Lobstery

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Lobstery
Japanese lobster (Metanephrops japonicus)

Japanese lobster ( Metanephrops japonicus )

Systematics
Sub-stem : Crustaceans (Crustacea)
Class : Higher crabs (Malacostraca)
Order : Decapods (decapoda)
Subordination : Pleocyemata
Partial order : Large crayfish (Astacidea)
Family : Lobstery
Scientific name
Nephropidae
Dana , 1852

The lobster-like (Nephropidae) are a family from the order of the decapods (Decapoda). All lobster-like species live marine , are part of the benthos , spread worldwide and can be found both in the shelf and in the deep sea. The best-known representatives of these 56 species comprehensive cancer family are probably the lobster and the lobster . A common feature are the scissors on the first three pairs of legs, of which the foremost is greatly enlarged. The abdomen and the scissors are considered a delicacy, which is why some species are fished. Fossil lobster species have been known since the Upper Jurassic .

features

Norway lobster
European lobster

As with all decapods, the body of the lobster-like is divided into the cephalothorax and abdomen , with the body being elongated in contrast to the crabs . Lobster-like consist of a total of 20 segments ( somites ), each with a pair of limbs.

The cephalothorax is covered by the so-called carapace which ends in a rostrum towards the front and laterally covers both the attachments of the limbs and the breathing chambers with the gills. The occurrence, the type and shape of tips, thorns, ridges or depressions on the carapace or the rostrum is an important distinguishing feature of the lobster-like species.

Eyes are present, pigmented, and mobile, but can also be small, immobile, and non-pigmented in some deep-sea species. All lobsters have two pairs of antennae that serve as sense organs. The first pair is bipartite and shorter than the second antennae, which are sometimes longer than the body. In contrast to the first pair, the second pair can be divided into endo- and exopodite and then has a so-called scaphocerite.

On the last three segments of the head and the first three of the thorax are the mouth limbs, with which the food can be chopped up and ingested. The limbs are front to back: one pair of mandibles , two pairs of maxillae, and three maxillipedes on the thoracic segments . The striding legs are located on the fourth to eighth segments of the thorax . The first three pairs of legs are equipped with scissors , of which the first pair of striding legs carries the large, striking pair of scissors. These can either have the same shape or, as in the case of Dinochelus ausubeli , have a very different appearance. The claws can be completely smooth ( lobster genus ) or hairy (e.g. Nephropsis ) and have innumerable thorns. The fourth and fifth pair of striding legs always have no scissors.

The six segments of the abdomen are not immovably connected like those of the cephalothorax , so that each individual thus has its own armor. This armoring ends laterally in the so-called pleura , which covers the limbs of the abdomen, the swimming legs , at the base. The pleura may or may not overlap one another and are of taxonomic interest because of their different shape. The first two swimming legs are part of the reproductive organs. The first pair of males is hardened, while that of the females is bipartite and mobile. On the second pair of swimming legs of the males there is a so-called appendix masculina. In both sexes, the so-called internal appendices can occur or be absent.

The sixth abdominal segment, i.e. the 20th body segment, carries the uropods . These form the tail fan with the caudally located telson . The uropods are always fully developed and can be differentiated into morphologically identical endo- and exopodites. Diaeresis, a transverse depression, may occur or be absent on the exopods.

distribution and habitat

The species of the lobster-like are probably widespread in every ocean worldwide except for the polar seas. Depending on the species, they either live a few meters below sea level on the continental shelf or in the deep sea , in the case of Thymopsis nilenta , at a depth of up to 3000 m.

Due to the great depths of the habitats and for some species due to the lack of interest in fishing, the habitat of many lobster species is not known in detail. Presumably all lobster-like solitary animals and creatures of the benthos who either look for a kind of shelter like the American lobster or dig a small cave themselves like Acanthacaris . If lobster species live in the epipelagic, i.e. when the daily cycle can still be determined, they are more active at night.

use

Some species of lobstery are of interest for fishing . In 2010 around 190,000 tons of lobster species were caught worldwide. Of this total, 115,651 t to the American lobster and 66,544 t to the lobster . In addition, Metanephrops mozambicus , Metanephrops challengeri , European lobster and rarely Thymops birsteini and Japanese lobster are fished. Lobsters are caught either with traps or by trawlers with bottom trawls.

Systematics

External system

The lobster-like are large crabs and the only recent family of the Nephropoidea. They differ from other families of large crustaceans in that they have a fixed connection between the fourth and fifth segments of the thorax, which in other families is mobile.

Within the large crabs, the reef lobsters are the closest relatives of the lobster-like. These two families are the only remaining large marine crabs. In addition to the difference mentioned, they also differ in the small claws on pairs of striding legs two and three that are missing in reef lobsters.

Internal system

The lobster-like family includes the genera Thaumastocheles and Thaumastochelopsis , which were formerly part of the Thaumastochelidae Bate family . Both morphological and molecular studies support or contradict this classification, but always confirm the monophyly of the Thaumastochelidae.

Traditionally, the lobster-like were subdivided into the subfamilies Neophoberinae Glaessner, 1969 , Thymopinae Holthuis, 1974 and Nephropinae Dana, 1852 . However, this subdivision is not supported by molecular genetic studies, which is why it is considered out of date.

The genus Acanthacaris appears to be a basal taxon within the lobster-like. The species of Homarus and Homarinus as well as of Nephrops and Metanephrops , although they once belonged to the same genus, are not sister groups (see cladogram).

Phylogeny of the genera according to Tshudy et al. 2009

 Reef Lobster  ( Enoplometopus )


  Lobstery  




Dinochelus


   

Thaumastocheles


   

Thaumastochelopsis




   

Lobster ( Homarus )


   

Norway lobster ( Nephrops )




   



Eunephrops


   

Nephropides



   

Thymopides


   

Homarinus


   

Thymops





   

Metanephrops


   

Nephropsis





   

Acanthacaris



Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style
Dinochelus according to Ahyong et al. 2010 added; Genus Thymopsis is absent.

The lobster-like include currently 14 genera with about 56 species:

In addition, the lobster-like include six extinct, thus only known fossil genera:

literature

  • Helmut Debelius : Cancer Guide: shrimp, crab, crayfish, lobster, mantis shrimp, worldwide; over 1000 photos from the natural habitat of the crustaceans. Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-86132-504-7 .
  • H. Füller, H.-E. Gruner, G. Hartwich, R. Kilias, M. Moritz: Urania Tierreich, Invertebrates 2 (Annelida to Chaetognatha). Urania-Verlag, ISBN 3-332-00502-2 .
  • Lipke B. Holthuis : Marine Lobsters of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalog of Species of Interest to Fisheries Known to Date . Ed .: Food and Agriculture Organization (=  FAO Fisheries Synopsis . Volume 125 ). Rome 1991, ISBN 978-92-5103027-1 ( fao.org ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Lipke B. Holthuis: Marine Lobsters of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalog of Species of Interest to Fisheries Known to Date . Ed .: Food and Agriculture Organization (=  FAO Fisheries Synopsis . Volume 125 ). Rome 1991, ISBN 978-92-5103027-1 ( fao.org ).
  2. ^ A b c d e Lipke B. Holthuis: The Lobsters of the Superfamily Nephropidea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean (Crustacea: Decapoda) . In: Bulletin of Marine Science . tape 24 , no. 4 , 1974, p. 723-884 ( decapoda.nhm.org [PDF; 16.0 MB ; accessed on June 30, 2012]).
  3. ↑ Thymopsis nilenta in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Wahle, R., 2011. Accessed June 30, 2012th
  4. ↑ FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: FAO yearbook. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. 2010. 2012, B-43 Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters, pp. 339 ff . ( fao.org [PDF; 50 kB ]).
  5. ↑ Species Fact Sheets Homarus americanus. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed July 24, 2012 .
  6. ↑ Species Fact Sheets Nephrops norvegicus. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed July 24, 2012 .
  7. ↑ a b c Sammy De Grave, N. Dean Pentcheff, Shane T. Ahyong et al .: A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans . In: Raffles Bulletin of Zoology . Suppl. 21. 2009, p. 1–109 ( rmbr.nus.edu.sg [PDF; 7,8 MB ]).
  8. ↑ Dale Tshudy, Loren E. Babcock: Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of the clawed lobsters (family Nephropidae and the new family Chilenophoberidae) . In: Journal of Crustacean Biology . tape 17 , no. 2 , 1997, p. 253-263 .
  9. ↑ Shane T. Ahyong, Denis O'Meally: Phylogeny of the Decapoda Reptantia: resolution using three molecular loci and morphology . In: The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology . tape 52 , no. 2 , 2004, p. 673–693 ( rmbr.nus.edu.sg [PDF; 270 kB ; accessed on July 21, 2012]).
  10. ↑ Michèle de Saint Laurent: Enoplometopoidea, nouvelle superfamille de Crustacés Décapodes Astacidea . In: Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, série III . tape 307 , no. 2 , 1988, p. 59–62 ( decapoda.nhm.org [PDF; 310 kB ; accessed on July 23, 2012]).
  11. ↑ a b c d Dale Tshudy, Rafael Robles, Tin-Yam Chan, Ka Chai Ho, Ka Hou Chu, Shane T. Ahyong, Darryl L. Felder: Phylogeny of marine clawed lobster families Nephropidae Dana, 1852, and Thaumastochelidae Bate, 1888 , based on mitochondrial genes . In: Joel W. Martin, Keith A. Crandall, Darryl L. Felder (Eds.): Decapod Crustacean Phylogenetics . CRC Press, 2009, ISBN 1-4200-9258-8 , pp. 357-368 ( decapoda.nhm.org [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on June 24, 2012]).
  12. ↑ Shane T. Ahyong, Tin-Yam Chan, Philippe Bouchet: Mighty claws: a new genus and species of lobster from the Philippine deep sea (Crustacea, Decapoda, Nephropidae) . In: Zoosystema . tape 33 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 525-535 , doi : 10.5252 / z2010n3a11 .
  13. ↑ Tin-Yam Chan: Annotated checklist of the world's marine lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidea, Glypheidea, Achelata, Polychelida) . In: The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology . Suppl. 23, 2010, p. 153–181 ( rmbr.nus.edu.sg [PDF; 1.7 MB ]).
  14. ↑ a b S.-C. Chang, T.-Y. Chan, ST Ahyong: Two new species of the rare lobster genus Thaumastocheles Wood-Mason, 1874 (Reptantia: Nephropidae) discovered from recent deep-sea expeditions in the Indo-West Pacific. In: Journal of Crustacean Biology . tape 34 , no. 1 , 2014, p. 107-122 , doi : 10.1163 / 1937240X-00002201 .
  15. ^ ST Ahyong, WR Webber, T.-Y. Chan: Thymops takedai, a new species of deepwater lobster from the Southwest Atlantic Ocean with additional records of 'thymopine' lobsters (Decapoda, Nephropidae) . In: H. Komatsu, J. Okuno, K. Fukuoka (eds.): Studies on Eumalacostraca: a homage to Masatsune Takeda . Brill, 2012, p. 49–61 , doi : 10.1163 / 9789004202894_004 ( full text in the Google book search).

Web links

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