Huaynaputina
| Huaynaputina | ||
|---|---|---|
 The Huaynaputina crater, 2010 |
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| height | 4850 m | |
| location | Moquegua , Peru | |
| Mountains | Cordillera Volcánica , Andes | |
| Coordinates | 16 ° 36 ′ 54 ″ S , 70 ° 51 ′ 7 ″ W | |
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| Type | Active stratovolcano | |
| rock | Andesite | |
| Age of the rock | Pliocene and Quaternary | |
| Last eruption | 1600 | |
The Huaynaputina volcano ( Quechua : New Volcano ) is a stratovolcano in the Cordillera Volcánica in the Moquegua region in southern Peru . As a result of a gigantic eruption in 1600 when the top of the volcano completely exploded, the Huaynaputina no longer has a typical cone shape. What remains is a rather unspectacular crater, the highest point of which is at 4850 m.
The eruption of February 19, 1600
When the Huaynaputina erupted, 30 km³ of loose volcanic material ( tephra ) was released, which corresponds to a level of 6 on the international volcanic explosion index . Thus it reached one fifth of the strength of the Tambora eruption in Indonesia in 1815.
Regional effects
When the Huaynaputina exploded, a huge Plinian column was formed which, at a height of 27–35 km, reached far into the stratosphere . A heavy ash shower that lasted into March and earthquakes that accompanied the eruption caused immeasurable damage in the larger colonial cities of Arequipa and Moquegua . After the Plinian column collapsed, pyroclastic flows escaped the volcano , which could penetrate up to 13 km to the east and south-east. Equally destructive were volcanic mud flows, so-called lahars . They razed several villages to the ground and even reached the Pacific coast, which is 120 km away.
It has been reported that ashes fell even 250–500 km away from the volcano, in an area which today includes all of southern Peru, western Bolivia and northern Chile.
It took 150 years for regional agriculture to fully recover from this dramatic event.
Global effects
Strong volcanic eruptions in the tropics that hurl material into the stratosphere can - especially in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere - lead to a cooling that lasts for more than a decade. Geological, dendrochronological and socio-economic studies show that the Huaynaputina eruption caused significant cooling around the world. The year 1601 is considered to be one of the coldest during the Little Ice Age . Summer temperatures in Europe in the decade 1600–1609 were probably the lowest in the past two thousand years.
In Russia the summer of 1601 was cold and rainy, the grain rotted in the fields. The following harvests were also bad. The existence of the serf farmers, who had to give up a large part of their harvest for export, had already been threatened. In addition, the population had grown rapidly in previous years. The capers of the weather hit a vulnerable country; The result was the worst famine in the history of Russia, which raged 1601–1603 and contributed to the overthrow of Tsar Boris Godunov and the Smuta , a "time of turmoil" and great social unrest.
According to historical sources, catastrophic frosts occurred in northern China in the summer and autumn of 1601, which destroyed the harvest and led to famine there too. In southern China, snow fell in July, but autumn was exceptionally hot there. Epidemics subsequently occurred in Korea and China.
For the area of the Ottoman Empire , the American historian Sam White sees the cold winters that followed the outbreak of the Huaynaputina as one of the factors that contributed to the Celali uprisings of the time.
Historical sources
The indigenous writer Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (* 1534 (?) † 1615), born in Peru, wrote his famous manuscript El primer nueva Corónica y buen gobierno in 1615 , in which the eruption of the Huaynaputina volcano is discussed on two pages.
On sheet 1061 of the Chronicle, the city of Arequipa is depicted, which is struck by a rain of ash. A procession is in progress in the main town square. The original text in Spanish is:
“LA CIVDAD DE ARIQVIPA: Rebentó el bolcán y cubrió de zeníza y arena la ciudad y su juridición, comarca; treynta días no se bido el sol ni luna, estrellas. Con la ayuda de Dios y de la uirgen Santa María sesó, aplacó. "
“The city of Arequipa: The volcano exploded and covered the city and its administrative area with ash and sand. For thirty days one could see neither the sun nor the moon nor the stars. With the help of God and the Blessed Virgin Mary it stopped and calmed down. "
On sheet 1062, the text also deals with the destruction caused by the volcano: Many inhabitants were killed, the vineyards and the seeds destroyed. Animals and livestock died and all the haciendas in the surrounding valleys were destroyed.
See also
literature
- Shanaka L. de Silva and Gregory A. Zielinski: Global influence of the AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, Peru . In: Nature . tape 393 , June 4, 1998, doi : 10.1038 / 30948 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 3.4 MB ]).
Web links
- Huaynaputina in the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution (English)
- http://www.winterplanet.de/Sommer1816/Jos-Teil5.html
Individual evidence
- ↑ Huaynaputina in the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution (English)
- ^ Jean-Claude Thouret and Jasmine Davila: Huaynaputina Volcano, Southern Period, AD 1600: Euroption Phases and Mechanisms . (English, online [PDF; 8 kB ] Phases of the Huaynaputina eruption of 1600). Huaynaputina Volcano, Southern Period, AD 1600: Euroption Phases and Mechanisms ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c Shanka de Silva and Jorge Alzuate: The socioeconomic consequences of the AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, southern Peru . In: Floyd W. McCoy and Grant Heiken (Eds.): Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity . No. 345 , 2000.
- ↑ a b M. Sigl u. a .: Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years . In: Nature . 2015, p. 546 and Extended Table 5 , doi : 10.1038 / nature14565 .
- ↑ Wolfgang Rammacher: volcanic eruptions and climatic fluctuations. Retrieved March 9, 2017 (Climatic Consequences of the Huaynaputina eruption of 1600).
- ↑ Philipp Blom : World off its hinges . Hanser, 2017, ISBN 978-3-446-25458-9 , The time of turmoil and a fire-breathing mountain.
- ↑ Chester Dunning: The Preconditions of Modern Russia's first Civil War . In: Russian History . 1 and 2, 1998, doi : 10.1163 / 187633198X00095 .
- ↑ KL Verosub and J. Lippman: Global Impacts of the 1600 eruption of Peru's Huaynaputina Volcano . In: Eos . tape 89 , no. 15 , 8 April 2008, doi : 10.1029 / 2008EO150001 . Communication on this: Recent research into the influence of the Huaynaputina on the climate
- ↑ Jie Fei, David D. Zhang and Harry F. Lee: 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru), Abrupt Cooling, and Epidemics in China and Korea . In: Advances in Meteorology . 2016, doi : 10.1155 / 2016/3217038 .
- ↑ Sam White: The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire (= Donald Worster and JR McNeill [eds.]: Studies in Environment and History ). Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00831-1 .
- ^ Det Kongelige Bibliotek: LA CIVDAD DE ARIQVIPA
- ^ Det Kongelige Bibliotek: LA CIVDAD DE ARIQVIPA , page 1061 of the chronicle
- ↑ LA CIVDAD DE ARIQVIPA , page 1062 of the Chronicle
