Lombok
| Lombok | |
|---|---|
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| Waters | Bali Sea , Indian Ocean |
| Archipelago | Lesser Sunda Islands |
| Geographical location | 8 ° 25 ′ S , 116 ° 28 ′ E |
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| surface | 4th 725 km² |
| Highest elevation |
Rinjani 3726 m |
| Residents | 3,350,000 709 inhabitants / km² |
| main place | Mataram |
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Lombok is an island in Indonesia . It is part of the Lesser Sunda Islands and is located in the Nusa Tenggara Barat Province .
3.35 million people live on the 4,725 km² island. The capital Mataram has about 360,000 inhabitants.
economy
Agriculture is by far the most important source of income for the people of Lombok. The island has arable land in the highlands and the neighboring areas to the south, which stretch like a belt from the populous west to the east. The rather dry coastal lowlands have a savanna-like character. The main rice cultivation is less successful on Lombok than on the neighboring island of Bali . In addition, cassava , onions , coconuts , beans and spices grown, especially green cardamom and nutmeg . Tobacco is also grown in the south of the island. To a lesser extent, there is also fishing and cattle breeding - most likely cattle. A variety of chilli grown here is called cabe lombok ( cabé, cabai and lombok are Indonesian words for chilli).
Tourism, which is concentrated in the town of Senggigi on the west coast, is of secondary importance for Lombok's economy , even if it has created a certain number of jobs.
The importance of mining in southwest Lombok is not to be underestimated, where there are several gold mines in the mountains near the town of Sekotong and where the gold is even mined in open-cast mining. However, the gold is mined here with questionable and environmentally harmful methods using mercury , and abandoned open-cast mining areas have not yet been renatured. Around 6000 people work in mining on Lombok.
In the area around the town of Masbagik in the east of the island, the production of ceramics for local and regional needs has a long tradition, as there are abundant deposits of clay and have been used for a long time.
geography
In the west, between Bali and Lombok, the Lombok Strait marks the biogeographical boundary between the flora and fauna of Australia and Asia with the Wallace Line . In the east, the Alas Road runs to Palau Sumbawa .
The island is of volcanic origin. It is surrounded by several smaller islands. The most famous are the Gili Islands , which are located in the north-west. In the north-east are Gili Lawang and Gili Sulat Lombok . The main island is characterized by the 3,726 meter high Rinjani volcano , the second largest in Indonesia, from which numerous rivers originate, e.g. B. the Jangkok . In the southern part there is a fertile plain where rice and coffee are grown. The rainy season is from October to May, the dry season from June to October.
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Monthly average temperatures and rainfall for Lombok
Source: Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency, Indonesia, data: 1961–1990
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population
The population is made up of 85% Sasak , 10–15% Balinese and minorities of Chinese , Arabs , Javanese and Sumbawanese . Be on Lombok Indonesian and various dialects of Sasak language (ngeno-nGene, ngeto-ngeté, meno-mene and meriaq-meriku) spoken. These vary from village to village. The Sasak are ethnically and culturally closely related to the Balinese. Their traditional lifestyle and traditional building methods can be seen in many localities.
The most important city on Lombok is Mataram , the capital of the Nusa Tenggara Barat province, which together with the neighboring cities of Ampenan and Cakranegara forms a metropolitan area of over 400,000 inhabitants. Smaller towns are Tanjung on the north coast and Praya south of Mataram.
About 90% of the inhabitants of Lombok have been followers of Islam since the 16th century , which in Lombok is called Waktu Lima in its predominantly orthodox form . A small minority of the Sasak are followers of the syncretic religion Waktu Telu , a mixture of Islam, Balinese Hinduism and ancestral cult . The ceremonies and rituals on Lombok are therefore culturally independent. The oldest mosque in Lombok is the Masjid Kuno Bayan Beleq mosque, built in 1634 in Bayan in the north of the island.
Almost 10% of Lombok's residents are Hindus from Bali, who mainly live in the west of the island. Their temples are visited a lot and testify to the unbroken religiosity of the population. The most important Hindu temple in Lombok is the Pura Meru in Mataram, built in 1720. In the north of Lombok, around 800 Buddhists live in the area around the city of Tanjung. Larger Christian communities exist in Ampenan, Mataram, Praya and Tanjung.
history
The earliest known state establishment on Lombok was a kingdom of the Sasak with the name Selaparang . It was founded by three brothers (including Nek Laki Sutanata , Prabu Kusuma Merapit ). In Selaparang, the eldest was not allowed to become king, but only to stand by the king as an advisor. The kingdom split into smaller states and was ruled by Balinese princes from the mid-18th century .
The Samalas volcano on Lombok discharged during the eruption of the Samalas in 1257 in one of the largest volcanic explosions of the last millennia.
The first Dutch landed in 1674 and later settled in the east of the island. In 1891 they fought together with the Sasak in a revolt against the Hindu dynasty from Bali, which ruled in the west. The revolt was bloodily suppressed by Dutch troops (in the Netherlands then euphemistically referred to as the "Lombok Expedition") and ended in 1894 with the annexation of the entire island to the Dutch colonial possessions . During the Second World War , the island was occupied by the Japanese in 1942 . Lombok has been part of Indonesia since the declaration of independence on August 17, 1945. Communists and members of the Chinese minority were killed during political unrest in the 1960s . In the year 2000 there were again unrest and attacks against the Christian and against the Chinese minority, so that the number of foreign tourists fell sharply for several years.
Culture
The music of Lombok is divided according to the two religious-cultural traditions of the Sasak into orchestras ( gamelan ) , whose instruments and playing styles come from Bali and Java , and into musical styles that are attributed to Islam with instruments used by Muslims in the last They were brought to the island for centuries via Sulawesi or Sumbawa .
tourism
The development of Lombok through tourism as a less crowded alternative to Bali began around 1980. The most developed tourist center is located in the west of Lombok around Senggigi and stretches 10 km along the coastal road. In the shadow of the holiday island of Bali, Lombok also tries to promote tourism. In addition to the beaches of Lombok, trekking tours to the mountainous north are also popular. In different places you get an insight into the culture of the Sasak, z. B. in Senaru and in Bayan on the north slope of the Rinjani. Hikes to waterfalls with local guides are also offered, e.g. B. in the area around Tetebatu in the south of the Rinjani massif. A number of hotels and restaurants offer service at mostly cheaper prices than in Bali.
The Gili Islands are popular with backpackers and can be reached from Lombok in just under an hour on ferries or charter boats.
Diving
Lombok is a destination for diving tourism. There are various diving areas on the fringing reefs around the island , mainly in the bay in front of the city of Sekotong in the southwest and in the direction of Gili Trawangan in the northwest of Lombok. There are several diving centers on the island; Due to the proximity to Bali, however, day boat trips are also possible. Similar to the diving areas around Bali , the reefs provide habitat for 1200-3000 different species of fish, crustaceans and mollusks, including 21 different scorpion fish , 14 puffer fish species , 20 seahorses and pipefish as well as 75 lobsters and shrimp .
surfing
In the south of Lombok, Kuta Lombok and the surrounding bays are one of the most popular surfing areas in Indonesia. While the surf spots in Kuta are suitable for beginners, the waves at Desert Point (Bangko-Bangko) are more for professionals. Many of the surf spots are approached with outrigger boats. The main season is from April to October (southeast winds), but surfing is also possible between November and March thanks to the north / northwest winds. In total, you can surf in about 20 places on Lombok.
traffic
The Lombok International Airport (LOP) with the official name Bandara International Lombok opened on 1 October 2011 and thus replaces the former Selaparang Airport in the capital Mataram from. There are flight connections between Lombok and Bali, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore.
The ferry crossing from Lembar, the most important port on the west coast of Lombok, to Padang Bai in Bali takes about 4 to 9 hours due to strong ocean currents. There are also ferry connections - also with speedboats - between Padang Bai on Bali and Senggigi , the most important tourist center on Lombok. A ferry takes 2 hours to cross from Labuhan Lombok , the most important port on the east coast of Lombok, to Poto Tano on the neighboring island of Sumbawa to the east . In addition, as everywhere in Indonesia, minibuses connect the most important cities. Lombok has a good road network; There are no railways on Lombok.
Earthquake in summer 2018
In the summer of 2018, Lombok was hit by a series of earthquakes that killed 564 people. The first major earthquake with a magnitude of 6.4 on the moment magnitude scale occurred on Sunday, July 29, 2018, at around 7:00 a.m. (local time). 20 people were killed and more than 300 people were injured. Thousands of homes were either destroyed or badly damaged and hundreds of people were left homeless. According to the National Geophysical Institute, the center of the quake was about 47 kilometers northeast of the provincial capital Mataram at a depth of 24 kilometers. This quake was followed by more than 60 aftershocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 5.7. On Rinjani , a popular hiking destination, hundreds of hikers were cut off because of a landslide. Finally 534 hikers were successfully evacuated.
On the evening of August 5, 2018, the main earthquake with a magnitude of 6.9 occurred. Its epicenter was close to that of the July 29, 2018 earthquake, killing around 480 people. About 7,800 people were injured, and 350,000 to 417,000 people were left homeless. Hundreds of aftershocks hit the island in the days that followed.
On August 19, there were two more severe earthquakes. The first had a magnitude of 6.3, the second a 6.9. 20 people were killed in this quake. The fact that, given the strength of the quake, there were not more victims to complain about, was also due to the fact that many people were outdoors or in emergency shelters because of the previous quake.
In total, almost 150,000 houses were destroyed. According to a preliminary estimate, the financial damage is 440 million euros.
literature
- Thomas Moog: Lombok. History, facts and secrets. Mackinger, Salzburg 2013, ISBN 978-3950321449 .
- David D. Harnish: Bridges to the Ancestors: Music, Myth, and Cultural Politics at an Indonesian Festival. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 2005, ISBN 978-0824829148 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lombok Island & West Nusa Tenggara Demography & Gender Ratio (Based On BPS 2014 Census) ( Memento from August 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Lombok Info ( Memento of the original from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Birgit Borowski: Bali and Lombok . (Lonely Planet) MairDumont, Ostfildern 2013, p. 294.
- ^ Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency, Indonesia: Klimainformationen Lombok. World Meteorological Organization, accessed May 6, 2012 .
- ↑ Birgit Borowski: Bali and Lombok . (Lonely Planet) MairDumont, Ostfildern 2013, p. 304.
- ^ W. Sedelmaier: World diving travel guide. Steiger, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-89652-217-5 , pp. 300-301.
- ↑ Roland Dusik: Travel Pocket Bali & Lombok . Mair Dumont, 2015, ISBN 978-3-770188345 , pp. 32-33.
- ↑ Monty Halls, Ralf-Dieter Brunowsky (Ed.): Diving worldwide: the individual travel guide; 60 of the world's best diving areas. Bruno-Media, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-9809607-0-6 , pp. 192-195.
- ↑ Detailed information about surfing on Lombok , accessed on February 13, 2017
- ^ A b Remember, Thousands of Survivors of Lombok-Sumbawa Earthquake Also Still Need Our Assistance. In: reliefweb.int . October 1, 2018, accessed on October 13, 2018 .
- ↑ Korban Jiwa Gempa Lombok Bertambah Jadi 20 Orang. In: liputan6.com. August 5, 2018, Retrieved October 14, 2018 (Indonesian).
- ↑ Indonesia earthquake: 13 dead on tourist island of Lombok , BBC News of July 29, 2018.
- ↑ Quake shakes the holiday island of Lombok - at least fourteen dead , Luxemburger Wort from July 29, 2018.
- ↑ a b Lombok earthquake: More than 500 hikers evacuated from Mt Rinjani , BBC News of July 31, 2018.
- ↑ Lombok earthquake: Hikers trapped on mountain after landslides , BBC News of July 30, 2018.
- ↑ M 6.9 - 3km SSE of Loloan, Indonesia. USGS , August 5, 2018, accessed August 5, 2018 .
- ↑ Number of deaths after earthquake on Lombok rose to 460. In: Salzburger Nachrichten . August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018 .
- ↑ Lombok earthquake: 319 dead recovered, strong aftershock. In: Tyrolean daily newspaper . August 9, 2018, accessed March 9, 2020 .
- ↑ a b At least twelve dead in new earthquakes in Indonesia. In: Salzburger Nachrichten . August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018 .
- ↑ Two violent earthquakes shake Lombok. In: FAZ . August 19, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2018 .
- ↑ a b The death toll on Lombok rises to 555. In: NZZ . August 24, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018 .
Cibodas (1977) | Komodo (1977) | Lore Lindu (1977) | Tanjung Puting (1977) | Gunung Leuser (1981) | Siberut (1981) | Kiam Siak Kecil - Bukit Batu (2009) | Wakatobi (2012) | Bromo Tengger Semeru - Arjuno (2015) | Taka Bone Rate - Salajar Islands (2015) | Belambangan (2016) | Berbak-Sembilang (2018) | Prayer Kerihun Danau Sentarum Kapuas Hulu (2018) | Rinjani-Lombok (2018) | SAMOTA (2019) | Togean Tojo Una-Una (2019)