Madrid conference

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The Madrid Peace Conference was an attempt by the international community to initiate a peace process for the Middle East conflict by bringing Israel , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan and the Palestinians to the negotiating table. It was held by the government of Spain with the participation of the United States and the Soviet Union . The conference began on October 30, 1991 and lasted three days.

In the immediate aftermath of the Gulf War of 1991, the American President George HW Bush and his Foreign Secretary James Baker formulated the framework conditions and, together with the Soviet Union, formulated a letter of invitation , and on October 30, 1991, sent it to Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and the Palestinians.

The Palestinian delegation was initially part of the joint Palestinian-Jordanian delegation due to objections from Israel and consisted of Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza Strip , with no open connection to the PLO . Saeb Erekat , Faisal Husseini , Hanan Aschrawi and Haidar Abdel Schafi were, however, constantly in contact with the PLO leadership in Tunis .

The purpose of the conference was that of an opening forum for the participants and the conference had no authority for decisions or rejection agreements. It marked the beginning of both bilateral and multilateral talks that also included the international community. The negotiators of Syria and Lebanon agreed on a common strategy.

The first public bilateral talks between Israel and its neighbors (except Egypt) aimed at peace treaties between the three Arab states and Israel, while the talks with the Palestinians were based on a two-phase negotiation form: first the negotiation of interim self-government agreements, followed by negotiations should follow over a permanent status. (The formula was essentially followed in the later Oslo Accords .) These negotiations began immediately after the conference in Madrid on November 3, 1991, and over a dozen rounds of talks in Washington, DC between December 9, 1991 and January 24 Continued in 1994.

The multilateral negotiations began in Moscow on January 28, 1992, and were broken down into five forums, each focusing on one major problem - water, the environment, gun control, refugees and economic development - and took place in various cities in the Middle East and Europe until November 1993 instead of. At first, Israel refused to take part in talks on refugees and economic developments because Palestinian representatives from outside the West Bank and Gaza were present. Syria and Lebanon refused to take part in the multilateral talks until there was any discernible progress at the bilateral level.

The formal multilateral talks, which had been frozen for several years, were resumed on January 31, 2000 by a meeting of the steering committee, which was followed by the meeting of the working groups .

The Israeli-Jordanian negotiations eventually resulted in the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty , which was signed in 1994, while the Israeli-Syrian talks only resulted in a series of negotiations that, while reportedly promising, did not result in a peace treaty.

The bilateral talks between Israel and the Palestinians were finally replaced by the initially secret negotiations that ultimately led to the exchange of letters of September 9-10, 1993 (see also Israel's right to exist ) and the signing of the Oslo Agreement on September 13th the White House lawn .

Israel cites a major success of the conference and the peace process that the number of states that have recognized Israel and that also maintain a certain degree of diplomatic relations has increased significantly, including the great powers China and India , but also in the Arab world , Oman , Qatar , Tunisia , Morocco and Mauritania , as well as a decrease in the Arab boycott and the establishment of economic relations with some of the Arab states.

Arab-Israeli Diplomacy and Peace Treaties

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