Raung
| Raung | ||
|---|---|---|
 Aerial photo of the summit region in September 2005 |
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| height | 3332 m | |
| location | Java Island , Indonesia | |
| Coordinates | 8 ° 7 '10 " S , 114 ° 3' 16" E | |
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| Type | Stratovolcano | |
| Last eruption | 2015 | |
| First ascent | 1844 | |
 Infrared satellite image May 1992 |
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The Gunung Raung is a 3332 m high active stratovolcano in the eastern Indonesian island of Java , in the province of East Java .
geography
The 3332 m high Gunung Raung rises in the southwest of the Ijen Caldera , outside the caldera rim, but connected to it by the 2950 m high older, extinct Gunung Suket . This huge stratovolcano has a very wide crater with inner walls falling almost vertically. At the upper edge, this crater measures 2280 m × 1,760 m, in the ground up to 600 meters below it is still 2170 m × 1700 m. It is a typical collapse crater, formed after a catastrophic eruption in a similar way to the crater of the Tambora volcano on Sumbawa . The relatively unweathered edges despite their loose material are signs that this eruption took place in historical times. The layers in the crater walls that were exposed during the collapse show that andesitic and basaltic lavas were involved in the structure of the volcano.
On the north-western slope of the Raung there are three older crater walls, which are only preserved in horseshoe-shaped remains. Directly at the Raung crater is the Gunung Wates , the diameter of which is about 3 km and the eastern edge of which runs over the highest point of the Raung. Further below is the almost equally large, 2390 m high edge of the Gunung Gadung . The center of the Gadung crater was broken through in prehistoric times by a secondary volcano, the 2352 m high Gunung Payungan , which towers over its surroundings by more than 200 m. This breakthrough triggered a huge avalanche of debris that flowed 60 km down almost to the Indian Ocean , which resulted in numerous small hills at the western foot of the Raung far into the foreland. The third crater wall, further down the slope at a greater distance, is the 1057 m high Gunung Lemongan .
Eruption story
For centuries the Raung has been considered one of the most active volcanoes in Java. In 1586 and 1597, massive explosive eruptions caused devastating destruction with numerous deaths. It is not known whether these disasters caused the collapse crater. Since 1597, according to oral and written reports, around 60 eruptions have been recorded. Lahars, most of which flowed to the southeast, killed thousands of people in 1638 and 1730. More lahars streamed down the mountain in 1817 and 1838. The cause of these mud flows was torrential rain from ash clouds; ejecting a crater lake is out of the question in view of the size and depth of the crater. Smaller eruptions took place in the years 1787 to 1808, 1815 to 1816, 1864, 1880 and 1896 to 1897. In May 1913, a new cone, 91 meters high and 350 m wide at the base, formed on the floor of the crater within three weeks, from whose horseshoe-shaped crater, which opened to the northwest, the northern part of the crater floor was flooded with lava in April 1924. From June 12th to 17th, 2008, an ash cloud rose 4.5 kilometers into the sky.
The last major outbreak began in June 2015. On July 9, the international airport in Bali was closed, followed by four more, including on the island of Lombok. The authorities ordered a 3-kilometer-wide prohibited zone around the volcano. On July 10, a 3.8 kilometer high ash column rose.
During the breaks, steam escapes testify to the continuous activity of the Raung. The fumarole activity is mainly limited to the edge of the crater floor; a direct result of the depression that created the huge crater.
Ascent
After the NJM tavern two paths lead up to the crater. The most common is the ascent from Sumberwringin in a south-easterly direction towards the northern rim of the crater. Walking on the crater rim is difficult because of its jagged edges and notches and dangerous because of the loose and partially overhanging material; the highest point on the opposite southeastern rim of the crater can therefore only be reached with difficulty from here. The second path follows the left bank of Kali Setail and heads north to the eastern edge of the crater. The tree line is in the northwest at 2850 m , in the south at 2800 m ; the summit region above is completely bare. In numerous places, parts of the crater rim have loosened and when falling into the crater, they left stripe-shaped tracks and debris cones. As a result of such collapses, the foot of the crater wall has been given a gentler incline, with which it merges into the level crater floor, while the upper two thirds drop almost vertically.
The first European to climb the Raung was the Dutch controller of Bondowoso , Charles Bosch , in July 1844 . Three months later, on October 12, 1844, Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn climbed the volcano with Bosch.
See also
literature
- Franz Junghuhn: Java its shape, plant cover and internal construction. Leipzig, Arnoldische Buchhandlung, 1857. Volume 2, pp. 624–641 (called “Raon” by Junghuhn).
- Emil Stöhr: The province of Banjuwangi in East Java with the volcanic group Idjen-Raun. Travel sketches. Frankfurt a. M., Christian Winter, 1874. In: Treatises of the Senckenberg'schen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Volume IX.
- NJM tavern: Vulkaanstudiën op Java . Volcanological Mededeelingen No. 7. Publisher: Dienst van den Mijnbouw in Nederlandsch-Indië. 'S-Gravenhage, Algemeene Landsdrukkerij, 1926. pp. 56-60.
- M. Neumann van Padang: Catalog of the active volcanoes of Indonesia. ( Catalog of the active volcanoes of the World including solfatara fields. Part I ). International Volcanical Association, Napoli 1951. pp. 153-156.
Web links
- Raung in the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Raung on Peakbagger.com (English)
- ↑ http://orf.at/stories/2288574/2288575/ Thousands of tourists stranded in Bali, around 250 flights canceled, ORF.at July 10, 2015.