Military affairs
The military system ( Latin res militaris - the 'military thing'; French les affaires militaires , Russian военное дело [wojennoje djelo]) denotes the totality of the militarily organized, commanded, equipped and trained forces and the military-technical means as well as the scientific knowledge and theories for Perception and enforcement of the political interests of states (groups of states) or nations by military means, especially through armed violence.
The basic elements of the military appear in the military , including in the armed forces , and in the other organs of national defense of a state or a military coalition.
Concept history
Appearance of the term
The military system, formerly army system or army system , more anciently also called war system , arose with the transition from the (gentile) tribal society to the class society. Its current level of development depends on the level of the productive forces that affect the military as a whole through armament and equipment. The character of property relations and the character of politics determined by them have a significant influence on the military system.
In the literature, the term military was already used in the 4th / 5th centuries. Century found entrance. A paper by Flavius Vegetius Renatus used (383-450) in the work titles (Latin Epitoma res militaris ) this term, the first with war customer or military thing (military thing Russian военное дело [wojennoje Delo]) or later just with military affairs translated into German was .
On the transition of the 19th / 20th In the 19th century, it was understood to mean the entire complex of armed power of a state. As with Waldschütz (1910–1913), the military system included all topics relating to the armed units and soldiers themselves (the military , in particular general military knowledge ). In addition, there were consequently the legal framework ( military law , national and international martial law , military treaties and agreements) and military policy . The understanding was even extended to military science ; H. to everything that relates to the art and science of warfare and the craft of war (anciently: warfare in the proper sense) as well as to military traditions and customs.
Interpretations of the term
In the general understanding (in a broader sense), military affairs cover all questions of military theory and practice that deal with the structure, training and actions of the armed forces in peacetime and in armed conflicts (in war), but also with the preparation of the population related to a military conflict (war).
In a narrower sense, the term military is used to describe the specialist knowledge that soldiers and conscripts need to acquire in order to successfully fulfill their military duties.
In this duality z. B. under Militaria (Latin) both the entire literature on the military and only referred to a certain subject-specific historical collector's item.
A military trade journal in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was titled with military being (magazine for military policy) , which used the term in the broader sense in the monthly issues.
The scientific and technical innovations in the atomic and cyber age, which are sometimes referred to as a revolution in the military , lead to profound qualitative changes and quantitative expansions in the subject of the military. The military will continue to pick up more items.
See also
literature
- Otto Waldschütz: Introduction to the Army. Seidel, Vienna, 1910 ff. 1. Introduction a. general Outline , 2nd edition 1910; 2. Supplement u. Training d. War Power , 3rd edition 1914; 3. The Infantry , 2nd edition 1911; 4. The Cavalry , 2nd edition 1911; 5. The Artillery, 2nd edition 1913; 6. The weapons u. Munitionswesen , 2nd edition 1913; 7. The pioneer u. Sappers , 2nd edition 1913; 8. Das Verpflegwesen , 2nd edition 1912; 9. The medical and veterinary system , 1911; 10. The training system , 1911; 11. Transport , 1912; (Nachtr. 1, 1912-13; Nachtr. 2 1913)
Individual evidence
- ↑ For example Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus : Abriß des Militärwesens. German and Latin parallel text: Publii Flavii Vegetii Renati Epitoma rei militaris. With introduction, explanations and indices by Friedhelm L. Müller (Ed.), Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-515-07178-4 .
- ↑ a b See military affairs ( Russian военное дело ). In: Military Encyclopedic Dictionary . ( Russian Военный Энциклопедический Словарь [Wojenny Enziklopeditscheskij Slowar]). Moscow 1986, p. 139.
- ↑ See military affairs . In: Collective of the Military Academy of the National People's Army "Friedrich Engels" (Ed.): German Military Lexicon. Berlin 1961, p. 276.
- ↑ a b See military affairs . In: Author collective of the military academy "Friedrich Engels" of the National People's Army a. a. (Ed.): Military Lexicon. 2nd edition, Berlin 1973, p. 252 f.
- ↑ The restriction of the term army to the land forces is more recent.
- ↑ Otto Waldschütz: Introduction to the Army. Multi-volume work, Vienna 1910–1913.
- ↑ Cf. Duden: Military : “Totality of what is related to the military, its laws, customs, etc. related ".
- ↑ See Duden. The German spelling. 24th, completely revised and expanded edition, Volume 1, Mannheim 2006, ISBN 978-3-411-04014-8 , p. 689