Surabaya

Kota Surabaya Surabaya
Surabaya
Coordinates	7 ° 16 ′  S , 112 ° 45 ′  E Coordinates: 7 ° 16 ′  S , 112 ° 45 ′  E
Symbols
coat of arms
Basic data
Country	Indonesia
Geographical unit	Java
province	Java Timur
height	5 m
surface	374.8 km²
Metropolitan area	1,805.1 km²
Residents	3,094,732
Metropolitan area	5,622,259
density	8,257.5  Ew. / km²
Metropolitan area	3,114.7  Ew. / km²
founding	1293
Post Code	60111 (Sukolilo) - 60299 (Tenggilis Mejoyo)
Telephone code	(+62) 31
Website	www.surabaya.go.id
politics
mayor	Tri Rismaharini
Others
License Plate	L.
Montage of Surabaya

Surabaya ( Javanese : ꦯꦸꦫꦧꦪ) is the capital of the Jawa Timur Province ( Eastern Java) in Indonesia . It is located on the northeast tip of the Indonesian main island of Java , at the mouth of the Mas River .

After Jakarta , Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia. The port city has large shipyards and numerous specialized schools in the field of nautical training. It is also the base of the Indonesian Navy. The main export products are sugar , tobacco and coffee . In this large and dynamic city, many different ethnic groups determine the picture of everyday life. Although the Javanese are predominant, Surabaya is home to many Maduras , Tionghoa Chinese and Arabs. Surabaya has had a Jewish community since the early 20th century, which operated the only synagogue in Indonesia until it was demolished in 2013.

history

Surabayas town plan from 1897

Although it is the second largest city in Indonesia (around 3 million inhabitants), historically much is still in the dark. In 1975 the then mayor of the city, Suparno, set May 31, 1293 as the official founding day of the city, which has been celebrated regularly since then.

At the beginning of the 10th century, the king of Mataram moved his residence from central Java to the Brantas delta and thus to the area around today's Surabaya. The reason for this move was the eruption of the Merapi in 928/29, the increasing importance of sea trade in the region. In the first quarter of the 11th century, King Airlangga was still able to successfully repel the increasingly dominant Srivijaya . In 1045 he divided the empire among his sons. Almost a century later, the two halves united under the ruler Jayabaya to form the kingdom of Kediri . This was defeated by the ruler of Tumapel, Ken Angrok , in 1222 and was absorbed into the new Kingdom of Singhasari , with the capital being positioned near present-day Malang . After Raden Wijaya had repulsed the Kublai Khan's invasion of Java in 1292 , he founded the settlement Majapahit south of the Brantas Delta and Surabaya , from which the thalassocracy of the same name emerged .

Reliable historiography for Surabaya has only existed since the Dutch East India Company (VOC) came to power. This came about on November 11, 1743 through a contract between the Sultan of Mataram , Paku Buwono II, and the VOC. Up until 1900 the development of Surabaya was very slow. The Dutch showed little interest in developing the city. So Surabaya only had the rank of a residential city. The government building, the residence, was on the west side of the famous "Red Bridge" ( Jembatan Merah ). This bridge divided the western (European) population of Surabaya (Dutch: Europeesche Wijk ) from the Malays, Chinese and Arabs (Dutch: Vremde Oosterlingen ), who had to live on the east side of the bridge. Actually, what was then the city center of Surabaya was limited to the area around the “Red Bridge”.

Surabaya in 1930

When the city was declared a municipality (Dutch: Gemeente ) in 1905 , it slowly began to develop towards the south. In the relatively short time until 1920, the districts of Darmo, Gubeng, Sawahan and Ketabang emerged. After Surabaya became the capital of East Java Province in 1926, the city developed into a modern metropolis.

From 1942 to 1945 Surabaya was under Japanese rule. During these three years of occupation, the city's development came to a complete standstill.

In 1945 Surabaya was nicknamed "Hero City". This is a recognition of the heroic and tenacious struggle of the inhabitants of this city against three occupying powers (Dutch, Japanese and English). This struggle cost countless victims, but ultimately led to the liberation of Indonesia from centuries of foreign rule. The Indonesian national flag was hoisted for the first time in 1945 in the then Oranje Hotel (today: Hotel Majapahit ). A little later, on August 17, 1945, all of Indonesia declared its independence.

In 1950, Surabaya became a major city and has continued to develop since then.

geography

climate

Surabaya is located in the tropical climate zone. The annual average temperature is 27 ° C, the annual rainfall is 1,284 millimeters on average.

October and November are considered to be particularly warm months in which the thermometer can exceed 36 ° C. Due to the high relative humidity throughout the year (always over 70% relative humidity), the subjective perception of the weather can be even hotter. The average daily highs for the rest of the year are between 30 ° C and 34 ° C. The night-time minimum temperatures are between 23 ° C in July and August and 26 ° C in October and November.

The main rainy season is from December to March. Most of the precipitation falls in the period from January to March, each over 200 millimeters. During this time there is also the greatest sultriness . The least rain is recorded in September, when it sometimes doesn't rain at all. In any case, the period from July to October is the time with very little rainfall.

The monsoons shape the climate; During the northern summer (May – September), the southeast monsoon determines the weather in Southeast Asia and thus also in Surabaya. This southeast monsoon is hot in the Surabaya area, but relatively dry. In the Northern European winter, on the other hand, the northwest monsoon influences the climate in Surabaya, which brings a lot of rain with minimally lower temperatures.

Between the north-west and south-east monsoons is the intermonsoon period in March and April, i.e. the "change" of the monsoons.

Surabaya
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     327   32 24     275   32 24     283   32 24     181   31 25th     159   32 24     101   31 24     22nd   31 23     15th   30th 23     17th   33 23     47   33 24     105   33 24     219   32 24 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: WMO

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Surabaya Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 31.8 31.5 31.6 31.4 31.6 31.2 31.3 30.1 32.7 33.4 33.1 31.9 O 31.8 Min. Temperature (° C) 24.1 24.2 24.0 24.8 24.1 23.5 23.0 22.5 22.9 23.7 24.1 23.8 O 23.7 Precipitation ( mm ) 327 275 283 181 159 101 22nd 15th 17th 47 105 219 Σ 1,751 Rainy days ( d ) 17th 18th 19th 15th 13 11 7th 3 4th 5 12 23 Σ 147 Source: WMO

City structure

The city of Surabaya has five districts with 31 Kecamatan (sub-districts) and 160 Kelurahan .

Kecamatan Sub- District	district	location	Kelurahan parishes	Area [km²]	Population (2010)	Inhabitants / km² (2010)
Asemrowo	Surabaya Barat		5	15.44	42,704	2,766
Benowo	Surabaya Barat		5	23.73	54,133	2,281
Bubutane	Surabaya Pusat		5	3.86	84,465	21,882
Bulak	Surabaya Utara		5	6.72	37.214	5,538
Dukuh Pakis	Surabaya Selatan		4th	9.94	64,249	6,464
Gayungan	Surabaya Selatan		4th	6.07	42,717	7,037
Genteng	Surabaya Pusat		5	4.04	46,548	11,493
Gubeng	Surabaya Timur		6th	7.99	128.127	16,036
Gunung Anyar	Surabaya Timur		4th	9.71	62.120	6,398
Jambangan	Surabaya Selatan		4th	4.19	46,430	11,081
Karangpilang	Surabaya Selatan		4th	9.23	72,469	7,851
Kenjeran	Surabaya Utara		4th	7.70	163,438	21,034
Krembangan	Surabaya Utara		5	8.34	106,664	12,789
Lakarsantri	Surabaya Barat		6th	18.99	51.195	2,696
Mulyorejo	Surabaya Timur		6th	14.21	94,728	6,666
Pabean Cantican	Surabaya Utara		5	6.80	69,423	10,209
Pakal	Surabaya Barat		5	22.07	47,404	2.148
Rungkut	Surabaya Timur		6th	21.08	121.084	5,744
Sambikerep	Surabaya Barat		4th	23.68	61.101	2,580
Sawahan	Surabaya Selatan		6th	6.93	170.605	24,618
Semampire	Surabaya Utara		5	8.76	151.429	17,286
Simokerto	Surabaya Pusat		5	2.59	79,319	30,625
Sukolilo	Surabaya Timur		7th	23.69	119,873	5,062
Sukomanunggal	Surabaya Barat		6th	9.23	100,612	10,901
Tambaksari	Surabaya Timur		8th	8.99	204,805	22,781
Tandes	Surabaya Barat		6th	11.07	103.084	9,312
Tegalsari	Surabaya Pusat		5	4.29	85,606	19,955
Tenggilis Mejoyo	Surabaya Timur		5	5.52	72,467	13,128
Wiyung	Surabaya Selatan		4th	12.46	67,987	5,456
Wonocolo	Surabaya Selatan		5	6.78	80.276	11,858
Wonokromo	Surabaya Selatan		6th	8.47	133.211	15,727
Kota Surabaya			160	332.57	2,765,487	8,462

politics

coat of arms

The coat of arms is decorated with a shark and a crocodile, which snake around the hero monument of Surabaya . These animals go back to a prediction by the Jawan king Jayabaya, who saw a fight between a giant great white shark and a crocodile in his visions.

Town twinning

Surabaya lists eleven community partnerships:

city	country	since
Busan	South Korea	1994
Guangzhou	People's Republic of China	2005
Jiangmen	People's Republic of China	2012
Kitakyushu	Japan	2012
Kochi	Japan	1997
Marseille	France	2007
Monterrey	Mexico	2001
Seattle	Washington, United States	1992
Shah Alam	Malaysia	2009
Varna	Bulgaria	2010
Xiamen	People's Republic of China	2006

Culture and economy

Attractions

• Balai Kota (City Hall).
  

  Building complex on the campus of the Universitas Kristen Petra
• Balai Pemuda (hall of youth, exhibition area and many interesting events).
• Jembatan Merah (Red Bridge).
• Hotel Majapahit (A historic hotel from colonial times).
• House of Sampoerna (a former cigarette factory that is now a museum)
• Monumen kapal selam "Monkasel" (decommissioned submarine and monument of the resistance).
• Pantai Kenjeran "Pantai Ria" (Surabaya Beach Promenade).
• Kebun Binatang " Bonbin Surabaya " (animal park). The zoo has been criticized for many years because of its housing conditions.
• Jembatan Suramadu (The Surabaya - Madura Bridge).
• Masjid Agung Al-Akbar, the great mosque of Surabaya.
• Tugu Pahlawan (A victory column in honor of the heroes in the Indonesian War of Independence ).

Universities

• Technological Institute November 10th (ITS, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember)
• Airlangga University (Unair)
• State University of Surabaya (UNESA, Universitas Negeri Surabaya)
• Islamic State University Sunan Ampel (IAIN, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel)
• Surabaya University (Ubaya)
• Bhayangkara University (Ubhara)
• Hang Tuah University (UHT)
• August 17, 1945 University (UNTAG)
• Catholic Widya Mandala University (UKWM)
• Technological Institute Adhi Tama (ITATS, Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya)
• University of Technology (STTS, Sekolah Tinggih Teknik Surabaya)
• School of Economics (STIESIA, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Indonesia)
• University of Information Management & Computer Technology (STIKOM, Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Informatika & Teknik Komputer)
• Christian Petrus University (Universitas Kristen Petra)

Sports clubs

• Persebaya Surabaya (soccer)
• Wismilak Cycling (cycling)
• CLS Knights Indonesia (basketball)
• Pacific Caesar Surabaya (basketball)
• Louvre Surabaya (basketball)

Others

• The city is only separated from Madura Island by a narrow waterway . The city's ethnic mix consists of Indonesian Chinese, Javanese, Madurese, Indonesians of Arab origin and Indonesians from other islands. The Javanese spoken in Surabaya is considered by other Javanese (the largest ethnic group in Indonesia) to be particularly "kasar", i. H. gross, felt.
• Until 2013, Surabaya was the location of the only synagogue in Indonesia. The Grand Dafam Hotel now stands on the former site.
• In Surabaya lies the grave of Sunan Ampel, one of the Islamic missionaries in Java.
• Wieteke van Dort, who is very popular in the Netherlands, was born in Surabaya in 1943 - at a time when the former colony of the Dutch East Indies was under Japanese occupation - and lived there until she emigrated to the Netherlands at the age of 14 .
• The name Surabaya appears in the piece Happy End (piece with music) by Elisabeth Hauptmann (songs: Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht ) in the song "Surabaya-Johnny".
• Tanjung Perak, the port of Surabaya, is the second most important in Indonesia after Tanjung Priok ( Jakarta ).
• Surabaya appears in the piece of music "Red Moon from Surabaya" by the Nockalm Quintet , as well as in "On the White Beach of Soerabaya" by Lolita .
• The two largest malls in Indonesia are both in Surabaya, Pakuwon Mall and Tunjungan Plaza .

Personalities

→ Main article: List of personalities of the city of Surabaya

literature

• HW Dick: Surabaya: City of Work - A Socioeconomic History, 1900-2000 . Ohio University Press, Athens OH 2002, ISBN 978-0-89680-221-6
• R. Peters: Surabaya, 1945-2010. Neighborhood, State and Economy in Indonesia's City of Struggle . NUS Press, Singapore, 2013, ISBN 978-0-824838645 .

Web links

Commons : Surabaya  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Official website
• Surabaya Dalam Angka (SDA) Tahun 2011 on the official website of the city of Surabaya (Indonesian, English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Kota Surabaya Dalam Angka 2019. Badan Pusat Statistics Kota Surabaya, August 16, 2019, accessed on May 25, 2020 (English). 
2. ^ Colin Brown: A short history of Indonesia: The Unlikely Nation? . Talisman Publishers, Singapore 2011, ISBN 978-981-08-8507-6 , pp. 22-26
3. ↑ ILPPD Tahun Anggaran 2013 - Surabaya. (PDF) Retrieved May 17, 2016 . 
4. ^ Sister Cities. Kōchi, December 23, 2008, accessed July 16, 2011 . 
5. ^ The Jakarta Post: Surabaya '???? s only synagogue torn down. Retrieved May 12, 2020 (English). 
6. ↑ The Jakarta Post: Here are the five-biggest shopping malls in Indonesia. Retrieved on August 4, 2020 .