Rinjani

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rinjani
Minor eruption of Gunung Rinjani (1994)

Minor eruption of Gunung Rinjani (1994)

height 3726  m
location Lombok , Indonesia
Dominance 1601 km →  Kinabalu
Notch height 3726 m
Coordinates 8 ° 25 ′ 0 ″  S , 116 ° 28 ′ 0 ″  E Coordinates: 8 ° 25 ′ 0 ″  S , 116 ° 28 ′ 0 ″  E
Rinjani (Lesser Sunda Islands)
Rinjani
Type Stratovolcano
Last eruption 09/27/2016
Lombok island with the Rinjani volcano

Lombok island with the Rinjani volcano

pd3
pd5
fd2
Template: Infobox Berg / Maintenance / BILD1

The Rinjani is a stratovolcano on the Indonesian island of Lombok and after the Kerinchi the second highest volcano in the country.

Geographical location

The Rinjani is an island arc volcano and belongs to the volcanoes of the Sunda Arc . The island arc was created by the subduction of oceanic crust belonging to the Indo-Australian plate . The volcanoes of the Sunda Arc are for the most part highly explosive. Not far from Rinjani on the island of Sumbawa is Mount Tambora , which erupted in 1815 with a VEI of strength 7.

Ascent to Rinjani (video, 8:12 min)
Map of the volcanoes in Indonesia

The mountain is protected by the Gunung Rinjani National Park , which was established in 1997. Access to the crater is also organized from here. In the 6 × 8.5 km large caldera lies the 230 m deep crater lake Segara Anak . More than 20 villages are located around the mountain, which is revered as sacred by the residents. The Jangkok is one of the rivers that have their source at Rinjani .

Eruptions

According to investigations by an international team of researchers, the eruption of the Samala in the Rinjani volcanic complex in 1257 is responsible for the fact that the following summer of 1258 in Europe was marked by continuous rain and poor harvests. The researchers call 1258, similar to the year 1816, which is usually called this, a " year without a summer ". This is proven by drill core analyzes from Greenland and the Antarctic , which prove the massive volcanic eruption in the middle of the 13th century. By comparing the drill core material with the deposits in the vicinity of the volcano, the eruption could be assigned to the Samalas mountain. According to a reconstruction from tree ring data , the year 1259 was the third coldest in the northern hemisphere in the last 1000 years.

The bad summers after 1257 are reported in numerous chronicles. In the Norman "Notes of Coutance " it can be read that there was "no summer during summer". The weather was very rainy and cold at harvest time, neither the grain nor the grape harvest was good. In England, the eruption exacerbated a food crisis. According to the chronicle written on palm leaves , Babad Lombok Pamatan, the capital of the Kingdom of Lombok, was completely destroyed as a result of the volcanic eruption .

The magnitude 7 eruption is dated from May to October 1257. The height of the smoke column is estimated at 43 kilometers and the ejection volume at 100 cubic kilometers of tephra . Probably no other volcanic eruption in the last 2,000 years has so attenuated the sun's radiation through sulfur dioxide emissions. It is believed that these and some subsequent eruptions also contributed to a cooler episode in the northern hemisphere, the so-called Little Ice Age , in the long term through feedback effects .

The last major eruptions were in May 2009, May 2010, September 2016 and July 2018.

See also

Web links

Commons : Mount Rinjani  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ List at Peakbagger
  2. ^ A b Franck Lavigne et al .: Source of the great AD 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia (abstracts). September 4, 2013, accessed October 2, 2013 .
  3. ↑ a b Sébastien Guillet and a .: Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records . In: Nature Geoscience . tape 10 , 2017, doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2875 .
  4. ↑ Bruce MS Campbell: Global Climates, the 1257 mega-eruption of Samalas volcanoe, and the English Food Crisis of 1258 . In: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . tape December 27 , 2017, doi : 10.1017 / S0080440117000056 .
  5. ↑ Cold snap in 1258: Researchers present a solution to a volcano puzzle. Spiegel Online, October 1, 2013, accessed October 2, 2013 .
  6. ↑ M. Sigl u. a .: Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years . In: Nature . 2015, doi : 10.1038 / nature14565 .
  7. ↑ Gifford H. Miller et al. a .: Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice / ocean feedbacks . In: Geophysical Research Letters . tape 39 , no. January 2 , 2012, doi : 10.1029 / 2011GL050168 .
  8. ↑ vulkane.net/blogmobil Rinjani accessed on June 4, 2010 7:04 p.m. CEST
  9. ↑ Activity for the week of September 28-October 4, 2016. Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and United States Geological Survey, accessed October 6, 2016 .
  10. ↑ Tiroler am Vulkan in Lombok: "We just started running" (August 1, 2018)

Remarks

  1. ↑ The value of 40 km³ DRE ( Dense-rock equivalent ) given in the sources was converted with a factor of 2.5 to 100 km³ Tephra.