Andrzej Duda

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Andrzej Duda (2019)

Andrzej Sebastian Duda [andʐɛj sɛbastʲjãn duda] listen ? / i (born May 16, 1972 in Krakow ) is a Polish politician and President of the Republic of Poland since August 6, 2015 . The qualified administrative lawyer was a member of the Sejm from 2011 to 2014 and a member of the European Parliament from 2014 to 2015 , having previously worked for Jarosław and Lech Kaczyński . In May 2015, following his election as president, he resigned from the party for symbolic reasonsAudio file / audio sample Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS), but appears to her as programmatically loyal.

Family, education and work

Duda's ancestors come from the Beskids in southeastern Poland . One of his grandfathers fought as a cavalryman against the Soviet Union in 1920 and against Germany in 1939 , while a great-uncle was tortured to death by the Gestapo as a partisan in the Polish Home Army . His parents, Janina Milewska-Duda and Jan Tadeusz Duda, come from the Warsaw area and moved to Krakow, where both were professors at the Cracow University of Science and Technology and Andrzej Duda and his younger and adopted sister Dominika Duda were born and grew up there.

Duda was with the Boy Scouts from 1984 to 1990 and attended the humanistic branch of the Jan Sobieski Grammar School in Krakow from 1987 to 1991 . He then began studying at the Faculty of Law and Administration at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, where he obtained a master's degree in 1997 and was then a research assistant at the Department of Administrative Law. In 2005 he received his doctorate there under Jan Zimmermann with a thesis on legal protection interests in Polish administrative law, which was published in 2008, and then worked as a lecturer at the same university. In spring 2005, Duda also founded a law firm.

Since 1994 he has been married to the German teacher Agata Kornhauser-Duda , a daughter of the Krakow poet Julian Kornhauser . In 1995 their daughter Kinga was born. Until his election as head of state, they lived in Prądnik Biały, a large housing estate in northern Kraków. The weekly newspaper Do Rzeczy , which is close to the ruling party PiS , criticized the fact that Duda had engaged his daughter Kinga in the presidential office as an "advisor on social issues".

When Lech Kaczyński took office in the presidential office (2008)
With his sponsor Jarosław Kaczyński (2013)

Political career

Duda began his political career after the parliamentary elections in Poland in 2005 when he became legal advisor to the PiS faction in the Sejm . Around 2000 he was involved in the liberal Unia Wolności party . On August 1, 2006, Duda joined the cabinet of Jarosław Kaczyński as Deputy Minister of Justice , which he belonged to until a cabinet reshuffle in 2007. From November 2007 to 2011 he was a member of the Polish State Court elected by the Sejm . On January 16, 2008, he was appointed Undersecretary of State to the Presidential Chancellery and a close advisor to the then Polish President Lech Kaczyński , who died in a plane crash near Smolensk in 2010 .

In 2010 he was elected to the Council of the City of Krakow, where he chaired the PiS parliamentary group. In the parliamentary elections in Poland in 2011 , Duda was elected to the Sejm in Kraków's constituency 13 , where he was a PiS deputy and deputy chairman of the constitutional committee until he left in 2014. From November 27, 2013 to January 9, 2014, he served as party spokesman for the PiS and then organized the party's 2014 European election campaign . On May 25, 2014 he was elected to the European Parliament , of which he was a member from July 1, 2014 for the Group of European Conservatives and Reformers . There he was deputy chairman of the delegation in the Joint Parliamentary Assembly and a member of the Legal Committee . With twelve reports submitted, he took second place of all MEPs in the European Parliament and was therefore also named the best MEP. He resigned on May 25, 2015. For the Tagesspiegel , however, Duda was an inconspicuous backbencher. The social-liberal news magazine Polityka listed him as one of the best Sejm MPs of 2013.

2015 presidential candidacy

In the election campaign (2015)

On November 11, 2014, party chairman Jarosław Kaczyński proposed the hitherto largely unknown Duda as a candidate for the PiS in the 2015 presidential election in Poland . Many media had previously suspected that Kaczyński would run a second time even after 2010 . On December 6, 2014, the PiS party executive nominated him as a presidential candidate.

At the beginning of his election campaign in February 2015, Duda promised to take over from Lech Kaczyński's legacy and to work for social equality, specifically by lowering the retirement age and increasing the tax-free amount to at least 8,000 złoty. He urged that both projects, which are not the responsibility of the Polish President, be voted on in the Sejm before the parliamentary elections in the autumn . Socio-politically, Duda took a conservative position with the rejection of abortions and same-sex marriage . In terms of foreign policy, he took a more independent course vis-à-vis the large countries of the European Union , especially Germany, with moderate EU skepticism and rejection of the euro . Duda stylized himself as a friendly, open-minded and contemporary candidate who came into conversation with many citizens while traveling through the country and was perceived as a dynamic, approachable alternative.

In all polls, Duda was second behind incumbent Bronisław Komorowski , who ran for re-election. In the first round of the presidential election on May 10, he received 34.76 percent of the votes cast, surprisingly pushing Komorowski into second place with 33.77 percent. In the runoff election between the two first-placed winners on May 24, 2015, he prevailed with 51.55 percent of the vote against Komorowski with 48.45 percent and was thus elected President of the Republic. On May 26, 2015, he renounced his membership in the Law and Justice party in order to emphasize the non-partisan nature of the president's office: it was clear to him that “as president, he could in no way be partisan”.

Duda was sworn in as head of state on August 6, 2015.

Duda's electoral success can in part be attributed to the fact that young voters in particular, who until then had supported the liberal-conservative Platforma Obywatelska , mostly voted for him. In the eyes of some commentators, a role played by the fact that the career prospects and earning opportunities for young professionals in Poland, despite years of economic growth and falling unemployment, had not improved sufficiently in the long term in office of the Civic Platform, but remained precarious for many, while the political elite were aloof and perceived self-contained caste. While the incumbent Komorowski promised the continuation of this status quo with his election campaign tailored to "cohesion and security", Duda managed to present himself as the face of a younger generation instead of the ruling old fighters of the anti-communist resistance of the eighties, the one with the citizens would enter into a dialogue on an equal footing. The sociologist Krystyna Szafraniec suspects the gradual disappearance of left-liberal opinion leaders from the public debate as one of the reasons for the success of the conservative candidate. 54.9 percent of the voters who voted for the small coalition partner of the Civic Platform, the moderately conservative PSL , in the 2011 parliamentary election voted for Duda . The journalist Jan Cienski pointed out that, in addition to his youthful image, he also appealed to an awareness of tradition that seeks to revive the national significance of heroism, the rural life of the Kresy and the Catholic Church, which was believed to be lost. In addition to Lech Kaczyński, he cited the resistance fighters of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 and Pope John Paul II as role models .

President of Poland since 2015

Former President Bronisław Komorowski and his wife together with the new presidential couple (2015)
Andrzej Duda taking the oath in the Sejm (2015)

Duda was sworn in before the National Assembly on August 6, 2015 . On the occasion of taking office he was awarded the Order of the White Eagle and the Grand Cross of the Order Polonia Restituta . As the newly elected president, Duda declared that he was striving for good cooperation with the incumbent Kopacz government , which politically represents the competing camp. In 2015, he did not recruit his advisors from the PiS party apparatus, but from his hometown Krakow and from the environment of the former President Lech Kaczyński, which some took as an indication that Duda wanted to carry out his office independently of party politics.

In his inaugural address, Duda announced that he would be fulfilling his campaign promises in terms of social policy and ensuring a strong army and a stronger NATO presence in the country in terms of foreign and security policy. Foreign policy advisor Krzysztof Szczerski called the German-Polish relationship “in need of correction”; the German government should give up its resistance to NATO bases in Poland. Duda's first trip abroad as President to Estonia in mid-August 2015 was seen as a foreign policy signal, during which he demanded that Poland should develop into the regional guarantor for the security of the smaller states of Eastern Central Europe facing Russia in order to face the postulated threat of Russian neo-imperialism to encounter. His second trip abroad led to Berlin; an inaugural visit to Brussels was not planned. There he opposed the European Union's climate policy to limit greenhouse gas emissions in order to protect the still important Polish coal industry from being decarbonised . On the question of refugee policy, Duda opposed fixed admission quotas for his country, which was not prosperous enough; he campaigned for the influx of ethnic Poles from the former Polish eastern areas and other areas of the former Soviet Union .

On August 20, 2015, President Andrzej Duda announced a referendum in a televised address that would include three questions. It was about the school entry age, the retirement age and the privatization of the forests. To this end, six million signatures have been collected by citizens' groups in the past. The referendum should take place parallel to the parliamentary elections on October 25, 2015. The Senate rejected this on September 4th. The citizens' platform , which held a majority in the Senate, was against another referendum .

Before his visit to Germany, Duda described the German-Polish relationship as “very good” in a picture interview and stated that he wanted to help ensure that it was “very, very good”; Germany is Poland's most important and largest partner not only economically, but also politically. He called for an expansion of international engagement in the peace process in Ukraine in order to restore the former status quo under international law, i.e. the authority of the Ukrainian state , to both the Russian-occupied Crimea and the rebel-fought eastern Ukraine . Duda told the FAZ that he liked Germany “very simply”; personally, he had only had positive experiences and praised the German commitment to foreign policy, coming to terms with the past and humanitarian aid. At the same time he renewed his call for a strengthening of the NATO presence in Poland and spoke out in favor of the Poles in Germany being recognized as a national minority . In an interview for Die Welt he defined himself as a supporter of the “ Europe of the Fatherlands ” (instead of a supranational unification of Europe ), who sees the “many advantages” of European integration for Poland primarily as freedom of travel and EU subsidies. In his opinion, for Poland to join the euro zone, a significant increase in the standard of living to the level of the EU average and a referendum are necessary.

Andrzej Duda during MSC 2016

On September 21, 2015 Andrzej Duda initiated a draft law which provided for the lowering of the retirement age for men to 65 and for women to 60 years. Everyone would be free to retire at the proposed age or to work up to 67 years of age. The Sejm was able to vote on the proposed project in the 7th legislative period .

On November 16, 2015, he pardoned the former chairman of the Centralne Biuro Antykorupcyjne and acting coordinator of the secret services Mariusz Kamiński and three other people who were active in the CBA. In March 2015, Kamiński was found guilty of exceeding his or her authority in the first instance and has not been sentenced to three years' imprisonment. The pardon despite a pending appeal hearing has been criticized by some legal scholars as unlawful.

In December 2015 Andrzej Duda signed a law reforming the Constitutional Court. In the opinion of critics, this judicial reform would largely eliminate the constitutional court as the supervisory body of the government. The Council of Europe stated that this planned reform would endanger democracy and weaken the rule of law.

Duda was unable to enforce the compulsory exchange of Swiss franc mortgages by banks that had been promised in the presidential election campaign and thus disappointed the mortgage borrowers. A proposed law only included the reimbursement of the spread between the buying and selling price.

Andrzej Duda and US President Barack Obama during the NATO summit in Warsaw (2016)
Conversation between Duda and US President Donald Trump (2017)

Duda hosted the NATO summit in Warsaw on July 6-7, 2016; shortly before that, a military exercise with 25,000 soldiers from different member states took place. During the summit, the 28 heads of state and government pledged to station 1,000 soldiers each in Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The Polish President described this decision as "historic". Barack Obama had expressed concern about the constitutional crisis in part of his speech . "The rule of law, independent courts and the free media are values ​​that the United States cares about and that are the foundation of our alliance," said Obama. According to various US media, the statement was misrepresented on public television TVP . Efforts by Poland to invest two percent of GDP in the defense of the country, however, were positively highlighted by the US president.

In November 2016 he took part in the church celebration of the "Coronation of Jesus Christ as King of Poland" initiated by the Archbishop of Krakow Stanisław Dziwisz .

Before the G20 summit in Hamburg , Donald Trump visited Warsaw in early July 2017. During the meeting, a letter of intent to purchase Patriot anti-missiles was signed and readiness for liquefied gas supplies from the United States was announced. In a speech to the Polish people, Trump acknowledged NATO's duty of assistance and previously accused Russia of “destabilizing behavior”. In the further course of his speech he also paid tribute to the Polish resistance against Nazi Germany and Russia.

In 2018, Duda declared that the question of German reparations for the damage and destruction caused by the German occupiers in Poland during World War II was still open.

2020 presidential election campaign

This article or section is missing the following important information:
The election campaign certainly consisted of more than the criticism of two associations. How did the election campaign go and how did it end? - Plantek ( discussion ) 04:56, 28 Dec. 2021 (CET)
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Election poster near a village street in Poland. (2020)

In a speech on June 14, 2020, Duda described the LBGT - "ideology" as more destructive than communism was. The LGBT interest group ILGA had previously declared Poland the most LGBT-hostile EU country in an index it published in May 2020.

Criticism of Duda's election campaign is also publicly voiced by the Association of Veterans of the Warsaw Uprising and the Jewish Community in Warsaw.

Judicial reform 2017

On July 18, 2017, Duda took a surprising stand against the government's controversial judicial reform : he refused to sign and demanded a revision of the recently passed law, with which the government wants to massively expand its influence on the appointment of judges. The law works in its current form "like a political dictation" in the appointment of judges, said Duda. He threatened to block the planned reform of the Supreme Court as well. On July 20, 2017, tens of thousands of Poles demonstrated in Warsaw against the judicial reform of the PiS government. According to the city, around 50,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the presidential palace . They called on President Duda to veto the reorganization of the Supreme Court decided by Parliament. On July 24, 2017, Duda announced his veto on two of three legislative initiatives of the reform passed by the Senate two days earlier. He warned - alluding to Poland's communist past - against the interference of ministers in the work of judges and against a division between society and the state. For the first time, the President opposed the ruling PiS party on an important political issue. The EU initiated infringement proceedings , inter alia, under the law that extends the powers of the Justice Minister to appoint judges . This law allows the Minister of Justice to appoint or dismiss any senior judge serving in ordinary courts, including the courts of appeal. According to the European Commission, it endangers and undermines the independence of the Polish judiciary.

Awards

State medals (selection)

POR Ordem do Merito Gra-Cruz BAR.svg
Carrier of the Portuguese Order of Merit (Grand Cross) , received in 2008
POL Order Orła Białego BAR.svg
Bearer of the Order of the White Eagle , received in 2015
POL Polonia Restituta Wielki BAR.svg
Carrier of the order Polonia Restituta (Grand Cross) , received in 2015
Grand Crest Ordre de Leopold.png
Bearer of the Order of the Leopold (Grand Cross) , received in 2015
CZE Rad Bileho Lva 1 tridy BAR.svg
Bearer of the Order of the White Lion (Grand Cross) , received in 2016

Fonts

  • Interes prawny w polskim prawie administracyjnym (= monograph Prawnicze. ). Beck, Warsaw 2008, ISBN 978-83-7483-883-2 .

Web links

Commons : Andrzej Duda  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Christoph von Marschall : Poland's new head of state. Andrzej Duda: President from the plate. In: Der Tagesspiegel , August 5, 2015 (page 2).
  2. ↑ a b January Cienski: The World According to Duda. In: Politico.eu , August 19, 2015, updated August 20, 2015 (English).
  3. ^ A b Gerhard Gnauck : Poland's President Duda. "NATO should strengthen its eastern flank". In: Die Welt , August 28, 2015.
  4. ^ Andrzej Duda - Poland's Next President. ( Memento of August 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: Inside Poland , May 25, 2015; Janina Milewska-Duda, prof. dr got inż. In: AGH.edu.pl ; Prof. dr hab. inż. Jan Tadeusz Duda. In: AGH.edu.pl .
  5. ↑ a b c d e O mnie. Moja biografia. ( Memento from May 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: AndrzejDuda.pl (Polish).
  6. ↑ Interes prawny w polskim prawie administracyjnym. Presentation of the book resulting from the dissertation at Beck-Verlag Poland.
  7. ↑ PiS reveals its candidate for next Polish president. In: The Warsaw Voice , November 13, 2014 (English).
  8. ↑ O mnie. Oś czasu. ( Memento of May 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: AndrzejDuda.pl (Polish); Nauczyciele. ( Memento of September 1, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) In: Sobieski.krakow.pl (school website, Polish).
  9. ^ Runoff election for the presidency: Poland gets a new president. In: Spiegel Online , May 24, 2015.
  10. ↑ Christoph von Marschall : Poland's new head of state. Andrzej Duda: President from the plate. In: Der Tagesspiegel , August 5, 2015, p. 1.
  11. ↑ Duda rządzi, Duda radzi , in: Do Rzeczy , September 28, 2020, p. 34.
  12. ↑ Elzbieta Stasik: Poland's Andrzej Duda: From Boy Scout to President. In: Deutsche Welle , May 25, 2015.
  13. ^ Andrzej Duda - Poland's Next President. ( Memento of August 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: Inside Poland , May 25, 2015
  14. ^ Andrzej Duda prezydentem Polski. ( Memento of May 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: PiS.org.pl , May 25, 2015.
  15. ↑ a b MEP Duda revealed as conservative presidential candidate. ( Memento from February 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: TheNews.pl , November 12, 2014 (English).
  16. ↑ Andrzej Duda. In: Sejm.gov.pl (Polish).
  17. ↑ Aleksandra Pawlicka: Najbardziej pracowity europoseł? Niezupełnie. Eurościema kandydata Dudy. ( Memento of July 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: Newsweek Polska , March 10, 2015.
  18. ↑ Andrzej Duda. All terms. In: European Parliament (website).
  19. ^ Paul Flückiger: Poland's President. The novice Duda. In: Der Tagesspiegel , August 27, 2015.
  20. ↑ Posłowie na medal i posłowie z naganą. In: polityka.pl. September 26, 2013, Retrieved September 23, 2015 (Polish).
  21. ↑ Polish presidential candidate Duda starts campaign, pledging increased social care. In: Fox News . AP , February 7, 2015; archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; accessed on May 26, 2015 . ; Duda: podnieść kwotę wolną od podatku - na początek do 8 days. zł. In: Onet.pl . April 25, 2015, Retrieved May 26, 2015 (Polish).
  22. ↑ Szydło: dwa sztandarowe projekty Dudy zaraz po zaprzysiężeniu. In: TVN24 . May 27, 2015, accessed May 27, 2015 (Polish).
  23. ^ Konrad Schuller : Poland after the election. The friendly Duda. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 25, 2015.
  24. ^ Polish President Komorowski set for a landslide victory in May's election. ( Memento from February 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: Ukraine Today , February 8, 2015 (English).
  25. ^ Wyniki Polska. ( Memento from May 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: Prezydent2015.pkw.gov.pl (Polish).
  26. ↑ Andrzej Duda zrzekł się w członkostwa PiS. Jarosław Kaczyński pogratulował mu wyniku. ( Memento of May 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: Gazeta.pl , May 26, 2015 (Polish).
  27. ↑ Congratulations to Duda. In: Süddeutsche.de . May 26, 2015, accessed August 7, 2020 .
  28. ↑ a b c Andrzej Duda sworn in as the new Polish President. In: Der Standard , August 6, 2015.
  29. ↑ Aleks Szczerbiak: What does Andrzej Duda's victory mean for Polish politics? In: The Polish Politics Blog , May 28, 2015; Konrad Schuller : Poland after the election. How the jackhammer won. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 30, 2015.
  30. ↑ Marta Ciastoch, Krystyna Szafraniec: Dlaczego pokolenie 18-29 wybrało dude? ( Memento of May 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: Newsweek Polska , May 26, 2015.
  31. ↑ Zobacz, kto poparł Bronisława Komorowskiego a cto głosował na Andrzeja dude. In: polskieradio.pl. May 25, 2015, accessed May 31, 2015 (Polish).
  32. ^ Gerhard Gnauck : Andrzej Duda. What the President of Poland expects from Germany. In: Die Welt , August 5, 2015.
  33. ↑ Florian Hassel : Poland's right-wing national president Duda. Icy east wind from Warsaw. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , August 6, 2015.
  34. ^ Polish President Andrzej Duda in Berlin. Joachim Gauck calls for binding quotas for refugees. In: Wirtschaftswoche , August 28, 2015.
  35. ↑ Jan Cienski: Świat Dudy. In: Politico.eu , August 19, 2015 (Polish).
  36. ↑ Never będzie referendum 25 października. Senate odrzucił wniosek Andrzeja Dudy. In: dziennik.pl. September 4, 2015, Retrieved September 4, 2015 (Polish).
  37. ↑ Prezydent chce drugiego referendum. “Głos Polaków musi być wysłuchany”. In: tvp.info. August 20, 2015, accessed August 21, 2015 (Polish). ; Trzy nowe pytania w referendum? PiS chce zapytać Polaków o obniżenie wieku emerytalnego. In: gazetaprawna.pl. August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2015 (Polish).
  38. ↑ Kai Diekmann , Hans-Jörg Vehlewald : What Poland's new president thinks about Merkel and Putin. In: Bild.de , August 26, 2015.
  39. ^ Konrad Schuller : Poland's President. A declared friend of Germany. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , August 27, 2015.
  40. ↑ 60 lat dla kobiet i 65 lat dla mężczyzn. Jest prezydencki project ws. wieku emerytalnego. In: tvn24bis.pl. September 21, 2015, accessed September 21, 2015 (Polish).
  41. ↑ Prezydent Duda ułaskawił Mariusza Kamińskiego. In: tvn24.pl. November 17, 2015, accessed November 17, 2015 (Polish).
  42. ↑ maw / PAP: Czy prezydent miał prawo ułaskawić Mariusza Kamińskiego? In: polska.newsweek.pl. November 17, 2015, archived from the original on February 21, 2016 ; Retrieved February 21, 2016 (Polish).
  43. ↑ Prof. inches: zaczynamy iść na skraju bezprawia. In: tvn24.pl. November 17, 2015, accessed February 21, 2016 (Polish).
  44. ↑ Bartłomiej Kuraś: Prof. Zimmermann krytykuje decyzje swojego dawnego studenta, A. Dudy. In: krakow.wyborcza.pl. December 3, 2015, accessed February 21, 2016 (Polish).
  45. ↑ Poland's President: Duda puts controversial constitutional reform into force. Spiegel online, December 28, 2015, accessed on March 11, 2016 .
  46. ^ Judicial reform: Council of Europe sees the rule of law in Poland at risk. Spiegel online, March 11, 2016, accessed March 11, 2016 .
  47. ↑ Poland does not have to exchange Swiss franc loans. Die Presse , August 2, 2016, accessed on August 4, 2016 .
  48. ↑ Bankowcy odetchnęli, frankowicze czują się zawiedzeni. "Obietnice prezydenta były zupełnie inne". tvn24bis.pl, August 3, 2016, accessed on August 4, 2016 .
  49. ↑ 25,000 soldiers in position. In: Tagesschau . June 6, 2016, archived from the original on June 7, 2016 ; accessed on October 21, 2016 .
  50. ↑ NATO is arming. In: Zeit Online . July 9, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016 .
  51. ↑ Obama criticizes Poland's government. In: derStandard.at . July 8, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016 .
  52. ↑ Polish television turns Barack Obama's words in the mouth. In: Stern . July 11, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016 .
  53. ^ NATO summit begins: Obama criticizes Poland. In: polen-heute.de. July 8, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016 .
  54. ↑ Oficjalnie: Jezus Chrystus "Królem Polski". Prezydent, posłowie i 6 tys. ludzi wzięło udział w uroczystości , gazeta.pl , November 19, 2016.
  55. ↑ Conversations about security issues. In: Tagesschau . July 6, 2017, archived from the original on July 7, 2017 ; Retrieved July 8, 2017 .
  56. ↑ Trump accuses Russia of destabilizing behavior. In: FAZ.net . July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017 .
  57. ↑ Trump recharges his batteries in Poland. In: ZDF . Archived from the original on July 9, 2017 ; Retrieved July 8, 2017 .
  58. ↑ Damage “never compensated” , in: Süddeutsche Zeitung , October 29, 2018, p. 8.
  59. ↑ Polish election: Andrzej Duda says LGBT 'ideology' worse than communism. BBC News, June 14, 2020, accessed June 14, 2020 .
  60. ↑ Rainbow Europe 2020. ILGA Europe, accessed June 14, 2020 .
  61. ^ Jüdische Allgemeine: Jewish Community Warsaw criticizes Duda
  62. ^ President opposes controversial judicial reform . In: zeit.de . July 18, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
  63. ↑ "We do not want to be pushed out of the EU" . In: faz.net .
  64. ↑ Paradoxical situation due to Duda's veto ( memento from July 24, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de from July 24, 2017.
  65. ↑ spiegel.de July 24, 2017: Poland's President Duda vetoed judicial reform
  66. ↑ President to veto two judicial bills, says will sign bill on common courts
  67. ↑ NZZ.ch: A vicarious agent shows his backbone (comment, with web links)
  68. ↑ FAZnet / Nikolas Busse: Duda's maneuver (commentary)
  69. ↑ Poland's President Duda stops controversial judicial reform . In: sueddeutsche.de . July 24, 2017, ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed November 28, 2017]).
  70. ↑ EU Commission initiates proceedings , tagesschau.de of August 29, 2017, accessed on August 29, 2017.
  71. ↑ EU initiates infringement proceedings against Poland Zeit Online from July 29, 2017, accessed on July 29, 2017.
personal data
SURNAME Duda, Andrzej
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Duda, Andrzej Sebastian (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Polish politician
BIRTH DATE May 16, 1972
PLACE OF BIRTH Krakow