List of major historical volcanic eruptions

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Historically documented volcanic eruptions should be included in the list of major historical volcanic eruptions which, according to the volcanic explosion index (VEI), reached at least strength 3 and / or had catastrophic effects. Examples of catastrophic effects are 100 or more deaths or over 2,000 houses destroyed.

The sortable list

Start of eruption End of eruption Name of the volcano Region, country
(as of today)
Outbreak deaths Deaths due to hunger or cold Remarks Tephra [km³] VEI Qu.
around 2100 BC Chr. around 2100 BC Chr. Mount Veniaminof Alaska unknown unknown unknown 6.7
around 1700 BC Chr. around 1700 BC Chr. Mount Aniakchak Alaska unknown unknown unknown 6.7
1628 BC Chr. 1620 BC Chr. Santorini Greece unknown; Minoan port city covered by a meter-thick layer of ash, but abandoned beforehand (see Akrotiri ) unknown 60 km³ magma; so-called Minoan eruption 100 7th
around 1150 BC Chr. around 1150 BC Chr. Hekla Iceland unknown unknown 7.3 5
0043 BC Chr. 0043 BC Chr. Okmok Alaska unknown Crop failures, probably millions of dead Temperature drop in the Mediterranean area probably by 7 ° unknown unknown
at 0 at 0 Ambrym Vanuatu unknown unknown unknown 6th
at 50 at 50 Popocatépetl Mexico unknown unknown Villages and towns near the volcano were destroyed, including the Tetimpa archaeological site ; tens of thousands of people left their homes permanently unknown approx 5
August 24, 79 at 1 p.m. (or rather two months later in the fall) August 25, 79 at 7 a.m. + X Vesuvius Campania , Italy up to 5000, of
which 1150 were excavated in Pompeii
unknown Completely buried places: Pompeii , Herculaneum , Stabiae , Oplontis ; Deposits up to 20 m high due to pyroclastic flows; Caldera formation with a diameter of 6 km due to multiple collapses 3.3 5
0232 AD 0232 AD Taupo North Island (New Zealand) no unknown (tsunamis on the coast of Australia 2000 km away) Hatepe eruption . Eruptions reached a height of 50 km. 50-60 6th -
0A.D. 245-315 unknown Xitle Mexico unknown unknown buried the pre-classical Cuicuilco unknown 2-4
0536 AD 0547 ad unknown Analyzes of ice cores suggest eruptions in Iceland , global effects unknown unknown, probable cause of the weather anomaly of 535/536 : crop failures, epidemics, millions of deaths Localization unsafe
0539 AD 0539 AD Ilopango El Salvador , Central America, possibly worldwide impact up to 100,000 deaths from pyroclastic currents as a result of the 536–550 climate anomaly: crop failures, epidemics, possibly millions of deaths probably partial cause of the 536–550 climate anomaly (→  Late Antique Little Ice Age ) 84 6.9
0822 or 823 AD 0822 or 823 AD Katla Katla , Iceland 0 unknown probably one of the causes of cold spells 822–824 in parts of Europe and Asia with crop losses, famine and epidemics unknown unknown -
0934 or 939 AD 0940 AD Katla Eldgja , Iceland unknown unknown perhaps famines in Europe, Persia and China between 939 and 942 1.4 5 -
0946 AD 0946 AD Paektusan Changbai Mountains in the borderland between PRC and North Korea unknown unknown 96 nearly 7 -
1104 ad 1104 ad Hekla Iceland unknown unknown 2.5 ( rhyodacitic ) 5
August 1108 AD October 1108 AD Asama Honshu , Japan unknown unknown, possible connection with the subsistence crisis in Western Europe 1109–1111 Evidence of an exceptionally dark lunar eclipse in 1110 (0 on the Danjon scale ), probably in connection with further eruptions 1108–1110, also in the tropics or the southern hemisphere 5
around 1200 around 1200 Quilotoa Ecuador unknown unknown unknown 6.7
1257 AD 1257 AD Samalas Lombok , Indonesia unknown unknown Eruption of the Samala in 1257 100 7th 1, lemma
1452/53? 1453 Kuwae Vanuatu 10,000 cold deaths in China
(summer 1453)
The yellow sea froze up to 20 km from the coast 32-39 6+ -
July 25, 1510 unknown Hekla Iceland 1 0.2 4th 1/4
1521/22 unknown Santa Ana El Salvador no 3 1
1524 unknown Momotombo Nicaragua no 0.05 3 1
April 30, 1524 unknown Santa Ana El Salvador no 3 1
1528 ± 1 year unknown San Cristobal Nicaragua no 3 1
1529 unknown Telica Nicaragua no 0.1 4th 1
November 15, 1532 unknown Cotopaxi Ecuador no 0.45 4th 1
June 1534 July 1534 Cotopaxi Ecuador no 0.29 4th 1
September 29, 1538 0October 6, 1538 Monte Nuovo Campania , Italy 24 0.07 ± 0.003 3 1/4
0March 4, 1547 October 1547 Haku-san Honshu , Japan no 3 1
1550 unknown Volcano Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
November 20, 1550 unknown Dukono Halmahera , Moluccas , Indonesia 0.51 ± 0.5 ≈ 4 1
0October 7, 1552 October 15, 1552 Mihara Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan no 0.05 3 1
May 1554 1556 Haku-san Honshu , Japan no 3 1
1558 1857 Stromboli Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
June 28, 1563 July 26, 1563 Água de Pau São Miguel , Azores , Portugal no 1 ≈ 5 1
August 1565 unknown Pacaya Guatemala no 3 1
October 31, 1566 unknown Ohachi Kyushu , Japan 3 1
1570 1573 Nea Kameni Santorini , Cyclades , Greece no 3 1
1572 unknown Taal Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
1576 unknown Colima Jalisco , Mexico 3 1
1576 unknown Santa Ana El Salvador no 3 1
September 27, 1579 unknown Haku-san Honshu , Japan no 3 1
August 11, 1580 unknown Katla Iceland no 0.2 4th 1
0December 7, 1580 0December 7, 1580 Galeras Colombia no 3 1
0December 5, 1581 January 15, 1582 Fuego Guatemala no ≈ 0.4 3 1
0June 5, 1582 1598 Pichincha Ecuador no 3 1
January 10, 1585 unknown Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 4th 1
1586 unknown Kelut Java , Indonesia 10,000 > 1 5 1
January 14, 1590 January 15, 1590 Colima Jalisco , Mexico 3 1
1593 unknown Raung Java , Indonesia > 1 5 1
0March 9, 1595 unknown Nevado del Ruiz Colombia 636 0.16 4th 1/4
0May 1, 1596 September 1596 Asama Honshu , Japan 0.01 3 1
0January 3, 1597 June 1597 Hekla Iceland no ≈ 0.15 4th 1
January 17, 1597 0February 2, 1597 Raung Java , Indonesia 3 1
1598 1602 Banda Api Banda Islands , Indonesia 3 1
May 13, 1598 unknown Asama Honshu , Japan 800 800 pilgrims were killed at the summit 2 1/4
0November 7, 1598 unknown Grímsvötn Iceland no ≈ 4 1
17th February 1600 0March 6, 1600 Huaynaputina Peru ≈ 1,400 Famines in Russia and China, in Russia about 500,000 people die 30th 6th 1/4
1605 1606 Momotombo Nicaragua no 0.18 ± 0.03 4th 1
November 25, 1606 December 13, 1606 Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 4th 1
July 18, 1608 July 19, 1608 Gamalama Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia no 3 1
April 15, 1611 1613 Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 3 1
October 12, 1612 unknown Katla Iceland no 0.2 4th 1
March 16, 1615 April 1615 Banda Api Banda Islands , Indonesia 3 1
February 19, 1616 February 23, 1616 Mayon Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
1617 unknown Fuego Guatemala no 3 1
0June 8, 1622 0June 9, 1622 Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 4th 1
1623 unknown Pacaya Guatemala no 3 1
May 15, 1623 November 15, 1624 Zaō Honshu , Japan no 3 1
1625 unknown Nikko-Shirane-san Honshu , Japan no 3 1
0September 2, 1625 September 14, 1625 Katla Iceland no 1.5 5 1
March 1626 April 1626 Volcano Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
0September 3, 1630 0November 2, 1630 Furnas São Miguel , Azores , Portugal 200 > 2.1 5 1/4
December 16, 1631 January 31, 1632 Vesuvius Campania , Italy > 4,000 1.1 5 1/4
0May 8, 1636 June 1637 Hekla Iceland no ≈ 0.049 3 1
1638 unknown Raung Java , Indonesia at least 1,000 4th 1/4
February 1640 unknown Llaima Chile no 4th 1
July 31, 1640 0October 9, 1640 Komagatake Hokkaidō , Japan 700 Cause of death tsunami 2.9 5 1/4
December 26, 1640 0January 4, 1641 Mount Parker Mindanao , Philippines no > 1 5 1
1641 1643 Galeras Colombia no 3 1
1641 unknown Kelut Java , Indonesia no 4th 1
1641 unknown Taal Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
March 31, 1643 April 1643 Miyake-jima Izu Islands , Japan no 0.017 3 1
July 19, 1646 July 21, 1646 Makian Moluccas , Indonesia ≈ 4 1
September 27, 1650 0December 6, 1650 Columbos Santorini , Cyclades , Greece 120 4th 1/4
1652 unknown Aogashima Izu Islands , Japan no 3 1
February 25, 1654 March 28, 1680 Vesuvius Campania , Italy no 3 1
0November 3, 1658 unknown San Salvador El Salvador no 3 1
February 1660 unknown Teun Barat Daya Islands , Indonesia 3 ≈ 4 1/4
October 27, 1660 November 28, 1660 Pichincha Ecuador no > 0.2 4th 1
0November 3, 1660 1661 Katla Iceland no 0.2 4th 1
August 16, 1663 0September 5, 1663 Usu Hokkaidō , Japan 5 2.8 5 1/4
1664 unknown Pacaya Guatemala no 3 1
January 15, 1664 unknown San Martín Veracruz (state) , Mexico no 3 1
1667 unknown Ubinas Peru no 3 1
September 23, 1667 September 26, 1667 Tarumae Hokkaidō , Japan no 3.4 5 1
1669 unknown Zaō Honshu , Japan no 3 1
March 11, 1669 July 11, 1669 Etna Sicily , Italy 0.25 4th 1
1670 unknown Masaya Nicaragua no 3 1
1670 1736 Galeras Colombia no 3 1
04th August 1672 unknown Merapi Java , Indonesia > 300 3 1/4
May 20, 1673 unknown Gamkonora Halmahera , Indonesia ≈ 1 ≈ 5 1
1680 unknown Tongkoko Sulawesi , Indonesia no > 1 5 1
May 1680 November 19, 1681 Krakatau Sunda Strait , Indonesia no ≈ 4 1
1683 unknown Banda Api Banda Islands , Indonesia no 3 1
February 14, 1684 1690 Mihara Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan no 0.11 4th 1
0October 3, 1685 April 29, 1694 Vesuvius Campania , Italy no 3 1
March 26, 1686 March 27, 1686 Iwate Honshu , Japan no 0.085 3 1
1690 unknown Guntur Java , Indonesia 3 1
February 13, 1693 September 14, 1693 Hekla Iceland no 0.18 4th 1
0June 4, 1693 July 1693 Serua Barat Daya Islands , Indonesia 4th 1
04th July 1694 0July 6, 1694 Komagatake Hokkaidō , Japan no 0.36 4th 1
September 15, 1697 July 1698 Vesuvius Campania , Italy no 3 1
0February 3, 1698 unknown Cereme Java , Indonesia 3 1
May 23, 1707 September 14, 1711 Nea Kameni Santorini , Cyclades , Greece no 3 1
December 16, 1707 February 24, 1708 Fuji Honshu , Japan no 2.1 5 1
December 10, 1711 December 16, 1711 Mount Awu Sangihe Islands , Indonesia around 3,000 3 1/4
0February 4, 1712 1714 Miyake-jima Izu Islands , Japan no ≈ 4 1
December 31, 1712 unknown Tschirpoi Kuril Islands , Russia no ≈ 4 1
March 11, 1716 unknown Shinmoe-dake Kyushu , Japan no 0.016 3 1
September 24, 1716 September 27, 1716 Taal Luzon , Philippines ≈ 4 1
0November 9, 1716 February 13, 1717 Shinmoe-dake Kyushu , Japan 2 0.12 4th 1/4
August 27, 1717 December 26, 1717 Fuego Guatemala no approx. 0.2 4th 1
September 19, 1717 unknown Shinmoe-dake Kyushu , Japan no 0.07 3 1
January 14, 1720 June 1721 Wudalianchi volcanic group Heilongjiang , PR China no 0.15 4th 1
0December 8, 1720 December 26, 1720 Dom João de Castro Bank Azores , Portugal no 3 1
May 11, 1721 October 15, 1721 Katla Iceland no 1.2 5 1
February 16, 1723 February 1724 Irazú Costa Rica no 3 1
1727 unknown Volcano Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
0August 3, 1727 0May 1, 1728 Öræfajökull Iceland 3 > 0.12 4th 1
September 30, 1728 1916 Sangay Ecuador no 3 1
1730 unknown Raung Java , Indonesia ≈ 4 1
0September 1, 1730 April 16, 1736 Montañas del Fuego Lanzarote , Canary Islands , Spain see Timanfaya National Park 3 1
1731 1739 Volcano Aeolian Islands , Italy no 0.025 3 1
August 1737 August 1737 Avachinskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.04 ± 0.01 3 1
August 27, 1737 September 24, 1737 Fuego Guatemala no approx. 0.2 4th 1
August 19, 1739 August 31, 1739 Tarumae Hokkaidō , Japan no 4th 5 1
August 18, 1741 May 1742 Oshima-Ōshima Hokkaidō , Japan 1,475 Tsunami 0.11 4th 1/4
May 1744 December 1744 Cotopaxi Ecuador no 4th 1
November 1744 0January 6, 1761 Vesuvius Campania , Italy no 3 1
1747 1748 Gede Java , Indonesia no 3 1
August 11, 1749 September 1749 Taal Luzon , Philippines 0.1 4th 1
May 15, 1754 0December 4, 1754 Taal Luzon , Philippines at least 12 0.15 4th 1/4
0March 9, 1755 March 15, 1755 Etna Sicily , Italy no 3 1
October 17, 1755 February 13, 1756 Katla Iceland 2 1.5 5 1
September 29, 1759 1774 El Jorullo Michoacan , Mexico no approx. 1.3 5 1
September 22, 1760 April 30, 1761 Makian Moluccas , Indonesia 2,000 ≈ 4 1/4
0December 3, 1762 unknown Peteroa Chile no 4th 1
June 18, 1763 September 10, 1763 Etna Sicily , Italy no 0.05 3 1
17th August 1763 1769 Miyake-jima Izu Islands , Japan no 0.11 4th 1
February 10, 1766 December 1766 Cotopaxi Ecuador no 3 1
0April 5, 1766 May 1768 Hekla Iceland no 0.24 4th 1
July 20, 1766 July 25, 1766 Mayon Luzon , Philippines 49 3 1/4
0April 4, 1768 unknown Cotopaxi Ecuador 4th 1
January 23, 1769 unknown Usu Hokkaidō , Japan no 0.14 4th 1
March 10, 1770 March 12, 1770 Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 3 1
0July 6, 1770 0December 9, 1770 Gamalama Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia no 3 1
1771 unknown Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 3 1
February 17, 1771 May 1771 Volcano Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
August 28, 1771 0October 9, 1772 Gamalama Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia 30-40 3 1/4
August 12, 1772 August 12, 1772 Papandayan Java , Indonesia 2,957 Scree avalanche completely destroyed
40 villages
3 1/4
1773 unknown Niigata-yake-yama Honshu , Japan no 0.05 3 1
0February 4, 1773 July 1773 Tungurahua Ecuador no 3 1
1774 currently ongoing Yasur Tanna (Vanuatu) 3 1
0July 1, 1775 July 23, 1775 Pacaya Guatemala no approx. 0.05 3 1
August 20, 1775 0November 6, 1775 Gamalama Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia 1,300 3 1/4
August 31, 1777 1779 Mihara Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan no 0.21 4th 1
1778 unknown Raikoke Kuril Islands , Russia 15th 4th 1/4
June 15, 1779 June 16, 1779 Avachinskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.06 ± 0.01 3 1
0November 8, 1779 May 1781 Sakurajima Kyushu , Japan 191 > 0.4 4th 1/4
July 27, 1780 May 1785 Aogashima Izu Islands , Japan 137-147 0.08 3 1/4
May 1783 May 26, 1785 Grímsvötn , Laki crater Iceland > 9,000 An additional 14.7 km³ of lava ejected effusively 0.91 4th 1/2
0May 9, 1783 0August 5, 1783 Asama Honshu , Japan 1,377 thereof 463 deaths from pyroclastic currents and 914 from lahar 0.43 4th 1/2
0June 8, 1783 February 1784 Laki crater Grímsvotn , Iceland no 25,000 due to famine (1785) Winter 1783/84 (greatest natural disaster of the early modern period, probably one of the causes of the French Revolution ) 14.7 4+ 1
August 18, 1783 0July 5, 1794 Vesuvius Campania , Italy 19th ≈ 4 1/2
0September 3, 1783 unknown Sakurajima Kyushu , Japan no 3 1
1786 unknown Mount Shasta California , USA no 3 1
1786 Volcano Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
June 1786 1791 Amukta Island Islands of Four Mountains , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no ≈ 4 1
0June 4, 1787 August 11, 1787 Etna Sicily , Italy no 4th 1
1790 1793 Alaid Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia no ≈ 4 1
November 1790 unknown Kīlauea Hawaii (island) , USA probably 100 0.11 4th 1/2
February 10, 1792 July 22, 1792 Ounces Kyushu , Japan over 14,500 of which around 9,500 due to landslides and at least 5,000 due to tsunami 2 1/2
0March 2, 1793 December 1793 San Martín Veracruz (state) , Mexico no > 0.25 4th 1
1795 unknown Mount Westdahl Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no > 1 5 1
January 1796 November 16, 1822 Vesuvius Campania , Italy 4th 0.075 3 1/4
May 1796 1804 Bogoslof Island Fox Islands (Alaska) , Aleutian Islands no ≈ 4 1
January 1797 unknown Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
0June 9, 1798 September 14, 1798 Pico Viejo Tenerife , Canary Islands , Spain no 3 1
1799 unknown Fuego Guatemala no 3 1
1802 unknown Makushin Unalaska , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
0January 4, 1803 0January 5, 1803 Cotopaxi Ecuador no 3 1
1804 unknown Maly Semyachik Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
1804 1817 Tarumae Hokkaidō , Japan no 0.05 3 1
June 14, 1811 June 22, 1811 Sete Cidades São Miguel , Azores , Portugal no 3 1
1812 July 15, 1815 Tambora Sumbawa , Indonesia about 11,000 people died from ash and pyroclastic currents well over 49,000 perished from epidemics and bad harvests worldwide Year without summer 160 7th 1/2
April 27, 1812 0June 9, 1812 Soufrière St. Vincent , St. Vincent and the Grenadines 56 4th 1/4
0August 6, 1812 0August 8, 1812 Mount Awu Sangihe Islands , Indonesia 963 ≈ 4 1/2
1813 1814 Suwanosejima Ryūkyū Islands , Japan no 4th 1
1814 unknown Mount Peulik Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
0February 1, 1814 February 15, 1814 Mayon Luzon , Philippines 1,200 4th 1/2
0March 9, 1814 unknown Raoul Island Kermadec Islands , New Zealand no > 0.01 3 1
February 28, 1815 unknown Asama Honshu , Japan no 3 1
January 16, 1817 February 10, 1817 Raung Java , Indonesia 4th 1
0March 1, 1817 1820 Mount Okmok Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
February 15, 1818 February 16, 1818 Colima Jalisco , Mexico 4th 1
1821 unknown Mihara Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan no 0.02 3 1
March 12, 1822 September 1822 Usu Hokkaidō , Japan 50 0.37 4th 1/4
0October 8, 1822 0December 1, 1822 Galunggung Java , Indonesia 4.011 > 1 5 1/2
December 27, 1822 0April 6, 1823 Merapi Java , Indonesia at least 20 0.06 3 1
June 26, 1823 July 23, 1823 Katla Iceland no 0.1 4th 1
1824 unknown Shishaldin Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
1824 unknown Yunaska Island Islands of Four Mountains , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
0July 2, 1824 0September 2, 1834 Vesuvius Campania , Italy no 3 1
February 14, 1825 October 1825 Fernandina Galapagos Islands , Ecuador no 3 1
June 1826 unknown Makushin Unalaska , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
October 11, 1826 October 25, 1826 Kelut Java , Indonesia ≈ 4 1
October 11, 1826 January 1827 Mount Finch Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
June 27, 1827 June 29, 1827 Avachinskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.18 ± 0.02 4th 1
0September 1, 1827 January 1828 Atitlan Guatemala no 3 1
June 1828 unknown Gorely Kamchatka , Russia no 0.018 ± 0.003 3 1
October 24, 1828 March 1834 Galeras Colombia no 3 1
0September 9, 1829 unknown Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no ≈ 4 1
November 1830 December 1830 Shishaldin Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
1831 unknown Babuyan Claro Babuyan Islands , Philippines no ≈ 4 1
1831 unknown Pichincha Ecuador no 3 1
June 28, 1831 August 11, 1831 Ferdinandea Italy no 4th 1
August 1831 unknown Mount St. Helens Washington (State) , USA no 3 1
February 1832 unknown Gorely Kamchatka , Russia no 0.018 ± 0.003 3 1
August 29, 1832 August 29, 1832 Gede Java , Indonesia no 3 1
December 25, 1832 1836 Merapi Java , Indonesia 32 0.033 3 1/4
November 24, 1833 November 25, 1833 Kaba Sumatra , Indonesia 126 2 1/4
1834 May 1835 Mayon Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
January 1835 0January 3, 1839 Vesuvius Campania , Italy no 3 1
January 20, 1835 January 25, 1835 Cosigüina Nicaragua 8th 5.7 5 1/4
04th August 1838 April 1839 Mount Veniaminof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
0February 2, 1840 September 29, 1840 Gamalama Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia no 3 1
November 12, 1840 December 11, 1840 Gede Java , Indonesia no 3 1
November 22, 1842 September 18, 1845 Mount St. Helens Washington (State) , USA no 0.01 3 1
0December 7, 1843 unknown Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
1844 unknown Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
January 20, 1845 January 30, 1845 Mayon Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
February 19, 1845 unknown Nevado del Ruiz Colombia 1,000 0.06 3 1/2
0September 2, 1845 0April 5, 1846 Hekla Iceland no 0.17 4th 1
1846 unknown Rasschua Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
1846 unknown Sinarka Shiashkotan , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
May 11, 1846 May 11, 1846 Mayon Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
June 11, 1846 October 10, 1846 Fonualei Tonga no ≈ 4 1
0September 2, 1846 October 1847 Merapi Java , Indonesia no 3 1
1848 unknown Mutnowski Kamchatka , Russia no maximum 0.05 3 1
May 16, 1848 May 17, 1848 Kelut Java , Indonesia 21 3 1/4
September 14, 1849 September 24, 1849 Merapi Java , Indonesia no 0.05 3 1
November 1852 January 1853 Antuco Chile no 3 1
February 1853 unknown Lonquimay Chile no 3 1
April 22, 1853 September 1853 Usu Hokkaidō , Japan no 0.36 4th 1
0May 3, 1853 unknown Atitlan Guatemala no 3 1
July 13, 1853 August 26, 1853 Mayon Luzon , Philippines 33-35 3 1/4
September 13, 1853 September 15, 1853 Cotopaxi Ecuador no 3 1
December 1853 1859 Chikurachki Paramushir , Kuril Islands , Russia no 0.09 3 1
February 18, 1854 unknown Schiwelutsch Kamchatka , Russia no 2 ± 1 5 1
June 27, 1854 unknown Alaid Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
0July 5, 1854 unknown Foot of spades Paramushir , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
December 14, 1854 May 27, 1855 Vesuvius Campania , Italy no 3 1
December 19, 1855 December 31, 1861 Vesuvius Campania , Italy no 3 1
0March 2, 1856 March 17, 1856 Mount Awu Sangihe Islands , Indonesia 2,806 ≈ 4 1/2
September 25, 1856 unknown Komagatake Hokkaidō , Japan 20th 0.3 4th 1/4
December 12, 1856 December 13, 1856 Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
1857 June 26, 1889 Stromboli Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
January 15, 1857 February 17, 1857 Fuego Guatemala no approx. 0.2 4th 1
July 1857 unknown Tschirpoi Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
0May 8, 1860 May 27, 1860 Katla Iceland no 0.2 4th 1
0July 7, 1860 0July 9, 1860 Alaid Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
0May 8, 1861 October 1861 Dubbi Eritrea 106 ≈ 3 1/4
December 28, 1861 October 1862 Makian Moluccas , Indonesia 326 ≈ 4 1/4
1862 unknown Llaima Chile no 3 1
1864 unknown Llaima Chile no 3 1
0June 9, 1864 unknown Lopévi Vanuatu no 3 1
November 30, 1864 0February 3, 1865 Nevados de Chillán Chile no 3 1
October 24, 1865 August 1871 Merapi Java , Indonesia no 0.017 3 1
January 1866 0May 8, 1866 Turrialba Costa Rica no 3 1
0June 1, 1867 0June 8, 1867 Terceira Azores , Portugal no 3 1
November 26, 1868 0December 8, 1868 Etna Sicily , Italy no 3 1
June 12, 1869 August 24, 1869 Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 3 1
July 1869 August 1869 Cotopaxi Ecuador no 3 1
1870 unknown Iliwerung Lembata , Indonesia 3 1
February 21, 1870 1875 Ceboruco Nayarit , Mexico no 4th 1
June 20, 1870 0October 3, 1870 Raoul Island Kermadec Islands , New Zealand no > 0.01 3 1
December 1870 April 30, 1872 Vesuvius Campania , Italy 12th 0.017 3 1/2
0March 2, 1871 March 14, 1871 Ruang Sangihe Islands , Indonesia 300-400 2 1/4
0December 8, 1871 January 1872 Mayon Luzon , Philippines 3 3 1/4
1872 1878 Sinarka Shiashkotan , Kuril Islands , Russia no 4th 1
February 26, 1872 March 27, 1873 Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 3 1
April 15, 1872 April 21, 1872 Merapi Java , Indonesia 200 0.33 4th 1/4
0December 1, 1872 0June 8, 1873 Aso Kyushu , Japan 4th 3 1/4
1872 unknown Bam Papua New Guinea no 3 1
0January 8, 1873 August 1873 Grímsvötn Iceland no 4th 1
September 1873 1879 Volcano Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
1874 unknown Santa Ana El Salvador no 3 1
0February 8, 1874 February 16, 1874 Tarumae Hokkaidō , Japan no 0.025 3 1
0July 3, 1874 July 17, 1874 Miyake-jima Izu Islands , Japan 1 3 1/4
0January 1, 1875 October 17, 1875 Askja Iceland no 1.8 5 1
December 18, 1875 April 22, 1906 Vesuvius Campania , Italy 219 0.13 4th 1-3
1876 unknown Mount Iliamna Alaska , USA no 3 1
1877 unknown Suwanosejima Ryūkyū Islands , Japan no ≈ 4 1
January 1877 0September 2, 1877 Cotopaxi Ecuador 340 4th 1/4
November 13, 1877 unknown Bam Papua New Guinea no 3 1
January 30, 1878 February 26, 1878 Tavurvur New Britain , Papua New Guinea 1 4th 1/4
1879 1883 Schiwelutsch Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
May 26, 1879 0June 7, 1879 Etna Sicily , Italy no 0.02 3 1
December 31, 1879 March 26, 1880 Ilopango El Salvador no 3 1
February 1880 July 1880 Cotopaxi Ecuador no 3 1
March 1880 unknown Santa Ana El Salvador no 3 1
June 28, 1880 August 20, 1880 Fuego Guatemala no approx. 0.2 4th 1
0July 6, 1881 August 1882 Mayon Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
1883 unknown Sewergin Charimkotan , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
May 20, 1883 October 21, 1883 Krakatau Sunda Strait , Indonesia > 36,000 20 ± 2 6th 1/2
September 27, 1883 1895 Bogoslof Island Fox Islands (Alaska) , Aleutian Islands no 3 1
October 6, 1883 1884 Mount St. Augustine Augustine Island , Alaska no 4th 1
December 31, 1883 unknown Bagana Bougainville , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
May 25, 1885 unknown Puracé Colombia 3 1
October 12, 1885 1886 Fonuafoʻou Ha'apai , Tonga no 4th 1
0January 5, 1886 unknown Volcano Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
January 11, 1886 1888 Tungurahua Ecuador 2 4th 1/4
June 10, 1886 August 1886 Mount Tarawera North Island (New Zealand) 153 2 5 1/2
0July 8, 1886 March 10, 1887 Mayon Luzon , Philippines 15th 3 1/4
August 31, 1886 September 18, 1886 Niuafo'ou Tonga no ≈ 4 1
0June 2, 1887 January 1890 Lonquimay Chile no 3 1
July 15, 1888 July 15, 1888 Bandai (volcanic group) Honshu , Japan 461 0.15 4th 1/2
0August 2, 1888 March 22, 1890 Volcano Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
0August 9, 1889 February 16, 1890 Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 4th 1
0October 2, 1889 October 13, 1889 Suwanosejima Ryūkyū Islands , Japan no 4th 1
1890 May 29, 1907 Stromboli Aeolian Islands , Italy no 3 1
April 15, 1892 unknown Seguam Island Andreanof Islands , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
May 21, 1892 unknown Sorikmarapi Sumatra , Indonesia 180 2 1/4
0June 7, 1892 June 12, 1892 Mount Awu Sangihe Islands , Indonesia 1,532 3 1/2
August 28, 1892 August 30, 1892 Mount Veniaminof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
0January 7, 1893 January 16, 1894 Calbuco Chile no 4th 1
1894 unknown Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
October 15, 1894 February 10, 1895 Ambrym Vanuatu 10 six people were killed by volcanic bombs, four were caught in the lava flow 3 1/4
October 17, 1894 December 1894 Galunggung Java , Indonesia no 0.022 3 1
May 23, 1897 July 23, 1897 Mayon Luzon , Philippines around 350 > 0.08 3 1/4
0November 1, 1897 1906 Doña Juana Colombia 50-60 4th 1/4
1898 unknown Ulawun New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
0April 8, 1898 1906 Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
0May 2, 1898 1900 Colo Una Una , Indonesia no 3 1
1899 unknown Mount Okmok Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
July 19, 1899 0August 5, 1899 Etna Sicily , Italy no 3 1
1901 unknown Ilyinskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
May 22, 1901 May 23, 1901 Kelut Java , Indonesia 100 0.0022 2 1/3
1902 unknown Seguam Island Andreanof Islands , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
January 18, 1902 unknown Mount Redoubt Alaska , USA no 3 1
0May 8, 1902 0October 5, 1905 Montagne Pelée Martinique , France around 29,000 As early as April 23, 1902, the volcano was ejecting some slag. > 0.2 4th 1/2
0May 6, 1902 March 30, 1903 Soufrière St. Vincent , St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1,565 > 0.38 4th 1-3
0August 7, 1902 August 24, 1902 Torishima Izu Islands , Japan 125 0.03 3 1/3
October 24, 1902 November 12, 1902 Santa María Guatemala at least 7,000 20th 6th 1/2
December 1902 January 12, 1904 Grímsvötn Iceland no 4th 1
February 15, 1903 August 1903 Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 3 1
September 26, 1903 December 1904 Cotopaxi Ecuador no 3 1
November 14, 1904 May 16, 1905 Fukutoku-Okanoba Kazan-rettō , Japan no 4th 1
1906 0December 7, 1911 Mount Pavlof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
0March 1, 1906 0September 1, 1907 Bogoslof Island Fox Islands (Alaska) , Aleutian Islands no ≈ 4 1
0June 7, 1906 unknown Aso Kyushu , Japan no 3 1
March 28, 1907 unknown Kudach Kamchatka , Russia no 2.4 5 1
0April 9, 1907 February 1908 Riñinahue Chile no 3 1
September 28, 1907 October 30, 1907 Levotobi Flores (Indonesia) 1 3 1
0November 7, 1907 0December 5, 1907 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 3 1
December 18, 1908 0July 1, 1909 Colima Jalisco , Mexico no 3 1
January 11, 1909 April 22, 1909 Tarumae Hokkaidō , Japan no 3 1
September 1909 March 22, 1910 Semeru Java , Indonesia 221 2 1/3
May 1910 July 1931 Stromboli Aeolian Islands , Italy 8th 3 1/3
1911 1912 Mount Lolobau Duportail , Papua New Guinea no 0.12 4th 1
1911 May 1918 Pago New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
January 27, 1911 0February 8, 1911 Taal Luzon , Philippines 1,335 0.08 3 1-3
0November 8, 1911 December 1911 Semeru Java , Indonesia no 3 1
February 1912 March 1912 Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
0June 6, 1912 July 21, 1912 Mount Katmai Alaska Peninsula , USA no 0.023 ± 0.007 3 1
0June 6, 1912 October 1912 Novarupta Alaska Peninsula , USA 2 28 ± 4 6th 1/3
June 14, 1912 unknown Rincon de la Vieja Costa Rica no 3 1
04th August 1912 August 1912 Etna Sicily , Italy no 3 1
0December 3, 1912 April 1913 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo 20th 0.03 3 1/3
January 17, 1913 January 24, 1913 Colima Jalisco , Mexico 1.7 5 1
0July 5, 1913 0April 4, 1944 Vesuvius Campania , Italy 27 0.06 3 1/3
October 14, 1913 1914 Ambrym Vanuatu 21 3 1/3
January 12, 1914 May 1915 Sakurajima Kyushu , Japan 58 0.57 ± 0.05 4th 1/3
January 13, 1914 August 21, 1914 Fukutoku-Okanoba Kazan-rettō , Japan no > 1 5 1
May 30, 1914 June 29, 1917 Let Peak California , USA no 3 1
0September 8, 1914 unknown Cerro Azul Chile no 3 1
April 1915 unknown Ulawun New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
November 1915 June 1916 Bromo Java , Indonesia no 3 1
1916 April 21, 1932 Cerro Azul Chile no 9.5 5 1
0March 3, 1916 0December 1, 1925 Tungurahua Ecuador no 4th 1
0December 1, 1916 June 1917 Ol Doinyo Lengai Tanzania no 3 1
0April 9, 1917 unknown Agrigan Northern Mariana Islands , USA no 4th 1
0June 7, 1917 November 1917 San Salvador El Salvador 352 3 1/3
September 27, 1917 1921 Irazú Costa Rica no 3 1
18 July 1918 0December 1, 1919 Banua Wuhu Sangihe Islands , Indonesia no 3 1
August 11, 1918 August 26, 1918 Karthala Grande Comore , Comoros no 3 1
October 12, 1918 0November 4, 1918 Katla Iceland no 0.7 4th 1
May 19, 1919 May 20, 1919 Kelut Java , Indonesia 5.110 0.19 4th 1/2
August 11, 1919 unknown Manam Papua New Guinea no 4th 1
December 13, 1921 February 12, 1922 Cordon Caulle Chile no 3 1
1922 unknown Mount Gareloi Gareloi Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
June 22, 1922 currently (2011) ongoing Santa María Guatemala probably 5,000 4th 1/2
February 1923 March 26, 1923 North Pagan Pagan , Northern Mariana Islands no 3 1
February 11, 1923 April 1923 Zheltovsky Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
0March 2, 1923 May 13, 1923 Ile des Cendres Vietnam no 0.1 ≈ 4 1
October 23, 1923 December 11, 1923 Cerro Negro Nicaragua no 0.036 3 1
February 15, 1924 unknown Raikoke Kuril Islands , Russia no 4th 1
October 1924 1927 Galeras Colombia no 3 1
October 31, 1924 unknown Iriomote Ryūkyū Islands , Japan no approx. 1 ≈ 5 1
December 18, 1924 0June 7, 1925 Acatenango Guatemala no 3 1
November 20, 1925 September 1927 Tokachi-dake Hokkaidō , Japan 146 a single lahar on May 24, 1926 killed 137 people and destroyed over 5,000 homes 3 1/4
0January 5, 1926 May 1926 Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
March 27, 1926 March 14, 1927 Avachinskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.18 ± 0.03 4th 1
July 15, 1926 unknown Askja Iceland no 0.05 3 1
0October 4, 1927 September 1928 Fonuafoʻou Ha'apai , Tonga no 0.034 3 1
January 1928 August 26, 1928 Mayon Luzon , Philippines at least 1 approx. 0.075 3 1/3
0August 4, 1928 September 25, 1928 Rokatenda Palu , Indonesia 226 128 Tsunami deaths 0.02 3 1/3
1929 unknown Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
April 1929 1930 Mount Gareloi Gareloi Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
June 17, 1929 0September 6, 1929 Komagatake Hokkaidō , Japan 2 0.19 4th 1/3
0September 1, 1929 April 1930 Gorely Kamchatka , Russia no 0.018 ± 0.003 3 1
September 16, 1929 0December 1, 1932 Montagne Pelée Martinique , France no 3 1
February 13, 1930 February 13, 1930 Sarychev Matua , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
September 1930 January 17, 1931 Gorely Kamchatka , Russia no 0.018 ± 0.003 3 1
November 25, 1930 September 1931 Merapi Java , Indonesia 1,369 0.017 3 1/4
March 25, 1931 March 27, 1931 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 4th 1
March 31, 1931 September 21, 1932 Asama Honshu , Japan 3 3 1/3
0May 1, 1931 June 13, 1931 Mount Aniakchak Alaska Peninsula , USA no 0.4 ± 0.05 4th 1
January 21, 1932 January 22, 1932 Fuego Guatemala 3 approx. 0.2 4th 1/3
May 23, 1932 December 26, 1933 Levotobi Flores (Indonesia) no 3 1
0June 5, 1932 1933 Descabezado Grande Chile no 3 1
November 14, 1932 0June 9, 1934 Krakatau Sunda Strait , Indonesia no 3 1
December 31, 1932 0January 5, 1933 Llaima Chile no 3 1
0January 8, 1933 April 14, 1933 Sewergin Charimkotan , Kuril Islands , Russia 2 1 5 1/3
0April 2, 1933 unknown White Island (Bay of Plenty) New Zealand no 3 1
July 10, 1933 0August 5, 1933 Suwoh Sumatra , Indonesia no 0.21 4th 1
August 13, 1933 currently ongoing Dukono Halmahera , Moluccas , Indonesia no 3 1
December 23, 1933 January 12, 1934 Shindake Kuchinoerabu-jima , Ryūkyū Islands , Japan 8th ≈ 4 1/3
0August 8, 1934 currently (2011) ongoing Sangay Ecuador 2 3 1/4
November 13, 1934 July 1937 Asama Honshu , Japan 2 3 1/3
March 13, 1935 August 18, 1935 Mount St. Augustine Augustine Island , Alaska no 3 1
April 21, 1935 0November 4, 1936 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
0July 7, 1935 January 27, 1941 Etna Sicily , Italy no 3 1
1936 May 1948 Mount Pavlof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
August 27, 1936 unknown Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
September 1936 1939 Manam Papua New Guinea no 3 1
0April 3, 1937 March 1939 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.02 3 1
May 29, 1937 0June 2, 1937 Tavurvur New Britain , Papua New Guinea 507 0.31 4th 1/2
0September 7, 1937 unknown Bagana Bougainville , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
0November 3, 1937 0November 4, 1937 Yunaska Island Islands of Four Mountains , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
0March 6, 1938 0December 1, 1938 Avachinskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.03 ± 0.005 3 1
May 15, 1938 unknown Bagana Bougainville , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
04th July 1938 0July 2, 1940 Krakatau Sunda Strait , Indonesia no 3 1
May 23, 1939 June 26, 1939 Mount Veniaminof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
August 17, 1939 December 26, 1939 Torishima Izu Islands , Japan 2 0.019 3 1/3
July 12, 1940 05th August 1940 Miyake-jima Izu Islands , Japan 11 0.012 3 1/3
July 24, 1940 February 1941 Ol Doinyo Lengai Tanzania no 3 1
November 1940 July 15, 1941 Tolbachik Kamchatka , Russia no 0.07 3 1
February 20, 1943 February 25, 1952 Paricutín Michoacan , Mexico 103 1.3 5 1/3
April 13, 1943 May 11, 1943 Cerro Azul Isabela (Galápagos) , Ecuador 1 3 1/3
September 18, 1943 August 31, 1944 Vaiowa Papua New Guinea no 3 1
February 24, 1944 0March 1, 1944 Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
June 10, 1944 June 12, 1944 Cleveland Chuginadak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska 1 3 1/3
04th December 1944 unknown Dieng plateau Java , Indonesia 114 2 1/3
0December 9, 1944 January 20, 1945 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
February 25, 1945 February 25, 1945 Avachinskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.3 4th 1
0March 8, 1945 December 1945 Ruapehu North Island (New Zealand) no 3 1
March 31, 1945 0April 3, 1945 Llaima Chile no 3 1
June 19, 1945 0July 7, 1945 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.023 3 1
January 1946 November 1946 Sakurajima Kyushu , Japan 1 0.02 3 1/3
0November 9, 1946 November 19, 1946 Sarychev Matua , Kuril Islands , Russia no 4th 1
0December 1, 1946 September 1947 Manam Papua New Guinea no 3 1
March 29, 1947 April 21, 1948 Hekla Iceland 1 0.21 4th 1/3
0July 9, 1947 0August 2, 1947 Cerro Negro Nicaragua no 0.031 3 1
February 15, 1948 April 25, 1948 Bromo Java , Indonesia no 3 1
0September 1, 1948 July 1953 Hibok-Hibok Camiguin , Philippines 568 3 1/3
0October 9, 1948 0February 3, 1949 Villarrica Chile at least 40 3 1/3
0November 4, 1948 0December 1, 1957 Izalco El Salvador no 3 1
0December 1, 1948 0December 1, 1951 Bagana Bougainville , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
April 1949 unknown Kuwae Vanuatu no 3 1
October 1949 December 1949 Kuwae Vanuatu no 3 1
November 21, 1950 17th December 1950 Cerro Negro Nicaragua no 0.038 3 1
0December 6, 1950 November 25, 1951 Ambrym Vanuatu no 0.8 4th 1
17th January 1951 1956 Lamington Papua New Guinea 2,942 4th 1/2
July 2, 1951 March 1953 Lokon Sulawesi , Indonesia no 3 1
August 31, 1951 August 31, 1951 Kelut Java , Indonesia 7th 0.2 4th 1/3
October 23, 1951 November 27, 1951 Tinakula Santa Cruz Islands , Solomon Islands no 3 1
February 29, 1952 October 1952 Bagana Bougainville , Papua New Guinea no 4th 1
0August 1, 1952 February 24, 1953 Bárcena San Benedicto , Revillagigedo Islands , Mexico no 0.27 ± 0.07 4th 1
November 12, 1952 November 19, 1952 Krenitsyn Onekotan , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
January 31, 1953 April 15, 1953 Raung Java , Indonesia no 3 1
February 12, 1953 19th February 1953 Epi Vanuatu no 3 1
February 15, 1953 05th October 1954 Trident Alaska Peninsula , USA no 0.05 3 1
0March 2, 1953 December 1958 Merapi Java , Indonesia 64 0.015 3 1/4
March 19, 1953 May 15, 1953 Sangeang Api Lesser Sunda Islands , Indonesia no 3 1
0April 9, 1953 April 13, 1953 Fuego Guatemala no 3 1
0May 8, 1953 0January 7, 1954 Motmot Island Long Island (Papua New Guinea) no 3 1
June 1953 September 1953 Bagana Bougainville , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
0July 9, 1953 July 16, 1953 Mount Spurr Alaska , USA no 4th 1
December 27, 1953 02nd August 1955 Asama Honshu , Japan no 3 1
May 13, 1954 June 25, 1955 Ngauruhoe North Island (New Zealand) no 3 1
May 18, 1954 November 13, 1954 Langila New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
05th June 1955 June 13, 1955 Motmot Long Island (Papua New Guinea) no 3 1
July 27, 1955 November 12, 1955 Carrán Chile 2 0.42 4th 1/3
October 13, 1955 currently (2011) ongoing Sakurajima Kyushu , Japan 9 3 1/3
October 22, 1955 0March 1, 1957 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 2.8 5 1
October 22, 1955 November 1957 Llaima Chile no 3 1
January 11, 1956 January 19, 1956 Bristol Island South Sandwich Islands , United Kingdom no 3 1
February 13, 1956 March 25, 1956 Raung Java , Indonesia no 3 1
March 1956 May 23, 1956 Mount Veniaminof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
December 1956 June 1957 Korjakskaja Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
0December 8, 1956 August 1958 Manam Papua New Guinea no 3 1
05th February 1957 0May 7, 1957 Etna Sicily , Italy no 0.07 3 1
19th February 1957 February 21, 1957 Fuego Guatemala no 0.025 3 1
September 27, 1957 October 24, 1958 Ilha do Faial Azores , Portugal no 0.08 3 1
November 12, 1957 0December 1, 1957 Zavaritzki Caldera Simushir , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
August 14, 1958 August 25, 1958 Mount Okmok Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
November 1958 unknown Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
17th October 1959 December 31, 1964 Etna Sicily , Italy no 3 1
March 1960 November 28, 1966 Ol Doinyo Lengai Tanzania no 3 1
April 1960 December 1964 Karymski Kamchatka , Russia no 0.045 3 1
May 24, 1960 July 30, 1960 Cordon Caulle Chile no 0.06 3 1
June 1960 unknown Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
July 10, 1960 September 1960 Lopévi Vanuatu no 3 1
August 30, 1960 August 30, 1960 Sarychev Matua , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
September 28, 1960 December 26, 1960 Cerro Negro Nicaragua no 0.034 3 1
October 15, 1960 April 15, 1961 Mount Okmok Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no > 0.01 3 1
0February 1, 1961 March 26, 1961 Calbuco Chile no 3 1
April 11, 1961 November 28, 1961 Merapi Java , Indonesia 6th 0.04 3 1/3
August 15, 1961 0April 3, 1963 Ambrym Vanuatu no 3 1
October 18, 1961 December 15, 1961 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
January 24, 1962 unknown Mount Kiska Kiska Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
0June 9, 1962 0June 9, 1962 Trident Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
June 29, 1962 September 1962 Tokachi Hokkaidō , Japan 5 0.072 3 1/3
04th August 1962 0November 9, 1962 Fuego Guatemala no 0.025 3 1
December 15, 1962 unknown White Island (Bay of Plenty) New Zealand no 3 1
February 13, 1963 unknown Amukta Island Islands of Four Mountains , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
February 18, 1963 January 27, 1964 Agung Bali , Indonesia 1138 820 deaths from pyroclastic currents, 155 from ash rain and 163 from lahar > 1 5 1/2
March 13, 1963 February 13, 1965 Irazú Costa Rica > 35 3 1/3
0April 1, 1963 0April 3, 1963 Trident Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
0July 7, 1963 1965 Lopévi Vanuatu no 3 1
17th October 1963 17th November 1963 Trident Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
0November 7, 1963 November 21, 1963 Piton de la Fournaise Reunion , France no 0.016 3 1
0November 8, 1963 05th June 1967 Surtsey Iceland no 0.7 4th 1
November 12, 1964 November 12, 1964 Schiwelutsch Kamchatka , Russia no 0.75 ± 0.05 4th 1
December 13, 1964 December 13, 1964 Dieng plateau Java , Indonesia 114 1 1/3
0March 9, 1965 March 1970 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 0.025 3 1
May 15, 1965 February 1967 Karymski Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
04th July 1965 March 10, 1989 Pacaya Guatemala no 3 1
August 1965 December 26, 1966 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.01 3 1
September 27, 1965 September 30, 1965 Mount Garat Gaua , Banks Islands no 3 1
September 28, 1965 September 30, 1965 Taal Luzon , Philippines 190 0.09 3 1/3
November 23, 1965 June 11, 1966 Tinakula Santa Cruz Islands , Solomon Islands no 3 1
January 24, 1966 February 20, 1966 Mount Redoubt Alaska , USA no 3 1
07th February 1966 0May 1, 1966 Fuego Guatemala no 3 1/3
March 20, 1966 November 30, 1967 Bagana Bougainville , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
April 26, 1966 April 27, 1966 Kelut Java , Indonesia 212 0.089 3 1/2
May 21, 1966 November 1967 Soputan Sulawesi , Indonesia no 3 1
05th July 1966 04th August 1966 Taal Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
August 12, 1966 October 1966 Mount Awu Sangihe Islands , Indonesia 39 4th 1/3
0October 7, 1966 15th January 1967 Mount Redoubt Alaska , USA no 3 1
0November 6, 1966 December 1967 Rincon de la Vieja Costa Rica no 3 1
November 13, 1966 March 1967 White Island (Bay of Plenty) New Zealand no 3 1
January 12, 1967 1970 Merapi Java , Indonesia 3 0.013 3 1/4
January 27, 1967 March 31, 1969 Lopévi Vanuatu no 3 1
April 23, 1967 0May 9, 1967 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 0.02 3 1
0July 8, 1967 04th September 1967 Ol Doinyo Lengai Tanzania no 3 1
August 31, 1967 currently ongoing Semeru Java , Indonesia 437 3 1/3
05th September 1967 February 25, 1968 Trident Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
04th December 1967 07th December 1967 Deception Island South Shetland Islands no 0.05 3 1
0December 6, 1967 April 28, 1968 Mount Redoubt Alaska , USA no 3 1
0January 27, 1968 February 1969 White Island (Bay of Plenty) New Zealand no 3 1
April 21, 1968 May 20, 1968 Mayon Luzon , Philippines 6th 0.02 3 1/3
June 11, 1968 04th July 1968 Fernandina Galapagos Islands , Ecuador no > 0.1 4th 1
03rd July 1968 03rd July 1968 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
July 29, 1968 December 2010 Arenal Costa Rica 78 0.035 ± 0.006 3 1-3
October 23, 1968 December 10, 1968 Cerro Negro Nicaragua no 0.027 3 1
November 13, 1968 November 13, 1968 Trident Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
December 21, 1968 March 10, 1969 Shindake (or Shin-take) Kuchinoerabu-jima , Ryūkyū Islands , Japan no 3 1
January 27, 1969 January 30, 1969 Iya Flores (Indonesia) 2 3 1/3
February 21, 1969 March 1969 Deception Island South Shetland Islands no 0.03 3 1
February 1970 March 1970 Kolokol Urup , Kuril Islands , Russia no 3 1
0May 5th 1970 05th July 1970 Hekla Iceland no 0.066 3 1
May 11, 1970 October 11, 1982 Karymski Kamchatka , Russia no approx. 0.037 3 1
August 12, 1970 unknown Deception Island South Shetland Islands no 3 1
03rd February 1971 February 14, 1971 Cerro Negro Nicaragua no 0.058 3 1
March 1971 December 1974 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
March 24, 1971 0May 5th 1971 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 0.03 3 1
August 12, 1971 18th September 1971 Cerro Hudson Chile 5 3 1/3
September 14, 1971 15th September 1971 Fuego Guatemala 10 > 0.06 3 1/3
January 1972 0April 5th 1976 Karangetang Siau , Indonesia 4th 3 1/3
April 15, 1972 15th August 1972 Ambrym Vanuatu no 3 1
June 18, 1972 September 11, 1972 Alaid Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia no almost 0.1 3 1
0October 6, 1972 March 1985 Merapi Java , Indonesia 29 0.021 3 1/3
October 22, 1972 16th January 1973 Rokatenda Palu , Indonesia no 3 1
November 22, 1972 19th August 1974 Ngauruhoe North Island (New Zealand) no 3 1
23rd January 1973 June 28, 1973 Eldfell Heimaey , Iceland 1 0.065 3 1/3
February 24, 1973 October 2000 Langila New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
April 15, 1973 October 14, 1976 Ambrym Vanuatu no 3 1
July 11, 1973 July 16, 1973 Curacoa Tonga no 3 1
July 14, 1973 July 28, 1973 Tjatja Kunashir , Kuril Islands , Russia no 0.2 4th 1
November 1973 July 1974 Reventador Ecuador no 3 1
0March 4th 1974 0November 9, 1999 Manam Papua New Guinea 13 3 1/3
July 15, 1974 unknown Trident Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
0September 1, 1974 January 13, 1975 Mount Pavlof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
October 10, 1974 04th December 1974 Fuego Guatemala 3 0.4 4th 1/3
June 28, 1975 December 10, 1976 Tolbachik Kamchatka , Russia no 0.98 4th 1
September 13, 1975 March 1977 Mount Pavlof Alaska Peninsula , USA no > 0.014 3 1
22nd January 1976 May 14, 1977 Mount St. Augustine Augustine Island , Alaska no 0.15 4th 1
18th December 1976 January 29, 1982 White Island (Bay of Plenty) New Zealand no 3 1
23rd December 1976 June 15, 1977 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 0.02 3 1
January 10, 1977 January 10, 1977 Nyiragongo Democratic Republic of Congo estimated 600 0.00005 1 1/2
March 25, 1977 unknown Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 0.015 3 1
March 30, 1977 0April 9, 1977 Ukinrek Maare Alaska Peninsula , USA no 0.026 3 1
02nd August 1977 March 12, 1980 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia 1 0.015 3 1/3
07th August 1977 March 1982 Usu Hokkaidō , Japan 6th almost 0.1 3 1/3
04th February 1978 0February 9, 1978 Mount Westdahl Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
0May 7, 1978 May 14, 1978 Ulawun New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 0.034 3 1
February 11, 1979 unknown Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 0.017 3 1
20th February 1979 20th February 1979 Dieng plateau Java , Indonesia 149 Cause of death gas poisoning 0.0002 1 1/3
November 13, 1979 January 14, 1980 Sierra Negra Isabela (Galápagos) , Ecuador no 3 1
April 13, 1979 October 26, 1979 Soufrière St. Vincent , St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0.075 3 1/2
December 27, 1979 September 28, 1980 Bulusan Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
January 30, 1980 February 24, 1980 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 0.015 3 1
March 27, 1980 October 28, 1986 Mount St. Helens Washington (State) , USA 57 Mount St. Helens eruption in 1980 1.2 5 1/2
April 15, 1980 20th August 1980 Lopévi Vanuatu no 3 1
April 18, 1980 April 19, 1980 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 0.019 3 1
June 15, 1980 03rd July 1981 Gorely Kamchatka , Russia no 0.04 3 1
May 16, 1980 August 18, 1980 Ambrym Vanuatu no 3 1
17th August 1980 20th August 1980 Hekla Iceland no 0.058 3 1
0October 6, 1980 0October 7, 1980 Ulawun New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 0.035 ± 0.005 3 1
0April 9, 1981 April 27, 1981 Bulusan Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
April 27, 1981 05th June 1981 Alaid Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia no 0.55 4th 1
May 15, 1981 0May 1, 1985 North Pagan Pagan , Northern Mariana Islands , USA no > 0.25 4th 1
June 12, 1981 May 22, 1983 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 0.026 ± 0.003 3 1
December 25, 1981 January 14, 1982 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 0.028 3 1
January 15, 1982 January 15, 1982 Mount Gareloi Gareloi Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
March 28, 1982 September 11, 1982 El Chichón Chiapas , Mexico over 2,000 2.3 5 1/2
0April 5th 1982 0January 8, 1983 Galunggung Java , Indonesia 37 > 0.37 4th 1/3
July 18, 1982 July 20, 1982 Raung Java , Indonesia no 3 1
May 1983 December 31, 1988 Karangetang Siau , Indonesia no 3 1
0June 2nd 1983 April 17, 1984 Mount Veniaminof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
July 18, 1983 December 1983 Colo Una Una , Indonesia no 4th 1
0August 9, 1983 August 12, 1983 Gamalama Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia no 3 1
03rd October 1983 04th October 1983 Miyake-jima Izu Islands , Japan no 0.015 3 1
November 11, 1983 December 18, 1983 Mount Pavlof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 0.013 ± 0.004 3 1
05th February 1984 December 1984 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 0.014 3 1
February 23, 1984 March 14, 1984 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 0.021 3 1
March 10, 1984 January 28, 1985 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
May 24, 1984 August 31, 1984 Soputan Sulawesi , Indonesia no 0.064 3 1
0September 9, 1984 0October 6, 1984 Mayon Luzon , Philippines 1 0.05 3 1/3
June 12, 1985 December 14, 1985 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 0.038 3 1
July 30, 1985 February 1988 Sangeang Api Lesser Sunda Islands , Indonesia no 3 1
September 11, 1985 July 13, 1991 Nevado del Ruiz Colombia approx. 23,000 Lahars destroyed the city of Armero 0.048 3 1/2
0February 1, 1986 July 28, 1994 White Island (Bay of Plenty) New Zealand no 3 1
March 27, 1986 August 31, 1986 Mount St. Augustine Augustine Island , Alaska no 0.1 ≈ 4 1
March 28, 1986 February 28, 1988 Schiwelutsch Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
April 16, 1986 August 13, 1988 Mount Pavlof Alaska Peninsula , USA no 3 1
July 16, 1986 August 20, 1986 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 0.012 3 1
September 14, 1986 September 16, 1986 Láscar Chile no 0.05 3 1
November 15, 1986 December 18, 1986 Mihara Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan no 0.025 ± 0.005 3 1
November 18, 1986 07th December 1986 Chikurachki Paramushir , Kuril Islands , Russia no 0.12 4th 1
November 27, 1986 September 1990 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no > 0.3 4th 1
05th December 1986 July 26, 1988 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
June 19, 1987 August 28, 1987 Cleveland Chuginadak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
November 1987 0April 6, 1990 Láscar Chile no 3 1
February 12, 1988 23rd August 1988 Ambrym Vanuatu no 3 1
July 29, 1988 05th August 1988 Makian Moluccas , Indonesia no 3 1
December 25, 1988 January 24, 1990 Lonquimay Chile 1 0.72 4th 1/3
April 24, 1989 August 15, 1989 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 0.03 3 1
December 14, 1989 June 20, 1990 Mount Redoubt Alaska , USA no 0.21 4th 1
04th January 1990 0March 1, 2000 Pacaya Guatemala 1 3 1/3
January 10, 1990 February 1995 Schiwelutsch Kamchatka , Russia no at least 0.01 3 1
January 29, 1990 November 29, 1991 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
February 10, 1990 March 13, 1990 Kelut Java , Indonesia 35 0.13 4th 1/2
May 28, 1990 September 1998 Sabancaya Peru no 0.025 3 1
17th November 1990 February 1995 Ounces Kyushu , Japan 43 > 0.0047 2 1-3
17th January 1991 March 11, 1991 Hekla Iceland no 0.02 3 1
0April 2, 1991 02nd September 1991 Pinatubo Luzon , Philippines approx. 1,200 359 deaths from ash rain, 143 deaths from lahars , around 700 deaths from epidemics 11 ± 0.5 6th 1/2
May 17, 1991 January 1992 Lokon Sulawesi , Indonesia 1 0.015 3 1
0August 8, 1991 October 27, 1991 Cerro Hudson Chile no 4.3 5 1
September 20, 1991 0February 8, 1993 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no > 0.02 3 1
November 29, 1991 January 14, 1992 Mount Westdahl Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
0April 9, 1992 April 14, 1992 Cerro Negro Nicaragua 2 0.026 3 1/3
June 27, 1992 17th September 1992 Mount Spurr Alaska , USA 0.15 4th 1
0July 6, 1992 July 24, 1992 Bogoslof Island Fox Islands (Alaska) , Aleutian Islands no 3 1
January 30, 1993 August 1993 Láscar Chile no > 0.1 4th 1
October 21, 1993 04th February 1994 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no > 0.07 3 1
May 25, 1994 May 25, 1994 Cleveland Chuginadak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
June 17, 1994 July 17, 2001 Etna Sicily , Italy no > 0.1 4th 1
0September 8, 1994 January 14, 1995 Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka , Russia no 0.05 3 1
September 19, 1994 April 16, 1995 Tavurvur New Britain , Papua New Guinea 5 ≈ 4 1/3
January 11, 1995 0November 9, 1995 Ruapehu North Island (New Zealand) no 0.03 ± 0.02 3 1
July 18, 1995 0October 8, 2003 Soufriere Hills Montserrat , United Kingdom 19th 3 1-3
December 23, 1995 May 16, 1996 Shishaldin Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
0January 2, 1996 0January 3, 1996 Akademija Nauk Kamchatka , Russia no 0.04 3 1
0January 2, 1996 December 20, 2000 Karymski Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
0March 5, 1996 November 22, 2003 Popocatépetl México (state) at least 5 3 1/3
0December 1, 1996 05th December 1996 Nyamuragira Democratic Republic of Congo no 3 1
February 11, 1997 May 19, 1997 Mount Okmok Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
0May 8, 1997 May 16, 1997 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no > 0.036 3 1
05th December 1997 0December 6, 1997 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
0May 8, 1998 0July 8, 1998 Mount Korovin Atka Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
May 30, 1998 0September 3, 1998 Schiwelutsch Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
July 1998 April 25, 2000 Lopévi Vanuatu no 3 1
0August 7, 1998 May 25, 2001 Pichincha Ecuador 2 3 1/3
December 18, 1998 December 28, 1998 Grímsvötn Iceland no 3 1
March 13, 1999 May 27, 1999 Shishaldin Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 0.043 3 1
June 22, 1999 March 19, 2000 Mayon Luzon , Philippines no 3 1
August 15, 1999 currently ongoing Schiwelutsch Kamchatka , Russia no ≈ 4 1
February 26, 2000 0March 8, 2000 Hekla Iceland no 0.028 3 1
June 27, 2000 September 28, 2000 Miyake-jima Izu Islands , Japan no 0.017 3 1
September 28, 2000 0November 1, 2000 Ulawun New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 4th 1
0January 8, 2001 0August 8, 2001 Mayon Luzon , Philippines no 0.011 3 1
January 16, 2001 0May 3, 2001 Ulawun New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
0June 8, 2001 June 19, 2001 Lopévi Vanuatu no 3 1
July 23, 2001 August 10, 2001 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
November 15, 2001 currently ongoing Karymski Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
0August 3, 2002 March 26, 2003 Pago New Britain , Papua New Guinea no 3 1
September 25, 2002 September 29, 2002 Ruang Sangihe Islands , Indonesia no ≈ 4 1
October 26, 2002 January 28, 2003 Etna Sicily , Italy no 0.045 ± 0.005 3 1
0November 3, 2002 January 10, 2003 Reventador Ecuador 0.36 4th 1
May 10, 2003 July 12, 2003 Anatahan Northern Mariana Islands , USA no 0.045 3 1
0June 8, 2003 June 16, 2003 Lopévi Vanuatu no 3 1
June 26, 2003 July 29, 2003 Leroboleng Flores (Indonesia) no 3 1
July 26, 2003 0August 1, 2003 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
September 12, 2003 September 12, 2003 Lokon Sulawesi , Indonesia no 3 1
January 14, 2004 February 2005 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
July 16, 2004 0February 7, 2005 Galeras Colombia no 3 1
October 24, 2004 December 2009 Manam Papua New Guinea 5 4th 1
0November 1, 2004 0November 4, 2004 Grímsvötn Iceland no 3 1
June 16, 2005 0October 1, 2005 Santa Ana El Salvador 2 3 1
October 22, 2005 October 30, 2005 Sierra Negra Isabela (Galápagos) , Ecuador no 3 1
November 24, 2005 0December 8, 2005 Karthala Grande Comore , Comoros at least 1 3 1
0December 9, 2005 April 27, 2006 Mount St. Augustine Augustine Island , Alaska no 3 1
0February 6, 2006 October 28, 2006 Cleveland Chuginadak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 3 1
April 2006 December 29, 2006 Besymjanny Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
April 18, 2006 July 18, 2007 Láscar Chile no 3 1
August 11, 2006 January 31, 2010 Tavurvur New Britain , Papua New Guinea ≈ 4 1
June 2007 October 2010 Ol Doinyo Lengai Tanzania no 0.01 3 1
June 2007 0November 9, 2007 Soputan Sulawesi , Indonesia no 3 1
0January 1, 2008 0June 12, 2009 Llaima Chile no 3 1
0May 2, 2008 March 2010 Chaitén Chile 1 > 0.17 4th 1
July 12, 2008 August 19, 2008 Mount Okmok Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no ≈ 4 1
0August 7, 2008 0August 9, 2008 Kasatochi Island Andreanof Islands , Aleutian Islands , Alaska no 4th 1
October 21, 2008 0January 2, 2010 Galeras Colombia no 3 1
October 26, 2008 currently ongoing Nevado del Huila Colombia 10 ≈ 3 1
March 15, 2009 0July 1, 2009 Mount Redoubt Alaska , USA no 0.023 3 1
June 11, 2009 June 21, 2009 Sarychev Matua , Kuril Islands , Russia no 0.4 4th 1
0January 1, 2010 July 29, 2010 Tungurahua Ecuador no 3 1
March 20, 2010 June 23, 2010 Eyjafjallajokull Iceland no Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010 > 0.14 4th 1
October 26, 2010 November 22, 2010 Merapi Java, Indonesia 324 0.13 4th 1/4
November 11, 2010 September 13, 2013 Kisimen Kamchatka , Russia no 3 1
0June 6, 2011 April 21, 2012 Puyehue Región de Los Ríos , Chile no 5
June 13, 2011 June 3, 2012 Nabro Eritrea 31 3
05th December 2011 December 23, 2011 Gamalama Indonesia 4th 3
0October 8, 2012 October 31, 2013 Paluweh Indonesia 5 3
September 27, 2014 October 14, 2014 Ontake-san (Nagano) Japan 55 3
6th September 2017 October 30, 2018 Ambae Vanuatu 3 3
03rd June 2018 2018 Fuego near Guatemala City , Guatemala 201 fast pyroclastic flow 2
0December 27, 2020 currently ongoing Soufrière on St._Vincent , St. Vincent no ~ 16,000 people evacuated 4th

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

Main sources of the table (see column "Source" of the table):

  1. Global Volcanism Program Website of the Smithsonian Institution
  2. J.-C. Tanguy, C. Ribière, A. Scarth, WS Tjetjep: Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database . In: Bulletin of Volcanology . tape 60 , no. 2 , 1998, p. 137-144 , doi : 10.1007 / s004450050222 .
  3. CS Witham: Volcanic disasters and incidents: A new database . In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . Vol. 148, 2005, pp. 191-233 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jvolgeores.2005.04.017 .
  4. The Significant Volcanic Eruption Database of the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), NOAA

As:

  1. ^ A b c d Clive Oppenheimer: Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-64112-8 , Appendix A: Large Eruptions.
  2. Eiríksson, Jón; et al .: Chronology of late Holocene climatic events in the northern North Atlantic based on AMS 14C dates and tephra markers from the volcano Hekla, Iceland . Journal of Quaternary Science 15 (6) , 2000, pp. 573-580. doi : 10.1002 / 1099-1417 (200009) 15: 6 <573 :: AID-JQS554> 3.0.CO; 2-A
  3. Joseph R. McConnell, Michael Sigl, Gill Plunkett, Andrea Burke, Woon Mi Kim: Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . June 22, 2020, ISSN  0027-8424 , p. 202002722 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.2002722117 ( pnas.org [accessed June 23, 2020]).
  4. ^ Clive Oppenheimer: Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-64112-8 , pp. 241-247 .
  5. ^ C. Siebe: Age and archaeological implications of Xitle volcano, southwestern Basin of Mexico-City . In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . December 2000, doi : 10.1016 / S0377-0273 (00) 00199-2 .
  6. Daniel Lingenhöhl: The worst year for Europeans? Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, November 16, 2018, accessed on November 3, 2018 .
  7. Robert A. Dull, John R. Southon, Steffen Kutterolf, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Armin Freundt, David B. Wahl, Payson Sheets, Paul Amaroli, Walter Hernandez, Michael C. Wiemann, Clive Oppenheimer: Radiocarbon and geologic evidence reveal Ilopango volcano as source of the colossal 'mystery' eruption of 539/40 CE . In: Quaternary Science Reviews . tape 222 , 2019, doi : 10.1016 / j.quascirev.2019.07.037 .
  8. ^ On VEI: Ari Ben-Menahem: Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences . Springer, 2009, p. 4290 . To the Tephra: Hekla Volcano. University of Iceland, Institute of Earth Sciences, archived from the original on February 12, 2007 ; accessed on April 24, 2020 .
  9. Sébastien Guillet, Christophe Corona, Francis Ludlow, Clive Oppenheimer, Markus Stoffel: Climatic and societal impacts of a “forgotten” cluster of volcanic eruptions in 1108–1110 CE . In: Scientific Reports . April 2020, doi : 10.1038 / s41598-020-63339-3 (Open Access).
  10. One dead as Chilean volcano spews ash for third day. In: reuters.com. Reuters , May 4, 2008, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  11. Colombia volcano claims 10 lives. In: news.bbc.co.uk. BBC , November 23, 2008, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  12. ^ Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Global Volcanism Program and Volcanic Activity Current. In: www.vulkan.li. Hansruedi Berger, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  13. a b c d e f Database search for significant volcanic events since 2011 with VEI 2 or larger. NOAA, accessed on April 24, 2020 (only eruptions that could be found in the Smithsonian database were recorded, therefore not the alleged ones of Manam 2018 and 2019; because the NOAA does not record an end date, the start and end dates of the Smithsonian database used).
  14. Lt. NOAA database an eruption of an "Aoba" on March 30, 2018, the Smithsonian database records that of the Ambae ( Lomben ) for Vanuate during the period
  15. Volcano in Guatemala erupts: Eight kilometers of lava flow. In: orf.at. June 4, 2018, Retrieved June 4, 2018 .
  16. Eruptive history. In: volcano.si.edi. June 6, 2021, accessed June 6, 2021 .