Military doctrine

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In many countries, a military doctrine is the name given to a high-ranking military guideline in security policy . It represents a system of the views of principle officially accepted and binding in a state (a military coalition) for a certain period, which describe the character of possible armed conflicts as well as the preparation and implementation of the armed external protection of the community.

In the military doctrine, the fundamental goals of military policy and military-economic security are formulated on the basis of the analysis of the military dangers and threats to the state (for the interests of the allies) . It covers the elements of national and alliance defense from a socio-political as well as from a military-technical perspective.

The basic elements of the military doctrine can be determined by the relevant state authorities for a certain period , depending on the form of government . In individual states, the military doctrine is constitutionally and legislatively binding for the preparation of the armed forces and other organs of national defense , the population and the entire country for armed conflicts.

Change of terms and demarcation

The term doctrine in the meaning of 'doctrine' was borrowed before the 16th century from the Latin doctrina = [the] instruction, teaching, teaching (to docere - doctum 'teaching, teaching'). The adjective doctrinal can, semantically derogatory, express the rigid adherence to a doctrine.

The doctrine denotes a system of views and statements; often with the claim to have general validity.

In his religious-philosophical treatise The Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason , Immanuel Kant formulated his transition from criticism to doctrine in 1793.

In political parlance, the doctrine is understood as the government's political guideline . It is explained unilaterally by the latter and does not constitute a document under international law. Examples are the foreign policy doctrines of the US presidents and the state doctrines in the former real socialist states, which were developed on the ideological basis of Marxism-Leninism .

A doctrine on the basic questions of state military policy is often called military doctrine . The term is one of the standard terms in the military policy of the (former) Soviet Union and the Russian Federation . Until the beginning of the 1980s "a system of fundamental views on questions of war preparation and warfare of the respective state (coalition) for a certain period (a period)" was defined.

It contains statements that apply to the armed forces of a country as a whole and / or to a certain number or individual branches of the armed forces . In addition, it can have an impact in the allied countries.

Therefore, a military doctrine usually acts as a constituent document. Working out the details for the implementation in (military) political practice is usually the responsibility of successor documents or the competence of the organs of state power.

The NATO defined military doctrine than those "basic principles that guide the actions of the armed forces to achieve their goals. [Despite their authoritative character] they require a [thoughtful] application ”.

Military doctrines have been and will be adapted in the course of historical development through changes in the military system and warfare as well as in the (military) political situation.

Typical content of military doctrines

In general, military doctrines deal with some fundamental questions about the military policy of a state (alliance of states). Practice-oriented solutions then result from a wealth of sub-documents and follow-up documents.

Typical elements in a military doctrine include:

  • General provisions: definitions, legal bases, responsibilities, scope;
  • Judgment on the military dangers and military threats;
  • Goals of national military policy (defense policy) and armed forces commission;
  • Tasks to deter and prevent military conflicts;
  • Tasks of the national armed forces as well as the armed forces in peacetime and in the period of imminent aggression;
  • Use of the armed forces to ward off aggression;
  • Development of the state's military organization (the military alliance);
  • Equipping the armed forces with weapons, military and special technology;
  • Securing the armed forces with material means;
  • Military economic development directions;
  • Tasks of military-political and military-technical cooperation (national, international);
  • General implementing provisions.

Examples of security policy documents

Security Policy Documents in the USA

Security documents in Russia

National Security Strategy

In the Russian Federation (RF) a large number of concepts for foreign and security policy have been developed since the early 1990s, which have been publicly discussed in the scientific and political specialist bodies as well as in the press. A state strategic concept that brought together the security policy areas was probably not created in Russia until 1996/97.

Since December 2015, the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation has also incorporated the more precise military doctrinal guidelines (from December 2014). The German-language media essentially only adopted the abridged statement by a British news agency that Russia allegedly names the USA, NATO and the EU as a threat in the new strategic document. The Strategy-2015 does not cite any countries in itself as an enemy or threat to Russia. However, new threats to national security are derived from the actions of non-state and state actors.

In addition, three documents Conception of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation were published, first in June 2000, then in July 2008 and most recently in December 2016.

Military doctrines in Russia

In the field of military policy , the following official documents have been issued:

  • the principles of military doctrine (Nov. 1993) and
  • the military doctrine of the Russian Federation in three versions: the draft from October 1999, the military doctrine with decree of April 2000 and another from February 2010 as well

  • Marine Doctrine of the RF, Issue 51.7, Drsd. 2002, DSS working papers.

  • Military Doctrine of the RF, Issue 113, Drsd. 2015, DSS working papers.

  • RF 2020 Doctrine on Nuclear Deterrence Discussion Papers June.

  • the Naval Doctrine of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 from July 27, 2001 and
  • the military doctrine of the Russian Federation. More precise editing December 2014 .
  • the Core Document on Russia's Nuclear Deterrence Policy (June 2020) . This strategic planning document always supplemented the currently applicable military doctrine of the RF; however, it is currently being published for the first time. The identical text passages from the “Military Doctrine of the RF, Precise Version” (December 2014) refer to the context.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See definition of military doctrine. In: Author collective of the military academy "Friedrich Engels" of the National People's Army a. a. (Ed.): Military Lexicon. 2nd Edition. Berlin 1973, p. 232 f.
  2. ↑ See Friedrich Kluge: Etymological Dictionary. 23rd, expanded edition. Berlin / New York 1999, p. 187.
  3. ↑ See Duden. The German spelling. 24th, completely revised and expanded edition. Volume 1, Mannheim 2006, ISBN 978-3-411-04014-8 , p. 327.
  4. ↑ See Definition of Terms Doctrine. In: Manfred G. Schmidt: Dictionary of politics. 3rd, revised and updated edition. Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-520-40403-9 , p. 193.
  5. ↑ See Definition of Terms Doctrine. In: Klaus Schubert, Martina Klein: Das Politiklexikon. Concepts, facts, connections. Federal Agency for Civic Education (Ed.), 5th, updated and expanded edition, Bonn 2011, ISBN 978-3-8389-0174-9 , p. 82.
  6. ↑ See definition of military doctrine (Russian Доктрина военная). In: Military Encyclopedic Dictionary. (Russian Военный Энциклопедический Словарь [Wojenny Enziklopeditscheskij Slowar]). Moscow 1986, p. 240.
  7. ↑ See definition doctrine of March 1, 1973. Quotation: “doctrine: Fundamental principles by which the military forces guide their actions in support of objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgment in application. 01 Mar 1973. " In: NATO GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS (ENGLISH AND FRENCH), p. 101. AAP-6 (2008) , ( Memento of the original from October 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Definition of March 1, 1973, pp. 2-D-9; Accessed October 18, 2019. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fas.org
  8. ↑ See National Security Concept of the Russian Federation. Translation from Russian by Peter Freitag and Harald Kießlich-Köcher. In: The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) e. V. (Ed.): DSS working papers, Dresden, Issue 39, Dresden 1998, pp. 15–44. urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-325358 [1]
  9. ↑ See National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation (2015). Confirmed by Decree No. 68 of the President of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2015. Translation from Russian by Rainer Böhme. In: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) i. L. (Ed.): DSS working papers, Dresden 2016, special edition June, 54 pp. Urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-78763 [2] Russ. Original from URL: kremlin.ru , accessed on August 15, 2019.
  10. ↑ The Kremlin (PDF), December 31, 2015.
  11. ↑ Putin names United States among threats in new Russian security strategy (English), Reuters on January 2, 2016.
  12. ↑ See National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation (2015), para. 15 ff. Urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-78763 [3]
  13. ^ Translation from Russian. In: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) e. V. (Ed.): DSS working papers, issue 51.6 / 2000 and issue 92/2008.
  14. ↑ Original (Russian) in: kremlin.ru , accessed on August 14, 2019.
  15. ↑ See Principles of Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation (illustration) . Translation a. d. Russian by Erich Hocke and Harald Kießlich-Köcher. In: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) e. V. (Ed.): DSS working papers, Dresden, issue 11.1 / 1994; 27 S. urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-350824 [4]
  16. ↑ See Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Translations from Russian by Rainer Böhme, Peter Freitag, Joachim Klopfer. In: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) e. V. (Ed.): DSS working papers, issue 51.4, Dresden 2000, 48 pp. Urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-351148 [5]
  17. ↑ See Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Translation from Russian by Rainer Böhme, Egbert Lemcke, Frank Preiß. In: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) e. V. (Ed.): DSS working papers, Issue 99, Dresden 2010, 44 pp. Urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-339726 [6]
  18. ↑ See Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation. More precise editing 12/2014. Translations from Russian by Rainer Böhme. In: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) e. V. (Ed.): DSS working papers, Issue 113, Dresden 2015, 42 pp. Urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-209286 [7]
  19. ↑ See full text of the document: Decree and Fundamentals ..., German translation from Russian by Rainer Böhme. In: Russia's Nuclear Deterrence Policy in the Early 2020s. DGKSP discussion papers, Dresden 2020, June, pp. 16–23. urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-710566 [8]