Decarbonization

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Decarbonisation or decarbonisation refers to the conversion of the economy, especially the energy industry , towards a lower turnover of carbon . The theoretical goal is to create a carbon-free economy in the long run .

background

In decarbonization, actions and processes that release carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are replaced by processes that prevent these releases or are compensated for. With regard to the model investigation of energy systems, decarbonization is the reduction of the carbon intensity of the energy supply, i.e. the CO 2 emissions caused per unit of energy generated . This is a supply-side approach to reducing emissions, which occurs alongside a reduction in energy demand ( energy efficiency , energy sufficiency ) and a shift in demand to less emission-intensive energy sources. Decarbonization is therefore a central means of climate protection and one of the main pillars of the energy transition . The aim is to make the economy CO 2 neutral .

activities

Decarbonisation measures include switching from fossil fuels to renewable energies or the use of nuclear energy , although the latter has slightly higher carbon dioxide emissions than most renewable energies. A third decarboxylation strategy is the separation of carbon dioxide in fossil power plants with subsequent injection into deep soil layers, the so-called CCS technology . However, this has significantly higher CO 2 emissions than the use of renewable energies or nuclear energy. While in areas such as transport with small motor vehicles or heating and cooling technology, decarbonization through the use of regeneratively generated electricity is still relatively easy, this is much more difficult, for example, in air traffic and long-distance transport as well as in shipping, steel and cement production.

For steel, cement, ethylene , ammonia and glass production , a study published in 2019 shows that it will be possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95% compared to 1990 levels by 2050 . However, increasing demand for these products makes effective decarbonization even more difficult.

history

At the G7 summit at Schloss Elmau in 2015 , the G7 countries agreed to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 40% to 70% compared to 2010 by 2050 and to completely decarbonise the global economy by 2100.

End of September 2015 was at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2015 in New York, the 17 sustainable development goals (germ .: Sustainable Development Goals set -SDG). The seventh goal ( sustainable energy for all) and the 13th goal (combating climate change ) are directly related to decarbonization.

In December 2015, the UN climate conference took place, at which the Paris Agreement was adopted. According to this, the CO 2 emissions are to be reduced so that global warming can be limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius if possible.

After a gradual decarbonisation of the energy supply up to around the year 2000, this trend was reversed again at least until 2010. The reason was the increased consumption of coal in relation to other energy sources. The efforts to decarbonize are counteracted by the dependence of many governments on the income from the extraction and sale of fossil fuels. (The degree of dependency is very different.) In countries with large reserves of fossil fuels, the demand for primary energy from fossil fuels rose sharply in the period 2004–2015, the share of renewable energy sources remained almost constant - decarbonization has not yet taken place. Political scientist at the University of Oxford speak - based on the hypothesis of the resource curse - from the carbon curse (dt. Carbon curse ), the country could condemn with large reserves of fossil fuels to carbon-intensive growth path. The reasons are a lack of incentives for energy efficiency, the emission-intensive extraction of reserves, the displacement of alternative energies by the easily accessible fossil fuels, which are also subject to high political pressure to subsidize them . At the beginning of 2020, fossil fuels were subsidized three times more than renewable energies worldwide.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Carl-Jochen Winter, Sustainable Energy Supply: The journey is the goal! Theses and reasons , in: Ole Langniß, Martin Pehnt (Ed.), Energie im Wandel. Politics, technology and scenarios of a sustainable energy industry . Joachim Nitsch on his 60th birthday, Berlin - Heidelberg 2001, 17–29, p. 20.
  2. ↑ a b Otmar Edenhofer u. a .: Technical Summary . In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . S. 48, 65 .
  3. ^ Mark Z. Jacobson , Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security . In: Energy and Environmental Science 2, (2009), 148-173, especially p. 154, doi : 10.1039 / b809990c .
  4. ↑ Tobias Fleiter, Wolfgang Eichhammer: Innovations enable almost complete decarbonization of the industrial sector. Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research , March 25, 2019, accessed on January 24, 2020 .
  5. ↑ Tobias Fleiter: Industrial Innovation: Pathways to deep decarbonization of industry. ICF Consulting Services Limited and Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), March 20, 2019, accessed on January 24, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Steven J. Davis et al. a .: Net-zero emissions energy systems . In: Science . tape 360 , no. 6396 , June 29, 2018, doi : 10.1126 / science.aas9793 .
  7. ^ Tough targets (editorial). In: Nature 522, Issue 7555, (2015), 128, doi : 10.1038 / 522128a .
  8. ↑ Bernhard Pötter: Climate Protection and G20: Finance Ministers fear the zero diet. Many governments are fighting against so-called decarbonization. They depend on revenues from coal, oil and gas. www.taz.de, July 7, 2017, accessed on July 9, 2017 .
  9. ↑ OECD: Investing in Climate, Investing in Growth. www.oecd-ilibrary.org, May 23, 2017, accessed on July 9, 2017 : "(" Table 6.1. Estimated rents from extraction of oil, natural gas and coal resources "page 240)"
  10. ↑ Filip Johnsson, Jan Kjärstad and Johan Rootzén: The threat to climate change mitigation posed by the abundance of fossil fuels . In: Climate Policy . June 2018, doi : 10.1080 / 14693062.2018.1483885 .
  11. ↑ Jörg Friedrichs and Oliver R. Inderwildi: The carbon curse: Are fuel rich countries doomed to high CO2 intensities? In: Energy Policy . tape 62 , November 2013, doi : 10.1016 / j.enpol.2013.07.076 .
  12. ↑ What if the WEF does save the planet? , Republic , January 25, 2020