List of major historical volcanic eruptions
Historically documented volcanic eruptions should be included in the list of major historical volcanic eruptions which, according to the volcanic explosion index (VEI), reached at least strength 3 and / or had catastrophic effects. Examples of catastrophic effects are 100 or more deaths or over 2,000 houses destroyed.
The sortable list
Start of eruption | End of eruption | Name of the volcano | Region, country (as of today) |
Outbreak deaths | Deaths due to hunger or cold | Remarks | Tephra [km³] | VEI | Qu. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
around 2100 BC Chr. | around 2100 BC Chr. | Mount Veniaminof | Alaska | unknown | unknown | unknown | 6.7 | ||
around 1700 BC Chr. | around 1700 BC Chr. | Mount Aniakchak | Alaska | unknown | unknown | unknown | 6.7 | ||
1628 BC Chr. | 1620 BC Chr. | Santorini | Greece | Minoan port city covered by a meter-thick layer of ash, but abandoned beforehand (see Akrotiri ) | unknown;unknown | 60 km³ magma; so-called Minoan eruption | 100 | 7th | |
around 1150 BC Chr. | around 1150 BC Chr. | Hekla | Iceland | unknown | unknown | 7.3 | 5 | ||
43 BC Chr. | 43 BC Chr. | Okmok | Alaska | unknown | Crop failures, probably millions of dead | Temperature drop in the Mediterranean area probably by 7 ° | unknown | unknown | |
at 0 | at 0 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | unknown | unknown | unknown | 6th | ||
at 50 | at 50 | Popocatépetl | Mexico | unknown | unknown | Villages and towns near the volcano were destroyed, including the Tetimpa archaeological site ; tens of thousands of people left their homes permanently | unknown | approx 5 | |
August 24, 79 at 1 p.m. (or rather two months later in the fall) | August 25, 79 at 7 a.m. + X | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy |
which 1150 were excavated in Pompeii |
up to 5000, of unknown | Completely buried places: Pompeii , Herculaneum , Stabiae , Oplontis ; Deposits up to 20 m high due to pyroclastic flows; Caldera formation with a diameter of 6 km due to multiple collapses | 3.3 | 5 | |
232 AD | 232 AD | Taupo | North Island (New Zealand) | no | unknown (tsunamis on the coast of Australia 2000 km away) | Hatepe eruption . Eruptions reached a height of 50 km. | 50-60 | 6th | - |
A.D. 245-315 | unknown | Xitle | Mexico | unknown | unknown | buried the pre-classical Cuicuilco | unknown | 2-4 | |
536 AD | 547 ad | unknown | Analyzes of ice cores suggest eruptions in Iceland , global effects | unknown | weather anomaly of 535/536 : crop failures, epidemics, millions of deaths | unknown, probable cause of theLocalization unsafe | |||
539 AD | 539 AD | Ilopango | El Salvador , Central America, possibly worldwide impact | up to 100,000 deaths from pyroclastic currents | as a result of the 536–550 climate anomaly: crop failures, epidemics, possibly millions of deaths | probably partial cause of the 536–550 climate anomaly (→ Late Antique Little Ice Age ) | 84 | 6.9 | |
822 or 823 AD | 822 or 823 AD | Katla | Katla , Iceland | 0 | unknown | probably one of the causes of cold spells 822–824 in parts of Europe and Asia with crop losses, famine and epidemics | unknown | unknown | - |
934 or 939 AD | 940 AD | Katla | Eldgja , Iceland | unknown | unknown | perhaps famines in Europe, Persia and China between 939 and 942 | 1.4 | 5 | - |
946 AD | 946 AD | Paektusan | Changbai Mountains in the borderland between PRC and North Korea | unknown | unknown | 96 | nearly 7 | - | |
1104 ad | 1104 ad | Hekla | Iceland | unknown | unknown | rhyodacitic ) | 2.5 (5 | ||
August 1108 AD | October 1108 AD | Asama | Honshu , Japan | unknown | unknown, possible connection with the subsistence crisis in Western Europe 1109–1111 | Evidence of an exceptionally dark lunar eclipse in 1110 (0 on the Danjon scale ), probably in connection with further eruptions 1108–1110, also in the tropics or the southern hemisphere | 5 | ||
around 1200 | around 1200 | Quilotoa | Ecuador | unknown | unknown | unknown | 6.7 | ||
1257 AD | 1257 AD | Samalas | Lombok , Indonesia | unknown | unknown | Eruption of the Samala in 1257 | 100 | 7th | 1, lemma |
1452/53? | 1453 | Kuwae | Vanuatu |
(summer 1453) |
10,000 cold deaths in China The yellow sea froze up to 20 km from the coast | 32-39 | 6+ | - | |
July 25, 1510 | unknown | Hekla | Iceland | 1 | 0.2 | 4th | 1/4 | ||
1521/22 | unknown | Santa Ana | El Salvador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1524 | unknown | Momotombo | Nicaragua | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
April 30, 1524 | unknown | Santa Ana | El Salvador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1528 ± 1 year | unknown | San Cristobal | Nicaragua | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1529 | unknown | Telica | Nicaragua | no | 0.1 | 4th | 1 | ||
November 15, 1532 | unknown | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | no | 0.45 | 4th | 1 | ||
June 1534 | July 1534 | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | no | 0.29 | 4th | 1 | ||
September 29, 1538 | October 6, 1538 | Monte Nuovo | Campania , Italy | 24 | 0.07 ± 0.003 | 3 | 1/4 | ||
March 4, 1547 | October 1547 | Haku-san | Honshu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1550 | unknown | Volcano | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 20, 1550 | unknown | Dukono | Halmahera , Moluccas , Indonesia | 0.51 ± 0.5 | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
October 7, 1552 | October 15, 1552 | Mihara | Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 1554 | 1556 | Haku-san | Honshu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1558 | 1857 | Stromboli | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 28, 1563 | July 26, 1563 | Água de Pau | São Miguel , Azores , Portugal | no | 1 | ≈ 5 | 1 | ||
August 1565 | unknown | Pacaya | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 31, 1566 | unknown | Ohachi | Kyushu , Japan | 3 | 1 | ||||
1570 | 1573 | Nea Kameni | Santorini , Cyclades , Greece | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1572 | unknown | Taal | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1576 | unknown | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | 3 | 1 | ||||
1576 | unknown | Santa Ana | El Salvador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 27, 1579 | unknown | Haku-san | Honshu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 11, 1580 | unknown | Katla | Iceland | no | 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
December 7, 1580 | December 7, 1580 | Galeras | Colombia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 5, 1581 | January 15, 1582 | Fuego | Guatemala | no | ≈ 0.4 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 5, 1582 | 1598 | Pichincha | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 10, 1585 | unknown | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 4th | 1 | |||
1586 | unknown | Kelut | Java , Indonesia | 10,000 | > 1 | 5 | 1 | ||
January 14, 1590 | January 15, 1590 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | 3 | 1 | ||||
1593 | unknown | Raung | Java , Indonesia | > 1 | 5 | 1 | |||
March 9, 1595 | unknown | Nevado del Ruiz | Colombia | 636 | 0.16 | 4th | 1/4 | ||
May 1, 1596 | September 1596 | Asama | Honshu , Japan | 0.01 | 3 | 1 | |||
January 3, 1597 | June 1597 | Hekla | Iceland | no | ≈ 0.15 | 4th | 1 | ||
January 17, 1597 | February 2, 1597 | Raung | Java , Indonesia | 3 | 1 | ||||
1598 | 1602 | Banda Api | Banda Islands , Indonesia | 3 | 1 | ||||
May 13, 1598 | unknown | Asama | Honshu , Japan | 800 | 800 pilgrims were killed at the summit | 2 | 1/4 | ||
November 7, 1598 | unknown | Grímsvötn | Iceland | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
17th February 1600 | March 6, 1600 | Huaynaputina | Peru | ≈ 1,400 | Famines in Russia and China, in Russia about 500,000 people die | 30th | 6th | 1/4 | |
1605 | 1606 | Momotombo | Nicaragua | no | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 4th | 1 | ||
November 25, 1606 | December 13, 1606 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 4th | 1 | |||
July 18, 1608 | July 19, 1608 | Gamalama | Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 15, 1611 | 1613 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 12, 1612 | unknown | Katla | Iceland | no | 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
March 16, 1615 | April 1615 | Banda Api | Banda Islands , Indonesia | 3 | 1 | ||||
February 19, 1616 | February 23, 1616 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1617 | unknown | Fuego | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 8, 1622 | June 9, 1622 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 4th | 1 | |||
1623 | unknown | Pacaya | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 15, 1623 | November 15, 1624 | Zaō | Honshu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1625 | unknown | Nikko-Shirane-san | Honshu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 2, 1625 | September 14, 1625 | Katla | Iceland | no | 1.5 | 5 | 1 | ||
March 1626 | April 1626 | Volcano | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 3, 1630 | November 2, 1630 | Furnas | São Miguel , Azores , Portugal | 200 | > 2.1 | 5 | 1/4 | ||
December 16, 1631 | January 31, 1632 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | > 4,000 | 1.1 | 5 | 1/4 | ||
May 8, 1636 | June 1637 | Hekla | Iceland | no | ≈ 0.049 | 3 | 1 | ||
1638 | unknown | Raung | Java , Indonesia | at least 1,000 | 4th | 1/4 | |||
February 1640 | unknown | Llaima | Chile | no | 4th | 1 | |||
July 31, 1640 | October 9, 1640 | Komagatake | Hokkaidō , Japan | 700 | Cause of death tsunami | 2.9 | 5 | 1/4 | |
December 26, 1640 | January 4, 1641 | Mount Parker | Mindanao , Philippines | no | > 1 | 5 | 1 | ||
1641 | 1643 | Galeras | Colombia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1641 | unknown | Kelut | Java , Indonesia | no | 4th | 1 | |||
1641 | unknown | Taal | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 31, 1643 | April 1643 | Miyake-jima | Izu Islands , Japan | no | 0.017 | 3 | 1 | ||
July 19, 1646 | July 21, 1646 | Makian | Moluccas , Indonesia | ≈ 4 | 1 | ||||
September 27, 1650 | December 6, 1650 | Columbos | Santorini , Cyclades , Greece | 120 | 4th | 1/4 | |||
1652 | unknown | Aogashima | Izu Islands , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 25, 1654 | March 28, 1680 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 3, 1658 | unknown | San Salvador | El Salvador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 1660 | unknown | Teun | Barat Daya Islands , Indonesia | 3 | ≈ 4 | 1/4 | |||
October 27, 1660 | November 28, 1660 | Pichincha | Ecuador | no | > 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
November 3, 1660 | 1661 | Katla | Iceland | no | 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
August 16, 1663 | September 5, 1663 | Usu | Hokkaidō , Japan | 5 | 2.8 | 5 | 1/4 | ||
1664 | unknown | Pacaya | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 15, 1664 | unknown | San Martín | Veracruz (state) , Mexico | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1667 | unknown | Ubinas | Peru | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 23, 1667 | September 26, 1667 | Tarumae | Hokkaidō , Japan | no | 3.4 | 5 | 1 | ||
1669 | unknown | Zaō | Honshu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 11, 1669 | July 11, 1669 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | 0.25 | 4th | 1 | |||
1670 | unknown | Masaya | Nicaragua | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1670 | 1736 | Galeras | Colombia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
4th August 1672 | unknown | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | > 300 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
May 20, 1673 | unknown | Gamkonora | Halmahera , Indonesia | ≈ 1 | ≈ 5 | 1 | |||
1680 | unknown | Tongkoko | Sulawesi , Indonesia | no | > 1 | 5 | 1 | ||
May 1680 | November 19, 1681 | Krakatau | Sunda Strait , Indonesia | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
1683 | unknown | Banda Api | Banda Islands , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 14, 1684 | 1690 | Mihara | Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan | no | 0.11 | 4th | 1 | ||
October 3, 1685 | April 29, 1694 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 26, 1686 | March 27, 1686 | Iwate | Honshu , Japan | no | 0.085 | 3 | 1 | ||
1690 | unknown | Guntur | Java , Indonesia | 3 | 1 | ||||
February 13, 1693 | September 14, 1693 | Hekla | Iceland | no | 0.18 | 4th | 1 | ||
June 4, 1693 | July 1693 | Serua | Barat Daya Islands , Indonesia | 4th | 1 | ||||
4th July 1694 | July 6, 1694 | Komagatake | Hokkaidō , Japan | no | 0.36 | 4th | 1 | ||
September 15, 1697 | July 1698 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 3, 1698 | unknown | Cereme | Java , Indonesia | 3 | 1 | ||||
May 23, 1707 | September 14, 1711 | Nea Kameni | Santorini , Cyclades , Greece | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 16, 1707 | February 24, 1708 | Fuji | Honshu , Japan | no | 2.1 | 5 | 1 | ||
December 10, 1711 | December 16, 1711 | Mount Awu | Sangihe Islands , Indonesia | around 3,000 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
February 4, 1712 | 1714 | Miyake-jima | Izu Islands , Japan | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
December 31, 1712 | unknown | Tschirpoi | Kuril Islands , Russia | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
March 11, 1716 | unknown | Shinmoe-dake | Kyushu , Japan | no | 0.016 | 3 | 1 | ||
September 24, 1716 | September 27, 1716 | Taal | Luzon , Philippines | ≈ 4 | 1 | ||||
November 9, 1716 | February 13, 1717 | Shinmoe-dake | Kyushu , Japan | 2 | 0.12 | 4th | 1/4 | ||
August 27, 1717 | December 26, 1717 | Fuego | Guatemala | no | approx. 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
September 19, 1717 | unknown | Shinmoe-dake | Kyushu , Japan | no | 0.07 | 3 | 1 | ||
January 14, 1720 | June 1721 | Wudalianchi volcanic group | Heilongjiang , PR China | no | 0.15 | 4th | 1 | ||
December 8, 1720 | December 26, 1720 | Dom João de Castro Bank | Azores , Portugal | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 11, 1721 | October 15, 1721 | Katla | Iceland | no | 1.2 | 5 | 1 | ||
February 16, 1723 | February 1724 | Irazú | Costa Rica | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1727 | unknown | Volcano | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 3, 1727 | May 1, 1728 | Öræfajökull | Iceland | 3 | > 0.12 | 4th | 1 | ||
September 30, 1728 | 1916 | Sangay | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1730 | unknown | Raung | Java , Indonesia | ≈ 4 | 1 | ||||
September 1, 1730 | April 16, 1736 | Montañas del Fuego | Lanzarote , Canary Islands , Spain | see Timanfaya National Park | 3 | 1 | |||
1731 | 1739 | Volcano | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 0.025 | 3 | 1 | ||
August 1737 | August 1737 | Avachinskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 3 | 1 | ||
August 27, 1737 | September 24, 1737 | Fuego | Guatemala | no | approx. 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
August 19, 1739 | August 31, 1739 | Tarumae | Hokkaidō , Japan | no | 4th | 5 | 1 | ||
August 18, 1741 | May 1742 | Oshima-Ōshima | Hokkaidō , Japan | 1,475 | Tsunami | 0.11 | 4th | 1/4 | |
May 1744 | December 1744 | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | no | 4th | 1 | |||
November 1744 | January 6, 1761 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1747 | 1748 | Gede | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 11, 1749 | September 1749 | Taal | Luzon , Philippines | 0.1 | 4th | 1 | |||
May 15, 1754 | December 4, 1754 | Taal | Luzon , Philippines | at least 12 | 0.15 | 4th | 1/4 | ||
March 9, 1755 | March 15, 1755 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 17, 1755 | February 13, 1756 | Katla | Iceland | 2 | 1.5 | 5 | 1 | ||
September 29, 1759 | 1774 | El Jorullo | Michoacan , Mexico | no | approx. 1.3 | 5 | 1 | ||
September 22, 1760 | April 30, 1761 | Makian | Moluccas , Indonesia | 2,000 | ≈ 4 | 1/4 | |||
December 3, 1762 | unknown | Peteroa | Chile | no | 4th | 1 | |||
June 18, 1763 | September 10, 1763 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
17th August 1763 | 1769 | Miyake-jima | Izu Islands , Japan | no | 0.11 | 4th | 1 | ||
February 10, 1766 | December 1766 | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 5, 1766 | May 1768 | Hekla | Iceland | no | 0.24 | 4th | 1 | ||
July 20, 1766 | July 25, 1766 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | 49 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
April 4, 1768 | unknown | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | 4th | 1 | ||||
January 23, 1769 | unknown | Usu | Hokkaidō , Japan | no | 0.14 | 4th | 1 | ||
March 10, 1770 | March 12, 1770 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 6, 1770 | December 9, 1770 | Gamalama | Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1771 | unknown | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 17, 1771 | May 1771 | Volcano | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 28, 1771 | October 9, 1772 | Gamalama | Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia | 30-40 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
August 12, 1772 | August 12, 1772 | Papandayan | Java , Indonesia | 2,957 | Scree avalanche completely destroyed 40 villages |
3 | 1/4 | ||
1773 | unknown | Niigata-yake-yama | Honshu , Japan | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 4, 1773 | July 1773 | Tungurahua | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1774 | currently ongoing | Yasur | Tanna (Vanuatu) | 3 | 1 | ||||
July 1, 1775 | July 23, 1775 | Pacaya | Guatemala | no | approx. 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
August 20, 1775 | November 6, 1775 | Gamalama | Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia | 1,300 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
August 31, 1777 | 1779 | Mihara | Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan | no | 0.21 | 4th | 1 | ||
1778 | unknown | Raikoke | Kuril Islands , Russia | 15th | 4th | 1/4 | |||
June 15, 1779 | June 16, 1779 | Avachinskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 8, 1779 | May 1781 | Sakurajima | Kyushu , Japan | 191 | > 0.4 | 4th | 1/4 | ||
July 27, 1780 | May 1785 | Aogashima | Izu Islands , Japan | 137-147 | 0.08 | 3 | 1/4 | ||
May 1783 | May 26, 1785 | Grímsvötn , Laki crater | Iceland | > 9,000 | An additional 14.7 km³ of lava ejected effusively | 0.91 | 4th | 1/2 | |
May 9, 1783 | August 5, 1783 | Asama | Honshu , Japan | 1,377 | thereof 463 deaths from pyroclastic currents and 914 from lahar | 0.43 | 4th | 1/2 | |
June 8, 1783 | February 1784 | Laki crater | Grímsvotn , Iceland | no | 25,000 due to famine (1785) | → Winter 1783/84 (greatest natural disaster of the early modern period, probably one of the causes of the French Revolution ) | 14.7 | 4+ | 1 |
August 18, 1783 | July 5, 1794 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | 19th | ≈ 4 | 1/2 | |||
September 3, 1783 | unknown | Sakurajima | Kyushu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1786 | unknown | Mount Shasta | California , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1786 | Volcano | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | ||||
June 1786 | 1791 | Amukta Island | Islands of Four Mountains , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
June 4, 1787 | August 11, 1787 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 4th | 1 | |||
1790 | 1793 | Alaid | Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
November 1790 | unknown | Kīlauea | Hawaii (island) , USA | probably 100 | 0.11 | 4th | 1/2 | ||
February 10, 1792 | July 22, 1792 | Ounces | Kyushu , Japan | over 14,500 | of which around 9,500 due to landslides and at least 5,000 due to tsunami | 2 | 1/2 | ||
March 2, 1793 | December 1793 | San Martín | Veracruz (state) , Mexico | no | > 0.25 | 4th | 1 | ||
1795 | unknown | Mount Westdahl | Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | > 1 | 5 | 1 | ||
January 1796 | November 16, 1822 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | 4th | 0.075 | 3 | 1/4 | ||
May 1796 | 1804 | Bogoslof Island | Fox Islands (Alaska) , Aleutian Islands | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
January 1797 | unknown | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 9, 1798 | September 14, 1798 | Pico Viejo | Tenerife , Canary Islands , Spain | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1799 | unknown | Fuego | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1802 | unknown | Makushin | Unalaska , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 4, 1803 | January 5, 1803 | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1804 | unknown | Maly Semyachik | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1804 | 1817 | Tarumae | Hokkaidō , Japan | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 14, 1811 | June 22, 1811 | Sete Cidades | São Miguel , Azores , Portugal | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1812 | July 15, 1815 | Tambora | Sumbawa , Indonesia | about 11,000 people died from ash and pyroclastic currents | well over 49,000 perished from epidemics and bad harvests worldwide | Year without summer | 160 | 7th | 1/2 |
April 27, 1812 | June 9, 1812 | Soufrière | St. Vincent , St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 56 | 4th | 1/4 | |||
August 6, 1812 | August 8, 1812 | Mount Awu | Sangihe Islands , Indonesia | 963 | ≈ 4 | 1/2 | |||
1813 | 1814 | Suwanosejima | Ryūkyū Islands , Japan | no | 4th | 1 | |||
1814 | unknown | Mount Peulik | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 1, 1814 | February 15, 1814 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | 1,200 | 4th | 1/2 | |||
March 9, 1814 | unknown | Raoul Island | Kermadec Islands , New Zealand | no | > 0.01 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 28, 1815 | unknown | Asama | Honshu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 16, 1817 | February 10, 1817 | Raung | Java , Indonesia | 4th | 1 | ||||
March 1, 1817 | 1820 | Mount Okmok | Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 15, 1818 | February 16, 1818 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | 4th | 1 | ||||
1821 | unknown | Mihara | Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan | no | 0.02 | 3 | 1 | ||
March 12, 1822 | September 1822 | Usu | Hokkaidō , Japan | 50 | 0.37 | 4th | 1/4 | ||
October 8, 1822 | December 1, 1822 | Galunggung | Java , Indonesia | 4.011 | > 1 | 5 | 1/2 | ||
December 27, 1822 | April 6, 1823 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | at least 20 | 0.06 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 26, 1823 | July 23, 1823 | Katla | Iceland | no | 0.1 | 4th | 1 | ||
1824 | unknown | Shishaldin | Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1824 | unknown | Yunaska Island | Islands of Four Mountains , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 2, 1824 | September 2, 1834 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 14, 1825 | October 1825 | Fernandina | Galapagos Islands , Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 1826 | unknown | Makushin | Unalaska , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 11, 1826 | October 25, 1826 | Kelut | Java , Indonesia | ≈ 4 | 1 | ||||
October 11, 1826 | January 1827 | Mount Finch | Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 27, 1827 | June 29, 1827 | Avachinskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 4th | 1 | ||
September 1, 1827 | January 1828 | Atitlan | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 1828 | unknown | Gorely | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.018 ± 0.003 | 3 | 1 | ||
October 24, 1828 | March 1834 | Galeras | Colombia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 9, 1829 | unknown | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
November 1830 | December 1830 | Shishaldin | Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1831 | unknown | Babuyan Claro | Babuyan Islands , Philippines | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
1831 | unknown | Pichincha | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 28, 1831 | August 11, 1831 | Ferdinandea | Italy | no | 4th | 1 | |||
August 1831 | unknown | Mount St. Helens | Washington (State) , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 1832 | unknown | Gorely | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.018 ± 0.003 | 3 | 1 | ||
August 29, 1832 | August 29, 1832 | Gede | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 25, 1832 | 1836 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | 32 | 0.033 | 3 | 1/4 | ||
November 24, 1833 | November 25, 1833 | Kaba | Sumatra , Indonesia | 126 | 2 | 1/4 | |||
1834 | May 1835 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 1835 | January 3, 1839 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 20, 1835 | January 25, 1835 | Cosigüina | Nicaragua | 8th | 5.7 | 5 | 1/4 | ||
4th August 1838 | April 1839 | Mount Veniaminof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 2, 1840 | September 29, 1840 | Gamalama | Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 12, 1840 | December 11, 1840 | Gede | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 22, 1842 | September 18, 1845 | Mount St. Helens | Washington (State) , USA | no | 0.01 | 3 | 1 | ||
December 7, 1843 | unknown | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1844 | unknown | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 20, 1845 | January 30, 1845 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 19, 1845 | unknown | Nevado del Ruiz | Colombia | 1,000 | 0.06 | 3 | 1/2 | ||
September 2, 1845 | April 5, 1846 | Hekla | Iceland | no | 0.17 | 4th | 1 | ||
1846 | unknown | Rasschua | Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1846 | unknown | Sinarka | Shiashkotan , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 11, 1846 | May 11, 1846 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 11, 1846 | October 10, 1846 | Fonualei | Tonga | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
September 2, 1846 | October 1847 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1848 | unknown | Mutnowski | Kamchatka , Russia | no | maximum 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 16, 1848 | May 17, 1848 | Kelut | Java , Indonesia | 21 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
September 14, 1849 | September 24, 1849 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 1852 | January 1853 | Antuco | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 1853 | unknown | Lonquimay | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 22, 1853 | September 1853 | Usu | Hokkaidō , Japan | no | 0.36 | 4th | 1 | ||
May 3, 1853 | unknown | Atitlan | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 13, 1853 | August 26, 1853 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | 33-35 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
September 13, 1853 | September 15, 1853 | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 1853 | 1859 | Chikurachki | Paramushir , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 0.09 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 18, 1854 | unknown | Schiwelutsch | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 2 ± 1 | 5 | 1 | ||
June 27, 1854 | unknown | Alaid | Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 5, 1854 | unknown | Foot of spades | Paramushir , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 14, 1854 | May 27, 1855 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 19, 1855 | December 31, 1861 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 2, 1856 | March 17, 1856 | Mount Awu | Sangihe Islands , Indonesia | 2,806 | ≈ 4 | 1/2 | |||
September 25, 1856 | unknown | Komagatake | Hokkaidō , Japan | 20th | 0.3 | 4th | 1/4 | ||
December 12, 1856 | December 13, 1856 | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1857 | June 26, 1889 | Stromboli | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 15, 1857 | February 17, 1857 | Fuego | Guatemala | no | approx. 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
July 1857 | unknown | Tschirpoi | Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 8, 1860 | May 27, 1860 | Katla | Iceland | no | 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
July 7, 1860 | July 9, 1860 | Alaid | Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 8, 1861 | October 1861 | Dubbi | Eritrea | 106 | ≈ 3 | 1/4 | |||
December 28, 1861 | October 1862 | Makian | Moluccas , Indonesia | 326 | ≈ 4 | 1/4 | |||
1862 | unknown | Llaima | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1864 | unknown | Llaima | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 9, 1864 | unknown | Lopévi | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 30, 1864 | February 3, 1865 | Nevados de Chillán | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 24, 1865 | August 1871 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | no | 0.017 | 3 | 1 | ||
January 1866 | May 8, 1866 | Turrialba | Costa Rica | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 1, 1867 | June 8, 1867 | Terceira | Azores , Portugal | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 26, 1868 | December 8, 1868 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 12, 1869 | August 24, 1869 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 1869 | August 1869 | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1870 | unknown | Iliwerung | Lembata , Indonesia | 3 | 1 | ||||
February 21, 1870 | 1875 | Ceboruco | Nayarit , Mexico | no | 4th | 1 | |||
June 20, 1870 | October 3, 1870 | Raoul Island | Kermadec Islands , New Zealand | no | > 0.01 | 3 | 1 | ||
December 1870 | April 30, 1872 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | 12th | 0.017 | 3 | 1/2 | ||
March 2, 1871 | March 14, 1871 | Ruang | Sangihe Islands , Indonesia | 300-400 | 2 | 1/4 | |||
December 8, 1871 | January 1872 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | 3 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
1872 | 1878 | Sinarka | Shiashkotan , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 4th | 1 | |||
February 26, 1872 | March 27, 1873 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 15, 1872 | April 21, 1872 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | 200 | 0.33 | 4th | 1/4 | ||
December 1, 1872 | June 8, 1873 | Aso | Kyushu , Japan | 4th | 3 | 1/4 | |||
1872 | unknown | Bam | Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 8, 1873 | August 1873 | Grímsvötn | Iceland | no | 4th | 1 | |||
September 1873 | 1879 | Volcano | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1874 | unknown | Santa Ana | El Salvador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 8, 1874 | February 16, 1874 | Tarumae | Hokkaidō , Japan | no | 0.025 | 3 | 1 | ||
July 3, 1874 | July 17, 1874 | Miyake-jima | Izu Islands , Japan | 1 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
January 1, 1875 | October 17, 1875 | Askja | Iceland | no | 1.8 | 5 | 1 | ||
December 18, 1875 | April 22, 1906 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | 219 | 0.13 | 4th | 1-3 | ||
1876 | unknown | Mount Iliamna | Alaska , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1877 | unknown | Suwanosejima | Ryūkyū Islands , Japan | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
January 1877 | September 2, 1877 | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | 340 | 4th | 1/4 | |||
November 13, 1877 | unknown | Bam | Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 30, 1878 | February 26, 1878 | Tavurvur | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | 1 | 4th | 1/4 | |||
1879 | 1883 | Schiwelutsch | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 26, 1879 | June 7, 1879 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 0.02 | 3 | 1 | ||
December 31, 1879 | March 26, 1880 | Ilopango | El Salvador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 1880 | July 1880 | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 1880 | unknown | Santa Ana | El Salvador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 28, 1880 | August 20, 1880 | Fuego | Guatemala | no | approx. 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
July 6, 1881 | August 1882 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1883 | unknown | Sewergin | Charimkotan , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 20, 1883 | October 21, 1883 | Krakatau | Sunda Strait , Indonesia | > 36,000 | 20 ± 2 | 6th | 1/2 | ||
September 27, 1883 | 1895 | Bogoslof Island | Fox Islands (Alaska) , Aleutian Islands | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 6, 1883 | 1884 | Mount St. Augustine | Augustine Island , Alaska | no | 4th | 1 | |||
December 31, 1883 | unknown | Bagana | Bougainville , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 25, 1885 | unknown | Puracé | Colombia | 3 | 1 | ||||
October 12, 1885 | 1886 | Fonuafoʻou | Ha'apai , Tonga | no | 4th | 1 | |||
January 5, 1886 | unknown | Volcano | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 11, 1886 | 1888 | Tungurahua | Ecuador | 2 | 4th | 1/4 | |||
June 10, 1886 | August 1886 | Mount Tarawera | North Island (New Zealand) | 153 | 2 | 5 | 1/2 | ||
July 8, 1886 | March 10, 1887 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | 15th | 3 | 1/4 | |||
August 31, 1886 | September 18, 1886 | Niuafo'ou | Tonga | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
June 2, 1887 | January 1890 | Lonquimay | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 15, 1888 | July 15, 1888 | Bandai (volcanic group) | Honshu , Japan | 461 | 0.15 | 4th | 1/2 | ||
August 2, 1888 | March 22, 1890 | Volcano | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 9, 1889 | February 16, 1890 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 4th | 1 | |||
October 2, 1889 | October 13, 1889 | Suwanosejima | Ryūkyū Islands , Japan | no | 4th | 1 | |||
1890 | May 29, 1907 | Stromboli | Aeolian Islands , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 15, 1892 | unknown | Seguam Island | Andreanof Islands , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 21, 1892 | unknown | Sorikmarapi | Sumatra , Indonesia | 180 | 2 | 1/4 | |||
June 7, 1892 | June 12, 1892 | Mount Awu | Sangihe Islands , Indonesia | 1,532 | 3 | 1/2 | |||
August 28, 1892 | August 30, 1892 | Mount Veniaminof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 7, 1893 | January 16, 1894 | Calbuco | Chile | no | 4th | 1 | |||
1894 | unknown | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 15, 1894 | February 10, 1895 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | 10 | six people were killed by volcanic bombs, four were caught in the lava flow | 3 | 1/4 | ||
October 17, 1894 | December 1894 | Galunggung | Java , Indonesia | no | 0.022 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 23, 1897 | July 23, 1897 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | around 350 | > 0.08 | 3 | 1/4 | ||
November 1, 1897 | 1906 | Doña Juana | Colombia | 50-60 | 4th | 1/4 | |||
1898 | unknown | Ulawun | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 8, 1898 | 1906 | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 2, 1898 | 1900 | Colo | Una Una , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1899 | unknown | Mount Okmok | Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 19, 1899 | August 5, 1899 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1901 | unknown | Ilyinskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 22, 1901 | May 23, 1901 | Kelut | Java , Indonesia | 100 | 0.0022 | 2 | 1/3 | ||
1902 | unknown | Seguam Island | Andreanof Islands , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 18, 1902 | unknown | Mount Redoubt | Alaska , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 8, 1902 | October 5, 1905 | Montagne Pelée | Martinique , France | around 29,000 | As early as April 23, 1902, the volcano was ejecting some slag. | > 0.2 | 4th | 1/2 | |
May 6, 1902 | March 30, 1903 | Soufrière | St. Vincent , St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 1,565 | > 0.38 | 4th | 1-3 | ||
August 7, 1902 | August 24, 1902 | Torishima | Izu Islands , Japan | 125 | 0.03 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
October 24, 1902 | November 12, 1902 | Santa María | Guatemala | at least 7,000 | 20th | 6th | 1/2 | ||
December 1902 | January 12, 1904 | Grímsvötn | Iceland | no | 4th | 1 | |||
February 15, 1903 | August 1903 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 26, 1903 | December 1904 | Cotopaxi | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 14, 1904 | May 16, 1905 | Fukutoku-Okanoba | Kazan-rettō , Japan | no | 4th | 1 | |||
1906 | December 7, 1911 | Mount Pavlof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 1, 1906 | September 1, 1907 | Bogoslof Island | Fox Islands (Alaska) , Aleutian Islands | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
June 7, 1906 | unknown | Aso | Kyushu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 28, 1907 | unknown | Kudach | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 2.4 | 5 | 1 | ||
April 9, 1907 | February 1908 | Riñinahue | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 28, 1907 | October 30, 1907 | Levotobi | Flores (Indonesia) | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||
November 7, 1907 | December 5, 1907 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 18, 1908 | July 1, 1909 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 11, 1909 | April 22, 1909 | Tarumae | Hokkaidō , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 1909 | March 22, 1910 | Semeru | Java , Indonesia | 221 | 2 | 1/3 | |||
May 1910 | July 1931 | Stromboli | Aeolian Islands , Italy | 8th | 3 | 1/3 | |||
1911 | 1912 | Mount Lolobau | Duportail , Papua New Guinea | no | 0.12 | 4th | 1 | ||
1911 | May 1918 | Pago | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 27, 1911 | February 8, 1911 | Taal | Luzon , Philippines | 1,335 | 0.08 | 3 | 1-3 | ||
November 8, 1911 | December 1911 | Semeru | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 1912 | March 1912 | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 6, 1912 | July 21, 1912 | Mount Katmai | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 0.023 ± 0.007 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 6, 1912 | October 1912 | Novarupta | Alaska Peninsula , USA | 2 | 28 ± 4 | 6th | 1/3 | ||
June 14, 1912 | unknown | Rincon de la Vieja | Costa Rica | no | 3 | 1 | |||
4th August 1912 | August 1912 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 3, 1912 | April 1913 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | 20th | 0.03 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
January 17, 1913 | January 24, 1913 | Colima | Jalisco , Mexico | 1.7 | 5 | 1 | |||
July 5, 1913 | April 4, 1944 | Vesuvius | Campania , Italy | 27 | 0.06 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
October 14, 1913 | 1914 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | 21 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
January 12, 1914 | May 1915 | Sakurajima | Kyushu , Japan | 58 | 0.57 ± 0.05 | 4th | 1/3 | ||
January 13, 1914 | August 21, 1914 | Fukutoku-Okanoba | Kazan-rettō , Japan | no | > 1 | 5 | 1 | ||
May 30, 1914 | June 29, 1917 | Let Peak | California , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 8, 1914 | unknown | Cerro Azul | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 1915 | unknown | Ulawun | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 1915 | June 1916 | Bromo | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1916 | April 21, 1932 | Cerro Azul | Chile | no | 9.5 | 5 | 1 | ||
March 3, 1916 | December 1, 1925 | Tungurahua | Ecuador | no | 4th | 1 | |||
December 1, 1916 | June 1917 | Ol Doinyo Lengai | Tanzania | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 9, 1917 | unknown | Agrigan | Northern Mariana Islands , USA | no | 4th | 1 | |||
June 7, 1917 | November 1917 | San Salvador | El Salvador | 352 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
September 27, 1917 | 1921 | Irazú | Costa Rica | no | 3 | 1 | |||
18 July 1918 | December 1, 1919 | Banua Wuhu | Sangihe Islands , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 11, 1918 | August 26, 1918 | Karthala | Grande Comore , Comoros | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 12, 1918 | November 4, 1918 | Katla | Iceland | no | 0.7 | 4th | 1 | ||
May 19, 1919 | May 20, 1919 | Kelut | Java , Indonesia | 5.110 | 0.19 | 4th | 1/2 | ||
August 11, 1919 | unknown | Manam | Papua New Guinea | no | 4th | 1 | |||
December 13, 1921 | February 12, 1922 | Cordon Caulle | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1922 | unknown | Mount Gareloi | Gareloi Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 22, 1922 | currently (2011) ongoing | Santa María | Guatemala | probably 5,000 | 4th | 1/2 | |||
February 1923 | March 26, 1923 | North Pagan | Pagan , Northern Mariana Islands | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 11, 1923 | April 1923 | Zheltovsky | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 2, 1923 | May 13, 1923 | Ile des Cendres | Vietnam | no | 0.1 | ≈ 4 | 1 | ||
October 23, 1923 | December 11, 1923 | Cerro Negro | Nicaragua | no | 0.036 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 15, 1924 | unknown | Raikoke | Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 4th | 1 | |||
October 1924 | 1927 | Galeras | Colombia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 31, 1924 | unknown | Iriomote | Ryūkyū Islands , Japan | no | approx. 1 | ≈ 5 | 1 | ||
December 18, 1924 | June 7, 1925 | Acatenango | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 20, 1925 | September 1927 | Tokachi-dake | Hokkaidō , Japan | 146 | a single lahar on May 24, 1926 killed 137 people and destroyed over 5,000 homes | 3 | 1/4 | ||
January 5, 1926 | May 1926 | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 27, 1926 | March 14, 1927 | Avachinskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 4th | 1 | ||
July 15, 1926 | unknown | Askja | Iceland | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
October 4, 1927 | September 1928 | Fonuafoʻou | Ha'apai , Tonga | no | 0.034 | 3 | 1 | ||
January 1928 | August 26, 1928 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | at least 1 | approx. 0.075 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
August 4, 1928 | September 25, 1928 | Rokatenda | Palu , Indonesia | 226 | 128 | Tsunami deaths | 0.02 | 3 | 1/3 |
1929 | unknown | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 1929 | 1930 | Mount Gareloi | Gareloi Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 17, 1929 | September 6, 1929 | Komagatake | Hokkaidō , Japan | 2 | 0.19 | 4th | 1/3 | ||
September 1, 1929 | April 1930 | Gorely | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.018 ± 0.003 | 3 | 1 | ||
September 16, 1929 | December 1, 1932 | Montagne Pelée | Martinique , France | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 13, 1930 | February 13, 1930 | Sarychev | Matua , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 1930 | January 17, 1931 | Gorely | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.018 ± 0.003 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 25, 1930 | September 1931 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | 1,369 | 0.017 | 3 | 1/4 | ||
March 25, 1931 | March 27, 1931 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 4th | 1 | |||
March 31, 1931 | September 21, 1932 | Asama | Honshu , Japan | 3 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
May 1, 1931 | June 13, 1931 | Mount Aniakchak | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 0.4 ± 0.05 | 4th | 1 | ||
January 21, 1932 | January 22, 1932 | Fuego | Guatemala | 3 | approx. 0.2 | 4th | 1/3 | ||
May 23, 1932 | December 26, 1933 | Levotobi | Flores (Indonesia) | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 5, 1932 | 1933 | Descabezado Grande | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 14, 1932 | June 9, 1934 | Krakatau | Sunda Strait , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 31, 1932 | January 5, 1933 | Llaima | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 8, 1933 | April 14, 1933 | Sewergin | Charimkotan , Kuril Islands , Russia | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1/3 | ||
April 2, 1933 | unknown | White Island (Bay of Plenty) | New Zealand | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 10, 1933 | August 5, 1933 | Suwoh | Sumatra , Indonesia | no | 0.21 | 4th | 1 | ||
August 13, 1933 | currently ongoing | Dukono | Halmahera , Moluccas , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 23, 1933 | January 12, 1934 | Shindake | Kuchinoerabu-jima , Ryūkyū Islands , Japan | 8th | ≈ 4 | 1/3 | |||
August 8, 1934 | currently (2011) ongoing | Sangay | Ecuador | 2 | 3 | 1/4 | |||
November 13, 1934 | July 1937 | Asama | Honshu , Japan | 2 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
March 13, 1935 | August 18, 1935 | Mount St. Augustine | Augustine Island , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 21, 1935 | November 4, 1936 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 7, 1935 | January 27, 1941 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
1936 | May 1948 | Mount Pavlof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 27, 1936 | unknown | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 1936 | 1939 | Manam | Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 3, 1937 | March 1939 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.02 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 29, 1937 | June 2, 1937 | Tavurvur | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | 507 | 0.31 | 4th | 1/2 | ||
September 7, 1937 | unknown | Bagana | Bougainville , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 3, 1937 | November 4, 1937 | Yunaska Island | Islands of Four Mountains , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 6, 1938 | December 1, 1938 | Avachinskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.03 ± 0.005 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 15, 1938 | unknown | Bagana | Bougainville , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
4th July 1938 | July 2, 1940 | Krakatau | Sunda Strait , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 23, 1939 | June 26, 1939 | Mount Veniaminof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 17, 1939 | December 26, 1939 | Torishima | Izu Islands , Japan | 2 | 0.019 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
July 12, 1940 | 5th August 1940 | Miyake-jima | Izu Islands , Japan | 11 | 0.012 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
July 24, 1940 | February 1941 | Ol Doinyo Lengai | Tanzania | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 1940 | July 15, 1941 | Tolbachik | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.07 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 20, 1943 | February 25, 1952 | Paricutín | Michoacan , Mexico | 103 | 1.3 | 5 | 1/3 | ||
April 13, 1943 | May 11, 1943 | Cerro Azul | Isabela (Galápagos) , Ecuador | 1 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
September 18, 1943 | August 31, 1944 | Vaiowa | Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 24, 1944 | March 1, 1944 | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 10, 1944 | June 12, 1944 | Cleveland | Chuginadak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | 1 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
4th December 1944 | unknown | Dieng plateau | Java , Indonesia | 114 | 2 | 1/3 | |||
December 9, 1944 | January 20, 1945 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 25, 1945 | February 25, 1945 | Avachinskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.3 | 4th | 1 | ||
March 8, 1945 | December 1945 | Ruapehu | North Island (New Zealand) | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 31, 1945 | April 3, 1945 | Llaima | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 19, 1945 | July 7, 1945 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.023 | 3 | 1 | ||
January 1946 | November 1946 | Sakurajima | Kyushu , Japan | 1 | 0.02 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
November 9, 1946 | November 19, 1946 | Sarychev | Matua , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 4th | 1 | |||
December 1, 1946 | September 1947 | Manam | Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 29, 1947 | April 21, 1948 | Hekla | Iceland | 1 | 0.21 | 4th | 1/3 | ||
July 9, 1947 | August 2, 1947 | Cerro Negro | Nicaragua | no | 0.031 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 15, 1948 | April 25, 1948 | Bromo | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 1, 1948 | July 1953 | Hibok-Hibok | Camiguin , Philippines | 568 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
October 9, 1948 | February 3, 1949 | Villarrica | Chile | at least 40 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
November 4, 1948 | December 1, 1957 | Izalco | El Salvador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 1, 1948 | December 1, 1951 | Bagana | Bougainville , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 1949 | unknown | Kuwae | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 1949 | December 1949 | Kuwae | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 21, 1950 | 17th December 1950 | Cerro Negro | Nicaragua | no | 0.038 | 3 | 1 | ||
December 6, 1950 | November 25, 1951 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | no | 0.8 | 4th | 1 | ||
17th January 1951 | 1956 | Lamington | Papua New Guinea | 2,942 | 4th | 1/2 | |||
July 2, 1951 | March 1953 | Lokon | Sulawesi , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 31, 1951 | August 31, 1951 | Kelut | Java , Indonesia | 7th | 0.2 | 4th | 1/3 | ||
October 23, 1951 | November 27, 1951 | Tinakula | Santa Cruz Islands , Solomon Islands | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 29, 1952 | October 1952 | Bagana | Bougainville , Papua New Guinea | no | 4th | 1 | |||
August 1, 1952 | February 24, 1953 | Bárcena | San Benedicto , Revillagigedo Islands , Mexico | no | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 4th | 1 | ||
November 12, 1952 | November 19, 1952 | Krenitsyn | Onekotan , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 31, 1953 | April 15, 1953 | Raung | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 12, 1953 | 19th February 1953 | Epi | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 15, 1953 | 5th October 1954 | Trident | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
March 2, 1953 | December 1958 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | 64 | 0.015 | 3 | 1/4 | ||
March 19, 1953 | May 15, 1953 | Sangeang Api | Lesser Sunda Islands , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 9, 1953 | April 13, 1953 | Fuego | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 8, 1953 | January 7, 1954 | Motmot Island | Long Island (Papua New Guinea) | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 1953 | September 1953 | Bagana | Bougainville , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 9, 1953 | July 16, 1953 | Mount Spurr | Alaska , USA | no | 4th | 1 | |||
December 27, 1953 | 2nd August 1955 | Asama | Honshu , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 13, 1954 | June 25, 1955 | Ngauruhoe | North Island (New Zealand) | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 18, 1954 | November 13, 1954 | Langila | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
5th June 1955 | June 13, 1955 | Motmot | Long Island (Papua New Guinea) | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 27, 1955 | November 12, 1955 | Carrán | Chile | 2 | 0.42 | 4th | 1/3 | ||
October 13, 1955 | currently (2011) ongoing | Sakurajima | Kyushu , Japan | 9 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
October 22, 1955 | March 1, 1957 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 2.8 | 5 | 1 | ||
October 22, 1955 | November 1957 | Llaima | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 11, 1956 | January 19, 1956 | Bristol Island | South Sandwich Islands , United Kingdom | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 13, 1956 | March 25, 1956 | Raung | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 1956 | May 23, 1956 | Mount Veniaminof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 1956 | June 1957 | Korjakskaja Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 8, 1956 | August 1958 | Manam | Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
5th February 1957 | May 7, 1957 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 0.07 | 3 | 1 | ||
19th February 1957 | February 21, 1957 | Fuego | Guatemala | no | 0.025 | 3 | 1 | ||
September 27, 1957 | October 24, 1958 | Ilha do Faial | Azores , Portugal | no | 0.08 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 12, 1957 | December 1, 1957 | Zavaritzki Caldera | Simushir , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 14, 1958 | August 25, 1958 | Mount Okmok | Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 1958 | unknown | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
17th October 1959 | December 31, 1964 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 1960 | November 28, 1966 | Ol Doinyo Lengai | Tanzania | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 1960 | December 1964 | Karymski | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.045 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 24, 1960 | July 30, 1960 | Cordon Caulle | Chile | no | 0.06 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 1960 | unknown | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 10, 1960 | September 1960 | Lopévi | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 30, 1960 | August 30, 1960 | Sarychev | Matua , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 28, 1960 | December 26, 1960 | Cerro Negro | Nicaragua | no | 0.034 | 3 | 1 | ||
October 15, 1960 | April 15, 1961 | Mount Okmok | Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | > 0.01 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 1, 1961 | March 26, 1961 | Calbuco | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 11, 1961 | November 28, 1961 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | 6th | 0.04 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
August 15, 1961 | April 3, 1963 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 18, 1961 | December 15, 1961 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 24, 1962 | unknown | Mount Kiska | Kiska Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 9, 1962 | June 9, 1962 | Trident | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 29, 1962 | September 1962 | Tokachi | Hokkaidō , Japan | 5 | 0.072 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
4th August 1962 | November 9, 1962 | Fuego | Guatemala | no | 0.025 | 3 | 1 | ||
December 15, 1962 | unknown | White Island (Bay of Plenty) | New Zealand | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 13, 1963 | unknown | Amukta Island | Islands of Four Mountains , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 18, 1963 | January 27, 1964 | Agung | Bali , Indonesia | 1138 | 820 deaths from pyroclastic currents, 155 from ash rain and 163 from lahar | > 1 | 5 | 1/2 | |
March 13, 1963 | February 13, 1965 | Irazú | Costa Rica | > 35 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
April 1, 1963 | April 3, 1963 | Trident | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 7, 1963 | 1965 | Lopévi | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
17th October 1963 | 17th November 1963 | Trident | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 7, 1963 | November 21, 1963 | Piton de la Fournaise | Reunion , France | no | 0.016 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 8, 1963 | 5th June 1967 | Surtsey | Iceland | no | 0.7 | 4th | 1 | ||
November 12, 1964 | November 12, 1964 | Schiwelutsch | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.75 ± 0.05 | 4th | 1 | ||
December 13, 1964 | December 13, 1964 | Dieng plateau | Java , Indonesia | 114 | 1 | 1/3 | |||
March 9, 1965 | March 1970 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.025 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 15, 1965 | February 1967 | Karymski | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
4th July 1965 | March 10, 1989 | Pacaya | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 1965 | December 26, 1966 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.01 | 3 | 1 | ||
September 27, 1965 | September 30, 1965 | Mount Garat | Gaua , Banks Islands | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 28, 1965 | September 30, 1965 | Taal | Luzon , Philippines | 190 | 0.09 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
November 23, 1965 | June 11, 1966 | Tinakula | Santa Cruz Islands , Solomon Islands | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 24, 1966 | February 20, 1966 | Mount Redoubt | Alaska , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
7th February 1966 | May 1, 1966 | Fuego | Guatemala | no | 3 | 1/3 | |||
March 20, 1966 | November 30, 1967 | Bagana | Bougainville , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 26, 1966 | April 27, 1966 | Kelut | Java , Indonesia | 212 | 0.089 | 3 | 1/2 | ||
May 21, 1966 | November 1967 | Soputan | Sulawesi , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
5th July 1966 | 4th August 1966 | Taal | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 12, 1966 | October 1966 | Mount Awu | Sangihe Islands , Indonesia | 39 | 4th | 1/3 | |||
October 7, 1966 | 15th January 1967 | Mount Redoubt | Alaska , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 6, 1966 | December 1967 | Rincon de la Vieja | Costa Rica | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 13, 1966 | March 1967 | White Island (Bay of Plenty) | New Zealand | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 12, 1967 | 1970 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | 3 | 0.013 | 3 | 1/4 | ||
January 27, 1967 | March 31, 1969 | Lopévi | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 23, 1967 | May 9, 1967 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 0.02 | 3 | 1 | ||
July 8, 1967 | 4th September 1967 | Ol Doinyo Lengai | Tanzania | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 31, 1967 | currently ongoing | Semeru | Java , Indonesia | 437 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
5th September 1967 | February 25, 1968 | Trident | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
4th December 1967 | 7th December 1967 | Deception Island | South Shetland Islands | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
December 6, 1967 | April 28, 1968 | Mount Redoubt | Alaska , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 27, 1968 | February 1969 | White Island (Bay of Plenty) | New Zealand | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 21, 1968 | May 20, 1968 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | 6th | 0.02 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
June 11, 1968 | 4th July 1968 | Fernandina | Galapagos Islands , Ecuador | no | > 0.1 | 4th | 1 | ||
3rd July 1968 | 3rd July 1968 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 29, 1968 | December 2010 | Arenal | Costa Rica | 78 | 0.035 ± 0.006 | 3 | 1-3 | ||
October 23, 1968 | December 10, 1968 | Cerro Negro | Nicaragua | no | 0.027 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 13, 1968 | November 13, 1968 | Trident | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 21, 1968 | March 10, 1969 | Shindake (or Shin-take) | Kuchinoerabu-jima , Ryūkyū Islands , Japan | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 27, 1969 | January 30, 1969 | Iya | Flores (Indonesia) | 2 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
February 21, 1969 | March 1969 | Deception Island | South Shetland Islands | no | 0.03 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 1970 | March 1970 | Kolokol | Urup , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 5th 1970 | 5th July 1970 | Hekla | Iceland | no | 0.066 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 11, 1970 | October 11, 1982 | Karymski | Kamchatka , Russia | no | approx. 0.037 | 3 | 1 | ||
August 12, 1970 | unknown | Deception Island | South Shetland Islands | no | 3 | 1 | |||
3rd February 1971 | February 14, 1971 | Cerro Negro | Nicaragua | no | 0.058 | 3 | 1 | ||
March 1971 | December 1974 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 24, 1971 | May 5th 1971 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 0.03 | 3 | 1 | ||
August 12, 1971 | 18th September 1971 | Cerro Hudson | Chile | 5 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
September 14, 1971 | 15th September 1971 | Fuego | Guatemala | 10 | > 0.06 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
January 1972 | April 5th 1976 | Karangetang | Siau , Indonesia | 4th | 3 | 1/3 | |||
April 15, 1972 | 15th August 1972 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 18, 1972 | September 11, 1972 | Alaid | Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | almost 0.1 | 3 | 1 | ||
October 6, 1972 | March 1985 | Merapi | Java , Indonesia | 29 | 0.021 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
October 22, 1972 | 16th January 1973 | Rokatenda | Palu , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 22, 1972 | 19th August 1974 | Ngauruhoe | North Island (New Zealand) | no | 3 | 1 | |||
23rd January 1973 | June 28, 1973 | Eldfell | Heimaey , Iceland | 1 | 0.065 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
February 24, 1973 | October 2000 | Langila | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 15, 1973 | October 14, 1976 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 11, 1973 | July 16, 1973 | Curacoa | Tonga | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 14, 1973 | July 28, 1973 | Tjatja | Kunashir , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 0.2 | 4th | 1 | ||
November 1973 | July 1974 | Reventador | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 4th 1974 | November 9, 1999 | Manam | Papua New Guinea | 13 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
July 15, 1974 | unknown | Trident | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 1, 1974 | January 13, 1975 | Mount Pavlof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 10, 1974 | 4th December 1974 | Fuego | Guatemala | 3 | 0.4 | 4th | 1/3 | ||
June 28, 1975 | December 10, 1976 | Tolbachik | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.98 | 4th | 1 | ||
September 13, 1975 | March 1977 | Mount Pavlof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | > 0.014 | 3 | 1 | ||
22nd January 1976 | May 14, 1977 | Mount St. Augustine | Augustine Island , Alaska | no | 0.15 | 4th | 1 | ||
18th December 1976 | January 29, 1982 | White Island (Bay of Plenty) | New Zealand | no | 3 | 1 | |||
23rd December 1976 | June 15, 1977 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 0.02 | 3 | 1 | ||
January 10, 1977 | January 10, 1977 | Nyiragongo | Democratic Republic of Congo | estimated 600 | 0.00005 | 1 | 1/2 | ||
March 25, 1977 | unknown | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.015 | 3 | 1 | ||
March 30, 1977 | April 9, 1977 | Ukinrek Maare | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 0.026 | 3 | 1 | ||
2nd August 1977 | March 12, 1980 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | 1 | 0.015 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
7th August 1977 | March 1982 | Usu | Hokkaidō , Japan | 6th | almost 0.1 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
4th February 1978 | February 9, 1978 | Mount Westdahl | Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 7, 1978 | May 14, 1978 | Ulawun | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 0.034 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 11, 1979 | unknown | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.017 | 3 | 1 | ||
20th February 1979 | 20th February 1979 | Dieng plateau | Java , Indonesia | 149 | Cause of death gas poisoning | 0.0002 | 1 | 1/3 | |
November 13, 1979 | January 14, 1980 | Sierra Negra | Isabela (Galápagos) , Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 13, 1979 | October 26, 1979 | Soufrière | St. Vincent , St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.075 | 3 | 1/2 | |||
December 27, 1979 | September 28, 1980 | Bulusan | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 30, 1980 | February 24, 1980 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 0.015 | 3 | 1 | ||
March 27, 1980 | October 28, 1986 | Mount St. Helens | Washington (State) , USA | 57 | Mount St. Helens eruption in 1980 | 1.2 | 5 | 1/2 | |
April 15, 1980 | 20th August 1980 | Lopévi | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 18, 1980 | April 19, 1980 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.019 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 15, 1980 | 3rd July 1981 | Gorely | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.04 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 16, 1980 | August 18, 1980 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
17th August 1980 | 20th August 1980 | Hekla | Iceland | no | 0.058 | 3 | 1 | ||
October 6, 1980 | October 7, 1980 | Ulawun | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 0.035 ± 0.005 | 3 | 1 | ||
April 9, 1981 | April 27, 1981 | Bulusan | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 27, 1981 | 5th June 1981 | Alaid | Atlasov Island , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 0.55 | 4th | 1 | ||
May 15, 1981 | May 1, 1985 | North Pagan | Pagan , Northern Mariana Islands , USA | no | > 0.25 | 4th | 1 | ||
June 12, 1981 | May 22, 1983 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.026 ± 0.003 | 3 | 1 | ||
December 25, 1981 | January 14, 1982 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 0.028 | 3 | 1 | ||
January 15, 1982 | January 15, 1982 | Mount Gareloi | Gareloi Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 28, 1982 | September 11, 1982 | El Chichón | Chiapas , Mexico | over 2,000 | 2.3 | 5 | 1/2 | ||
April 5th 1982 | January 8, 1983 | Galunggung | Java , Indonesia | 37 | > 0.37 | 4th | 1/3 | ||
July 18, 1982 | July 20, 1982 | Raung | Java , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 1983 | December 31, 1988 | Karangetang | Siau , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 2nd 1983 | April 17, 1984 | Mount Veniaminof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 18, 1983 | December 1983 | Colo | Una Una , Indonesia | no | 4th | 1 | |||
August 9, 1983 | August 12, 1983 | Gamalama | Ternate , Moluccas , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
3rd October 1983 | 4th October 1983 | Miyake-jima | Izu Islands , Japan | no | 0.015 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 11, 1983 | December 18, 1983 | Mount Pavlof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 0.013 ± 0.004 | 3 | 1 | ||
5th February 1984 | December 1984 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.014 | 3 | 1 | ||
February 23, 1984 | March 14, 1984 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 0.021 | 3 | 1 | ||
March 10, 1984 | January 28, 1985 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 24, 1984 | August 31, 1984 | Soputan | Sulawesi , Indonesia | no | 0.064 | 3 | 1 | ||
September 9, 1984 | October 6, 1984 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | 1 | 0.05 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
June 12, 1985 | December 14, 1985 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.038 | 3 | 1 | ||
July 30, 1985 | February 1988 | Sangeang Api | Lesser Sunda Islands , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 11, 1985 | July 13, 1991 | Nevado del Ruiz | Colombia | approx. 23,000 | Lahars destroyed the city of Armero | 0.048 | 3 | 1/2 | |
February 1, 1986 | July 28, 1994 | White Island (Bay of Plenty) | New Zealand | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 27, 1986 | August 31, 1986 | Mount St. Augustine | Augustine Island , Alaska | no | 0.1 | ≈ 4 | 1 | ||
March 28, 1986 | February 28, 1988 | Schiwelutsch | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 16, 1986 | August 13, 1988 | Mount Pavlof | Alaska Peninsula , USA | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 16, 1986 | August 20, 1986 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 0.012 | 3 | 1 | ||
September 14, 1986 | September 16, 1986 | Láscar | Chile | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 15, 1986 | December 18, 1986 | Mihara | Izu Ōshima , Izu Islands , Japan | no | 0.025 ± 0.005 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 18, 1986 | 7th December 1986 | Chikurachki | Paramushir , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 0.12 | 4th | 1 | ||
November 27, 1986 | September 1990 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | > 0.3 | 4th | 1 | ||
5th December 1986 | July 26, 1988 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 19, 1987 | August 28, 1987 | Cleveland | Chuginadak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 1987 | April 6, 1990 | Láscar | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 12, 1988 | 23rd August 1988 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 29, 1988 | 5th August 1988 | Makian | Moluccas , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
December 25, 1988 | January 24, 1990 | Lonquimay | Chile | 1 | 0.72 | 4th | 1/3 | ||
April 24, 1989 | August 15, 1989 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 0.03 | 3 | 1 | ||
December 14, 1989 | June 20, 1990 | Mount Redoubt | Alaska , USA | no | 0.21 | 4th | 1 | ||
4th January 1990 | March 1, 2000 | Pacaya | Guatemala | 1 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
January 10, 1990 | February 1995 | Schiwelutsch | Kamchatka , Russia | no | at least 0.01 | 3 | 1 | ||
January 29, 1990 | November 29, 1991 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 10, 1990 | March 13, 1990 | Kelut | Java , Indonesia | 35 | 0.13 | 4th | 1/2 | ||
May 28, 1990 | September 1998 | Sabancaya | Peru | no | 0.025 | 3 | 1 | ||
17th November 1990 | February 1995 | Ounces | Kyushu , Japan | 43 | > 0.0047 | 2 | 1-3 | ||
17th January 1991 | March 11, 1991 | Hekla | Iceland | no | 0.02 | 3 | 1 | ||
April 2, 1991 | 2nd September 1991 | Pinatubo | Luzon , Philippines | approx. 1,200 | 359 deaths from ash rain, 143 deaths from lahars , around 700 deaths from epidemics | 11 ± 0.5 | 6th | 1/2 | |
May 17, 1991 | January 1992 | Lokon | Sulawesi , Indonesia | 1 | 0.015 | 3 | 1 | ||
August 8, 1991 | October 27, 1991 | Cerro Hudson | Chile | no | 4.3 | 5 | 1 | ||
September 20, 1991 | February 8, 1993 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | > 0.02 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 29, 1991 | January 14, 1992 | Mount Westdahl | Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 9, 1992 | April 14, 1992 | Cerro Negro | Nicaragua | 2 | 0.026 | 3 | 1/3 | ||
June 27, 1992 | 17th September 1992 | Mount Spurr | Alaska , USA | 0.15 | 4th | 1 | |||
July 6, 1992 | July 24, 1992 | Bogoslof Island | Fox Islands (Alaska) , Aleutian Islands | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 30, 1993 | August 1993 | Láscar | Chile | no | > 0.1 | 4th | 1 | ||
October 21, 1993 | 4th February 1994 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | > 0.07 | 3 | 1 | ||
May 25, 1994 | May 25, 1994 | Cleveland | Chuginadak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 17, 1994 | July 17, 2001 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | > 0.1 | 4th | 1 | ||
September 8, 1994 | January 14, 1995 | Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.05 | 3 | 1 | ||
September 19, 1994 | April 16, 1995 | Tavurvur | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | 5 | ≈ 4 | 1/3 | |||
January 11, 1995 | November 9, 1995 | Ruapehu | North Island (New Zealand) | no | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 3 | 1 | ||
July 18, 1995 | October 8, 2003 | Soufriere Hills | Montserrat , United Kingdom | 19th | 3 | 1-3 | |||
December 23, 1995 | May 16, 1996 | Shishaldin | Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 2, 1996 | January 3, 1996 | Akademija Nauk | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 0.04 | 3 | 1 | ||
January 2, 1996 | December 20, 2000 | Karymski | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 5, 1996 | November 22, 2003 | Popocatépetl | México (state) | at least 5 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
December 1, 1996 | 5th December 1996 | Nyamuragira | Democratic Republic of Congo | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 11, 1997 | May 19, 1997 | Mount Okmok | Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 8, 1997 | May 16, 1997 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | > 0.036 | 3 | 1 | ||
5th December 1997 | December 6, 1997 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 8, 1998 | July 8, 1998 | Mount Korovin | Atka Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 30, 1998 | September 3, 1998 | Schiwelutsch | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 1998 | April 25, 2000 | Lopévi | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 7, 1998 | May 25, 2001 | Pichincha | Ecuador | 2 | 3 | 1/3 | |||
December 18, 1998 | December 28, 1998 | Grímsvötn | Iceland | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 13, 1999 | May 27, 1999 | Shishaldin | Unimak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 0.043 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 22, 1999 | March 19, 2000 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 15, 1999 | currently ongoing | Schiwelutsch | Kamchatka , Russia | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
February 26, 2000 | March 8, 2000 | Hekla | Iceland | no | 0.028 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 27, 2000 | September 28, 2000 | Miyake-jima | Izu Islands , Japan | no | 0.017 | 3 | 1 | ||
September 28, 2000 | November 1, 2000 | Ulawun | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 4th | 1 | |||
January 8, 2001 | August 8, 2001 | Mayon | Luzon , Philippines | no | 0.011 | 3 | 1 | ||
January 16, 2001 | May 3, 2001 | Ulawun | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 8, 2001 | June 19, 2001 | Lopévi | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 23, 2001 | August 10, 2001 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 15, 2001 | currently ongoing | Karymski | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 3, 2002 | March 26, 2003 | Pago | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 25, 2002 | September 29, 2002 | Ruang | Sangihe Islands , Indonesia | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
October 26, 2002 | January 28, 2003 | Etna | Sicily , Italy | no | 0.045 ± 0.005 | 3 | 1 | ||
November 3, 2002 | January 10, 2003 | Reventador | Ecuador | 0.36 | 4th | 1 | |||
May 10, 2003 | July 12, 2003 | Anatahan | Northern Mariana Islands , USA | no | 0.045 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 8, 2003 | June 16, 2003 | Lopévi | Vanuatu | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 26, 2003 | July 29, 2003 | Leroboleng | Flores (Indonesia) | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 26, 2003 | August 1, 2003 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
September 12, 2003 | September 12, 2003 | Lokon | Sulawesi , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 14, 2004 | February 2005 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
July 16, 2004 | February 7, 2005 | Galeras | Colombia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 24, 2004 | December 2009 | Manam | Papua New Guinea | 5 | 4th | 1 | |||
November 1, 2004 | November 4, 2004 | Grímsvötn | Iceland | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 16, 2005 | October 1, 2005 | Santa Ana | El Salvador | 2 | 3 | 1 | |||
October 22, 2005 | October 30, 2005 | Sierra Negra | Isabela (Galápagos) , Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
November 24, 2005 | December 8, 2005 | Karthala | Grande Comore , Comoros | at least 1 | 3 | 1 | |||
December 9, 2005 | April 27, 2006 | Mount St. Augustine | Augustine Island , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
February 6, 2006 | October 28, 2006 | Cleveland | Chuginadak Island , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 2006 | December 29, 2006 | Besymjanny | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
April 18, 2006 | July 18, 2007 | Láscar | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
August 11, 2006 | January 31, 2010 | Tavurvur | New Britain , Papua New Guinea | ≈ 4 | 1 | ||||
June 2007 | October 2010 | Ol Doinyo Lengai | Tanzania | no | 0.01 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 2007 | November 9, 2007 | Soputan | Sulawesi , Indonesia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
January 1, 2008 | June 12, 2009 | Llaima | Chile | no | 3 | 1 | |||
May 2, 2008 | March 2010 | Chaitén | Chile | 1 | > 0.17 | 4th | 1 | ||
July 12, 2008 | August 19, 2008 | Mount Okmok | Umnak , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | ≈ 4 | 1 | |||
August 7, 2008 | August 9, 2008 | Kasatochi Island | Andreanof Islands , Aleutian Islands , Alaska | no | 4th | 1 | |||
October 21, 2008 | January 2, 2010 | Galeras | Colombia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
October 26, 2008 | currently ongoing | Nevado del Huila | Colombia | 10 | ≈ 3 | 1 | |||
March 15, 2009 | July 1, 2009 | Mount Redoubt | Alaska , USA | no | 0.023 | 3 | 1 | ||
June 11, 2009 | June 21, 2009 | Sarychev | Matua , Kuril Islands , Russia | no | 0.4 | 4th | 1 | ||
January 1, 2010 | July 29, 2010 | Tungurahua | Ecuador | no | 3 | 1 | |||
March 20, 2010 | June 23, 2010 | Eyjafjallajokull | Iceland | no | Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010 | > 0.14 | 4th | 1 | |
October 26, 2010 | November 22, 2010 | Merapi | Java, Indonesia | 324 | 0.13 | 4th | 1/4 | ||
November 11, 2010 | September 13, 2013 | Kisimen | Kamchatka , Russia | no | 3 | 1 | |||
June 6, 2011 | April 21, 2012 | Puyehue | Región de Los Ríos , Chile | no | 5 | ||||
June 13, 2011 | June 3, 2012 | Nabro | Eritrea | 31 | 3 | ||||
5th December 2011 | December 23, 2011 | Gamalama | Indonesia | 4th | 3 | ||||
October 8, 2012 | October 31, 2013 | Paluweh | Indonesia | 5 | 3 | ||||
September 27, 2014 | October 14, 2014 | Ontake-san (Nagano) | Japan | 55 | 3 | ||||
6th September 2017 | October 30, 2018 | Ambae | Vanuatu | 3 | 3 | ||||
3rd June 2018 | 2018 | Fuego | near Guatemala City , Guatemala | 201 | fast pyroclastic flow | 2 | |||
December 27, 2020 | currently ongoing | Soufrière | on St._Vincent , St. Vincent | no | ~ 16,000 people evacuated | 4th |
See also
- Super volcano
- Toba disaster theory
- Taupo eruption (volcanic explosion index of 8)
- List of disasters
Web links
- Famous volcanic eruptions in the history of the earth and mankind
- The largest volcanic eruptions in historical time
Individual evidence
Main sources of the table (see column "Source" of the table):
- Global Volcanism Program Website of the Smithsonian Institution
- J.-C. Tanguy, C. Ribière, A. Scarth, WS Tjetjep: Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database . In: Bulletin of Volcanology . tape 60 , no. 2 , 1998, p. 137-144 , doi : 10.1007 / s004450050222 .
- CS Witham: Volcanic disasters and incidents: A new database . In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . Vol. 148, 2005, pp. 191-233 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jvolgeores.2005.04.017 .
- The Significant Volcanic Eruption Database of the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), NOAA
As:
- ^ A b c d Clive Oppenheimer: Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-64112-8 , Appendix A: Large Eruptions.
- ↑ Eiríksson, Jón; et al .: Chronology of late Holocene climatic events in the northern North Atlantic based on AMS 14C dates and tephra markers from the volcano Hekla, Iceland . Journal of Quaternary Science 15 (6) , 2000, pp. 573-580. doi : 10.1002 / 1099-1417 (200009) 15: 6 <573 :: AID-JQS554> 3.0.CO; 2-A
- ↑ Joseph R. McConnell, Michael Sigl, Gill Plunkett, Andrea Burke, Woon Mi Kim: Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . June 22, 2020, ISSN 0027-8424 , p. 202002722 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.2002722117 ( pnas.org [accessed June 23, 2020]).
- ^ Clive Oppenheimer: Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-64112-8 , pp. 241-247 .
- ^ C. Siebe: Age and archaeological implications of Xitle volcano, southwestern Basin of Mexico-City . In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . December 2000, doi : 10.1016 / S0377-0273 (00) 00199-2 .
- ↑ Daniel Lingenhöhl: The worst year for Europeans? Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, November 16, 2018, accessed on November 3, 2018 .
- ↑ Robert A. Dull, John R. Southon, Steffen Kutterolf, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Armin Freundt, David B. Wahl, Payson Sheets, Paul Amaroli, Walter Hernandez, Michael C. Wiemann, Clive Oppenheimer: Radiocarbon and geologic evidence reveal Ilopango volcano as source of the colossal 'mystery' eruption of 539/40 CE . In: Quaternary Science Reviews . tape 222 , 2019, doi : 10.1016 / j.quascirev.2019.07.037 .
- ^ On VEI: Ari Ben-Menahem: Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences . Springer, 2009, p. 4290 . To the Tephra: Hekla Volcano. University of Iceland, Institute of Earth Sciences, archived from the original on February 12, 2007 ; accessed on April 24, 2020 .
- ↑ Sébastien Guillet, Christophe Corona, Francis Ludlow, Clive Oppenheimer, Markus Stoffel: Climatic and societal impacts of a “forgotten” cluster of volcanic eruptions in 1108–1110 CE . In: Scientific Reports . April 2020, doi : 10.1038 / s41598-020-63339-3 (Open Access).
- ↑ One dead as Chilean volcano spews ash for third day. In: reuters.com. Reuters , May 4, 2008, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- ↑ Colombia volcano claims 10 lives. In: news.bbc.co.uk. BBC , November 23, 2008, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- ^ Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Global Volcanism Program and Volcanic Activity Current. In: www.vulkan.li. Hansruedi Berger, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Database search for significant volcanic events since 2011 with VEI 2 or larger. NOAA, accessed on April 24, 2020 (only eruptions that could be found in the Smithsonian database were recorded, therefore not the alleged ones of Manam 2018 and 2019; because the NOAA does not record an end date, the start and end dates of the Smithsonian database used).
- ↑ Lt. NOAA database an eruption of an "Aoba" on March 30, 2018, the Smithsonian database records that of the Ambae ( Lomben ) for Vanuate during the period
- ↑ Volcano in Guatemala erupts: Eight kilometers of lava flow. In: orf.at. June 4, 2018, Retrieved June 4, 2018 .
- ↑ Eruptive history. In: volcano.si.edi. June 6, 2021, accessed June 6, 2021 .