drunk in large numbers in Saigon, including again until the 26th. The 120 or so interned in Vientiane , including some Dutch, were evacuated to Thailand before September 18, 1945.

Philippines

The last American troops surrendered in the spring of 1942. Native crew ranks were often released after brief imprisonment, and some were also used as gendarmes.

Detention center for civilians

POW camp

Manila Region :

  • 31 camps, often in hospitals and army bases

Luzon:

Prisoners of war liberated from Cabanatuan celebrate on January 30, 1945.
  • Camp John Hayes (M)
  • Camp Holmes (M)
  • Camp O'Donnell, mostly for prisoners of the Bataan death march , Americans soon came to Cabanatuan, Filipinos released in late 1942. About 2,200 Americans and 27,000 Filipinos died there.
  • Cabanatuan ( Luzon ), formerly the barracks of the 1st Philippine Division; three single camps: Camp 3, from May 26, 1942 for prisoners from Bataan, closed in October 1942. Camp 2 only briefly occupied due to lack of water. Camp 1 was the main camp, and in 1944 those able to work were transferred to Japan. When it was liberated on January 31, 1945, there were still around 500 inmates.
  • Tagbilarán (in Bohol ; M)
  • Ft. Hughes (on Caballo ; M)
  • Cebu City
  • Ft. Mills ( Corregidor ; Camp No. 7 ; M)
  • Malinta Tunnel Hospital (Corregidor; M)
  • 92nd garage (Corregidor; M)
  • Cuyo Island
  • Ft. Drum (on El Fraile)
  • Taclobán (on Leyte ; M)
  • Bacolod (in Negros )
  • Puerto Princessa (on Palawan )
  • Iloilo City (on Panay )

Mindanao :

  • Davao Penal Camp (DAPECOL)
  • Davao (in the port)
  • Lasang
  • Malabalay
  • Sasa airfield
  • Zamboanga

various other smaller, temporary camps, especially in early 1942.

Dutch East Indies

Mostly civilians were interned in the colony, men, women and children in roughly equal proportions. Borneo (together 50 places of detention):

  • Balikpapan
  • Banjarmasin (1942 M Dutch, later to Batu Lintang)
  • Jesselton (Z; from May 16, 1942)
  • Batu Lintang, Kuching (Z, M). From August 1942 until the end of the war, the main camp of the army, which administered the former British part of the island. Outside perimeter of the fence 8 km. Australian soldiers part camp; British officers; British teams; Indian Army (in the former barracks ); cath. church staff; holl. men (Z); Women and children. Z: in January 1943 94 men and 266 women (179 of them Catholic nuns) ( Brit. Sarawak )
  • Miri. 592 of 1250 prisoners (mostly British, including civil internees) died; almost all of them suffer from hunger or deficiency diseases.
  • Pontinak
  • Sandoekan (= Sandakan) / 1945 to Ranau: established January 20, 1942 on the island of Berhala, formerly a leprosy colony, Z spring 1943 to Batu Lintang). On the mainland at an agricultural experimental station (M, multiple arrivals from Changi from mid-1942. Officers and NCOs to Batu Lintang September 1943. Commander Hoshijima Susumi ( convicted in Labuan , executed April 6, 1946), of 2200 mostly Australian prisoners in the summer of 1944 a year later six were still alive. Relocated to Ranau, 13 km away (3 death marches in January, March and June 1945, altogether 1294 deaths), last massacre on 25.
  • Flores, 2000 inmates died there.

Celebes (today Sulawesi ):

  • Makassar (today Ujungpandang )
  • Menado , military prison and barracks
  • Pare pare
  • Poso
  • Rapang

Java :

  • Bandoeng (M; today: Bandung ): Camp in the barracks of the 15th Inf.-Bat .; First Depot Bat .; 134. Depot Bat .; Artillery barracks; Soeka Miskin Prison
  • Bandoeng (and surrounding area; Z): 9 camps a. a. Bantjeuj prison; Tjihapit; Cheribon (now Tjirebon)
  • Batavia (M; today Djakarta )
    • Adek building
    • Bicycle Camp, former barracks of the 10th battalion of the KNIL on Koenigplein
    • Buitenzorg
    • Depok
    • Dilaroza -Hospital
    • Glodok -Gefängnis
    • Struswyk prison (also Z)
    • (new) barracks of the 10th battalion of the KNIL
  • Batavia (Z)
    • Boekit Doeri prison
    • Galoekan
    • Gang Canary
    • Gene Hauber
    • Kramat Road
    • Matraman Road
    • Meester Cornelius, 2nd camp east of it
    • Ngawi
    • Petodjo
    • Soerakarta
    • Tangierang
    • Tenah Abang
    • Tjipinang -Gefängnis
    • Ziekensorg -Hospital
  • Djokjakarta (today: Yogya )
  • Ft. Vredenburg
  • Malang
  • Poerwekerto
  • Serang: in prison and cinema
  • Soekaboemi (today: Sukabumi )
  • Surabaya (M)
    • Darmo barracks
    • Grissee (= Gresik)
    • Jaarmarket
    • St. Vincent Hospital
  • Surabaya (Z)
    • Banjoewangi
    • Blambangan
    • Kesilir
    • Malino
    • Pamekssan
    • Tegalsanggar
  • Tandjong, 3 camps

Lesser Sunda Islands :

Moluccas :

  • Haroekoe (today: Pulau Haruku , near Ambon), 2 camps (M)
  • Pelauw
  • Ambon :
    • Camp Benteng
    • Galala
    • Laha
    • Liang
    • Tentoey (= Tantoei)
    • Victoria Barracks ( Ambon )
    • Ambon City Prison

Bangka : Soengeiliat prison, as a prison

Sumatra :

  • Medan 4 camps
    • Headquarters of Deli Spoorweg (April / May 1942, 14 Z)
    • St. Joseph School
    • Soengeisengkol (March 18, 1943 to October 2, 1944, approx. 700 Z, from October 10, 458 M)
  • Belawan
    • Uniekampong (April to June 1942, approx. 3600 M, until July 1943 also 540 Z)
    • Gloegoer II (former workers' accommodation heb. 1913. June 1942 to June 1944 1200 M, first the M from Uniekampong. Relocation of this for railway construction. Then until June 17, 1945 approx. 1250 women and children)
  • Padang , several camps, mostly Z, several thousand in the Nieuwe Gevangenis. Women and children in the Kerkstraat. Provoosthuis military prison on Raaffweg from 1943 Kempeitai prison.
  • Fort De Kock : Tomi prison, 1942 M, then until January 1945 Z (men)
  • Koetatjane :
    • Prison (M, 1943)
    • Lawesigalagala (8 hectares. Established by the Dutch in July 1940 for German civil internees). 1943 1600 M mostly colonial auxiliaries. August 1943 to October 15, 1944 Z (315 men; all over 10-year-olds to Si Rengorengo. Separate women's and children's camp, 610 to Belawan.)
  • Along the Pakanbaru-Moera railway line to be built (completed August 15, 1945; M, civil slave labor)
  • Palembang , 7 places of detention (M: A-kamp, Chinese school 850, B-kamp Mulo-Schule. Summer 1944 to Soengeigeroeng), Z: in the west of the city (Poentjak Sekoenin, Boekit Besar etc.)

A total of 123 places of detention for Z, most of which only existed in the first half of the year, then merged.

Portuguese Timor

Although a colony of a neutral country, Portuguese Timor was occupied by Japan in 1942. On October 24, 1942, Portuguese officials and their families (around 600 people) were interned in camps in Liquiçá and Maubara .

Malay Peninsula

British Malaya consisted of principalities under the Protectorate , the Unfederated Malay States and the colonies of Straits Settlements and Singapore . The Japanese attack in the southeast was directed from December 1941 against this British center of power, which was economically important because of its natural resources (latex, tin).

  • Alor Star ( Kedah )
  • Ayer Hitam ( Johor )
  • Batu Pahat (Johor)
  • Bintan Island
  • Beng Nha Hang
  • Endau (Johor)
  • Jitra (Kedah)
  • Kluang (Johor), plus a separate camp for Indians who did not want to join the INA
  • Kota Bharu
  • Kota Tinggi
  • Kualar Kangsar
  • Kuala Lumpur
    • A barracks on Ipoh Rd.
    • B (in the west)
    • C and D in the Chinese school by the mill
    • Chinese School, Batu Rd. (Main Camp)
  • Malacca
  • Muar (Johor)
  • Pt. Swettenham (now Selangor )
  • Taiping Prison ( Perak )
  • Yala

Singapore a total of 30 camps, the most famous being Changi and the Sime Road and Outram Road prisons

literature

  • Charles Burdick: The German Prisoners-of-War in Japan 1914-20. University Press of America, Boston 1984, ISBN 0-8191-3761-8 .
  • Greg Leck: Captives of Empire: the Japanese internment of allied civilians in China, 1941–1945. Shandy Press, Bangor, PA 2006. (Appendix with lists of names of the inmates of the Chinese camps)
  • Jonathan Vance: Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War and Internment. 2nd Edition. Gray House Publ., Millerton NY 2006, ISBN 1-59237-120-5 .
  • US Navy: Ringle Report on Japanese Internment. 1941. (full text, PDF; 43 kB)
  • Nobue Shimada (ed.): The experiences of the German prisoners in the camp in Narashino. Pro Business, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86386-742-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Klaus Mühlhahn: The Dark Side of Globalization. The Concentration Camps in Republican China in Global Perspective. In: World History Connected. University of Illinois, accessed June 16, 2009 .
  2. ↑ Going straight ahead into the modern age. In: Le Monde diplomatique. April 9, 2010.
  3. ^ Ludwig Seitz: The Post of the Tsingtau in Japanese captivity: 1914-1920. CB-Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-920731-05-0 .
  4. ↑ data and exploiting establishments from list with coordinates
  5. ↑ Michael Clodfelter: Warfare and Armed Conflicts ... McFarland, Jefferson NC 2008, ISBN 978-0-7864-3319-3 , p. 563.
  6. ↑ List of names
  7. ↑ Mirko Ardemagni: Japan smiles differently. Steingrüben, Stuttgart 1955, pp. 185-6.
  8. ↑ Australian, British, Dutch and US POWs: Living under the shadow of the Nagasaki Bomb , Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 13, Issue. 32, No. August 4, 10, 2015.
  9. ↑ List of names of deceased Americans ( memento of the original from July 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mansell.com
  10. ↑ Australians ( Memento of January 8, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ^ A b c d e f Greg Leck: Captives of Empire: the Japanese internment of allied civilians in China, 1941–1945. Shandy Press, Bangor, PA 2006.
  12. ↑ see: en: Weihsien Compound
  13. ↑ cf. Ballale airstrip
  14. ↑ World War II: Liberating Los Baños Internment Camp
  15. ^ Provost Marshall Report November 1945
  16. ^ Vance (2006), p. 59.
  17. ^ Lynette Ramsay Silver: Sandakan: A Conspiracy of Silence. Sally Milner Publ., Bowral 2000, ISBN 1-86351-245-4 .
  18. ↑ Status ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / historicaltextarchive.com
  19. ↑ Sumatra “Death Railway” ( Memento of the original from February 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cofepow.org.uk
  20. ↑ a b Universidade Técnica de Lisboa ( Memento of the original of March 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 824 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pascal.iseg.utl.pt

Web links

Commons

Commons : Prisoners of War in Singapore  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Stanley Internment Camp  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Weihsien Internment Camp  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files