CO 2 balance

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The CO 2 footprint (Kohlenstoffdioxidbilanz, carbon footprint , and greenhouse gas balance , CO 2 footprint , Eng. Footprint Carbon ) is a measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions which arise directly or indirectly through activities or life stages of products or persons or caused. In addition to carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases are often balanced, mostly in tonnes of CO 2 equivalent (t CO 2 -eq for short).

The CO 2 footprint has gained in importance in recent years as a means of determining the climate impacts of activities such as the provision or consumption of products and services for individuals or aggregated for organizations and countries. On this basis, more targeted climate protection measures can be taken in order to achieve the desired climate goals, e.g. B. to limit global warming to a maximum temperature increase of 2 ° C ( -> " two-degree target " ).

term

The term “CO 2 footprint” has become relatively well known in recent years. Today, the English term carbon footprint is more common and is also used by German authorities and institutions. The term is derived from that of the ecological footprint , which was developed by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees in 1994 . The ecological footprint, however, is much broader; it considers the entire biological capacity used, measured in hectares of land requirement, and also takes into account CO 2 emissions as forest area, which would also be necessary to prevent a resulting increase in CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere to counteract.

The CO 2 footprint can also be calculated for people, organizations, countries and events (e.g. a vacation trip), etc. Anyone who knows the CO 2 footprints of several alternative courses of action can weigh these figures against other factors and take them into account when making decisions. In the case of people, organizations or events, it is often offered to compensate for the CO 2 footprint by e.g. B., according to the result of the calculation, invested in rainforest afforestation, renewable energies or other climate-friendly measures (→ Chapter: Compensating a CO 2 footprint).

facts and figures

The CO 2 footprint of a product

The CO 2 footprint of bottled water

Of all the methods of calculating the CO 2 footprint, the CO 2 footprint of products is the most detailed. It could have a great future in CO 2 labeling of goods and services. However, the entire value chain is not always included. Some of these labels have also been introduced in Japan and Thailand.

Germany

The memorandum "Product Carbon Footprint" (PCF) from BMU , UBA and Öko-Institut from December 2009 stated:

"The Product Carbon Footprint (CO 2 footprint of products) describes the balance of greenhouse gas emissions along the entire life cycle of a product in a defined application and in relation to a defined unit of use."

- Memorandum Product Carbon Footprint

The product life cycle should encompass the entire value chain:

  • Manufacture, extraction and transport of raw materials and preliminary products
  • Production and distribution
  • Use, re-use
  • Disposal / recycling

According to this definition, individual foods have a CO 2 footprint “on the order of a few dozen grams to several kilos of CO 2 -eq per kilo of food. Beef, for example, has very high values ​​with around 13 kg CO 2 -eq per kilo. ”The values ​​can vary greatly depending on transport, storage and preparation method (→ Chapter: Criticism ).

Great Britain

In Great Britain, a standardization of the methodology of the CO 2 footprint of products with the British standard ' PAS 2050 : 2008' was completed in 2008 by BSI (British Standards Solutions) . In 2011, the largest British retail group Tesco labeled more than 500 products in Great Britain and South Korea according to this standard.

To get an impression, here are some Tesco product markings that have been marked according to the British standard (PAS 2050: 2008):

Category and Product CO 2 footprint

Grams of CO 2 -eq per functional unit (rounded)

CO 2 footprint divided into the stages of its life cycle (%)
production distribution storage Use / use disposal
laundry detergent
Tesco non-biological liquid capsules 700 g per wash 17% 0.2% 1 % 72% 10%
Tesco non-biological tablets 850 g per wash 32% 0.1% 0% 62% 5%
Tesco Super Conc. non-bio liquid laundry 600 g per wash 11% 0.1% 0% 83% 6%
orange juice
Tesco 100% pure, pressed orange juice 360 g per 250 ml 91% 1 % 7% 0.3% 1 %
Tesco pure orange juice from concentrate 260 g per 250 ml 88% 2% 9% 0.5% 1 %
Tesco pure orange juice (3 × 200 ml) 220 g per 250 ml 93% 1 % 5% 0.5% 1 %
Bulbs
60 W pearl light bulb 34 kg for 1,000 hours of use 1 % <0.1% <0.1% 99% <0.1%
11 W compact fluorescent lamp 6.5 kg for 1,000 hours of use 1 % <0.001% <0.1% 99% <0.1%
100 W pearl lightbulb 55 kg for 1000 hours of use 1 % <0.001% <0.001% 99% <0.1%
20 W compact fluorescent lamp 12 kg for 1,000 hours of use 2% <0.001% <0.001% 98% <0.1%
Potatoes
King Edwards (2.5 kg) 160 g per 250 g serving 1 % 33% 3% 56% 7%
organic baby new (750 g) 140 g per 250 g serving 48% 1 % 5% 41% 4%
organic new (1.5 kg) 160 g per 250 g serving 40% 1 % 4% 51% 4%
Anglian New (2.5 kg) 140 g per 250 g serving 34% 1 % 3% 58% 4%
Source: Tesco, Carbon Label Findings, www.tesco.com (PDF; 114 kB)

CO 2 footprint in viticulture

In a project in the Traisental ( 48 ° 21 ′ 12 ″  N , 15 ° 41 ′ 42 ″  E ) the process chain was analyzed and, based on the results, those areas were identified that had the greatest impact on the carbon footprint. 1 liter of wine was defined as the functional unit. The investigation comprised the process steps of vineyard, wine production, packaging, waste and distribution. In the course of grape production in the vineyard, wine production in the cellar including disposal of waste and the bottling of an average wine, around 1.7 kg of CO 2 e are emitted by the time it leaves the wine cellar . For transport to the consumer, around 0.2 kg of CO 2 e per liter are added.

  • Percentage representation of the CO 2 footprint analysis ( Traisental ). Because of the diversity of the farms, there is a standard deviation of ± 56%.

The result of the overall analysis showed that an average of 2.4 t of CO 2 equivalent are emitted per hectare of vineyards . Around three quarters of this amount come from indirect greenhouse gas emissions and combustion emissions and a quarter from soil emissions.

→ see also: Viticulture

The CO 2 footprint of a person

A person's CO 2 footprint is intended to help reduce their own CO 2 emissions. First the current CO 2 footprint is calculated so that you can get a rough idea of ​​your own emissions. The next step is to reduce the output by e.g. For example, switching to energy-saving devices, electricity from renewable energies, more effective use of energy in heating and changing everyday activities in order to save energy . "Power-guzzling" old devices should be made unusable or scrapped (or given to someone whose old device is even more power-hungry).

In 2019, the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research was able to show in a study that regional foods could reduce emissions from food transport worldwide by a factor of ten.

According to the special report 1.5 ° C global warming , global greenhouse gas emissions have to fall to net zero by 2050 in order to achieve the 1.5 degree target . The German Federal Environment Agency names emissions per capita per year for Germany below one tonne.

The CO 2 footprint of people can be calculated as an average for the inhabitants of a country. The domestic emissions per capita are for it but alone are not suitable, since the cross-border emissions caused are not included. For example, in 2015 Switzerland reported domestic emissions per inhabitant of “only” 5.8 t CO 2 -eq. In contrast, the consumption-related emissions , which take into account the greenhouse gas emissions imported and exported by a country through international trade, are around 2.5 times as high in the same year at 14.0 t CO 2 -eq.

Consumption-related greenhouse gas emissions per person
country t CO 2 -eq
Germany
  
 16.3
Austria
  
 16.9
Switzerland
  
 15.6
world
  
 5.7
Sample values ​​from the 2007 study "The Global Resource Footprint of Nations"

The average consumption-related greenhouse gas emissions per person were calculated in a comparable manner for many countries based on the data from 2007.

Due to the complex data situation and different methodologies, some of the figures are different. For the same year (2007), Tukker et al. a value of 15.6 t CO 2 -eq, but the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment gives a value of 14.9 t CO 2 -eq. Comparisons over several years or between countries must therefore be made with due care.

The average CO 2 footprint. Germany and the world in comparison in tons of CO 2 per year for 2011.

It must be taken into account that these average values also include the CO 2 emissions that arise from industry and the operation of the transport infrastructure. In this respect, it is only the result of a calculation and not the actual individual CO 2 footprint of a “person”.

Calculated per person, Luxembourg , Belgium and Switzerland have the largest CO 2 footprint in Europe.

A study published by the Federal Environment Agency in 2016 showed that, statistically speaking, a person with a higher income in Germany causes significantly more CO 2 emissions than a person with a lower income.

With so-called CO 2 calculators, you can roughly calculate your own CO 2 footprint. Most differentiate between areas of life

  • Living (CO 2 emissions from heating and electricity in the apartment),
  • Mobility (CO 2 emissions from driving, using public transport and flying)
  • Diet (eating and drinking habits, origin of the food),
  • private consumption (buying behavior and criteria, eating out, hotel accommodation, costs for culture, health or other services) and
  • public consumption (emissions that are caused in the country as a whole and distributed to all citizens)

One has the greatest influence on the areas or sub-areas of private consumption , heating , nutrition , car traffic , air traffic and electricity consumption . The area of public consumption can hardly or not at all be influenced by the individual. Homeowners have a direct influence on the areas of living and hot water preparation; Tenants can speak to their landlord and B. receive new windows or a new heating system for a reasonable rent increase. Often, after the calculation, you are offered to compensate your own CO 2 emissions with a donation (→ Chapter: Compensating a CO 2 footprint). All the results of a CO 2 footprint are rough figures.

The CO 2 footprint of a pet

What has not played a role in climate computers so far is the CO 2 balance of pets. A house cat produces 2.2 t CO 2 and a dachshund 1.8 t CO 2 per year . A medium-sized dog can be compared to an off-road vehicle in terms of its CO 2 footprint. That is why the two authors of the book “Time to eat the dog” suggest, among other things, that pets should be switched to a vegetarian diet.

The communication of the CO 2 footprint

In addition to calculating the CO 2 footprint, everyday communication is an important level of action. The basis for this can, for example, be a fictitious amount of CO 2 that every person is allowed to emit in a certain time interval through all of their actions in order to keep the world climate within the much-cited 2-degree guard rails. The initiative from Austria and Switzerland “A good day has 100 points” has developed an approach with which the product carbon footprint, global sustainability and solidarity and personal lifestyle can be communicated in simple graphic language.

The CO 2 footprint of an organization

CO 2 balances are also increasingly being drawn up by companies - voluntarily or due to legal obligations - in the context of their sustainability report. Operational accounting procedures for creating a CO 2 balance are called carbon accounting . An organization's footprint identifies the total CO 2 or CO 2 -eq emissions that arise from its activities each year. For example, Deutsche Bank's CO 2 footprint in 2008 was 415,269 tons of CO 2 according to its own information .

The US Army was in the mid 2010s as the institution with the largest by far the world consumption of fossil fuels. Around 2015, its CO 2 emissions ranked between Portugal and Peru.

National greenhouse gas balances

As with the other CO 2 footprints, there are different numbers for a country's CO 2 footprint. Member states of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol must annually draw up national greenhouse gas balances, usually called greenhouse gas inventories , and submit a national inventory report to the UNFCCC Secretariat. In 2008, Germany emitted around 988.2 million t CO 2 -eq (Switzerland 53.4 million t CO 2 -eq, Austria 69.3 million t CO 2 -eq). The emission sources located in the country are taken into account according to the territorial principle.

Another approach is to use the emissions underlying a country's consumption when calculating a footprint. For example, a study at the Technical and Natural Sciences University of Norway (NTNU) included the emissions that occur in the production of all goods in a country's total consumption. When a country is now greater CO 2 footprint than its calculated by the UNFCCC greenhouse gas emissions, this means that imports of the country will need in the production of more carbon than its exports. The calculations of the NTNU also include international sea and air freight, which the UNFCCC does not take into account. Based on the data from 2001, the footprint was approx. 1,238 million t CO 2 -eq for Germany, 112 million t CO 2 -eq for Austria and 132 million t CO 2 -eq for Switzerland. This corresponds to a CO 2 footprint of 15.1 t CO 2 -eq for every German, 13.8 t for every Austrian and 18.4 t for every Swiss. Worldwide, among the 73 countries examined were Luxembourg (33.4 t CO 2 -eq per person), the USA (28.6 t CO 2 -eq per person) and Australia (20.6 t CO 2 -eq per person) largest polluters, while African countries like Mozambique (1.1 t CO 2 -eq per person) and Malawi (0.7 t CO 2 -eq per person) were the most climate-friendly.

Compensating for a CO 2 footprint

→ Main article: Climate compensation

Often, offsetting your own CO 2 emissions in financial terms is e.g. B. offered by a donation. This does not reduce your own CO 2 footprint, but you can reduce greenhouse gases elsewhere in the world. This is done through climate protection projects such as B. the construction of wind, hydro or geothermal power plants and other greenhouse gas saving measures. This compensation happens on a voluntary basis. Such a CO 2 compensation payment costs 1–30 euros per ton of CO 2 , depending on the provider and the selected standard . However, it is important that the CO 2 certificates used for such projects are issued by internationally recognized institutions such as B. the gold standard .

criticism

In particular, the conception of the footprint projected onto the person of the individual consumer is problematic in many respects. Hardly any CO 2 is produced in individual consumption . Carbon dioxide is toxic in larger concentrations and is therefore only produced in very small quantities in living areas (breathing, dinner by candlelight). Assigning the amount of CO 2 emitted in the manufacture of the consumed products to the consumer also violates a central principle of environmental protection, the polluter pays principle . Accordingly, a tenant cannot be blamed for CO 2 -intensive heating technology. Neither do the CO 2 emissions from electricity production. Since the individual consumer is also legally prevented from determining the method of production or even only to determine it (trade secret ), his ability to influence is extremely limited. An individual assignment of employment traffic is equally questionable. This assumes u. a. tacitly a large-scale separation of work and living, on which employees can only have little influence individually (see for example industrial park , telework ). Because of these deficiencies, the overall conception tends to shift the manufacturer's obligation to use environmentally friendly processes and working methods to the end user, without giving him the right to enforce this responsibility, and thus legislators and administrations in passing, also from this to dismiss. The reduction to merely individual options for action further shortens them and primarily refers to the apolitical and to relatively ineffective personal mortification .

One point of criticism so far has been the lack of a clear, internationally recognized definition of the term CO 2 footprint. In the meantime, however, the organization for international standards has published a uniform international standard norm (ISO 14067) for the accounting of the CO 2 footprint of products. There are also self-proclaimed standards such as B. the “Carbon Footprint Standard”; but to be allowed to use this indicator, a self-examination is sufficient, a control mechanism is missing.

The British standard PAS 2050: 2008 is currently the most successful and is subject to precise criteria which are checked by the Carbon Trust. It is predominantly based on the life cycle assessment standard ISO 14040 ff., But also deviates significantly in some important points from it, which has not earned it any great international recognition. The breadth of the definitions extends from only direct CO 2 emissions to additional methane emissions to the inclusion of all greenhouse gases such as B. N 2 O. As a result, the unit in which the measurement is made differs between e.g. B. simple CO 2 emissions (measured in tons of CO 2 ), emissions of CO 2 equivalents (measured in tons of CO 2 -eq) or as an area (approximately in hectares). In the latter case, “the size of the forest area is defined which is required to absorb all CO 2 emissions minus the emissions that are absorbed by the oceans”.

The Oeko-Institut , the Federal Ministry for the Environment and the Federal Environment Agency point out further points of criticism, especially the CO 2 footprint of products, in the PCF memorandum published in December 2009. Among other things, the one-sidedness of the CO 2 footprint is criticized , since all other damage categories such as air pollutant emissions, resource requirements or eutrophication are not taken into account in the calculation. There are also different calculation results, depending on how other factors such as land and forest use are taken into account. For example, the CO 2 footprint of a person in Sudan in 2014 was 3.03 t CO 2 -eq per year, while taking land use into account, a value of 6.22 was calculated - more than double that.

It also explains that consumers usually cannot do much with the purely numerical value, i.e. the CO 2 footprint in numbers. More tried and tested environmental labels such as “ The Blue Angel ” are recommended, which also evaluate important products in terms of their climate impact. Since the usage phase has a significant impact on the overall balance, it is accounted for in both PAS 2050 and the Memorandum PCF as an important component of the CO 2 footprint. The concrete signposting of this phase is unclear, however, as there are often enormous differences in the way it is used. It is unclear how z. B. a T-shirt should be shown. If the user phase was included in the balance, long-lived T-shirts would have a smaller CO 2 footprint than short-lived T-shirts.

The way in which the CO 2 balance is shown for foodstuffs, which have different processing options (example: flour, eggs) and storage options (example: apples, strawberries), has not been clarified and can therefore lead to different balancing results for one and the same product.

To illustrate this, here is an example of the CO 2 footprint of apples from the PCF Memorandum:

“The energy consumption for the production and storage of apples fluctuates from company to company and can differ by a factor of 2–3 between large and small companies. The transport distance can also be very different: the Bodensee fruit is sold on Lake Constance, but also in Kassel or Berlin. The apples can also be imported from New Zealand or Chile. The apples produced in Germany are stored until late spring and are cooled in the process. The PCF is increasing from month to month. "

Last but not least, the high effort involved in processing the data is also a problem. For example, many farms of different sizes, frequently changing suppliers, major differences in the type of cultivation, yields that vary according to year and season, and different processing techniques must be taken into account.

See also

literature

  • Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Federal Environment Agency and Öko-Institut (Ed.): Memorandum Product Carbon Footprint . 2009 ( bund.de [PDF; 300 kB ]).
  • Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and Federal Association of German Industry (Ed.): Understanding and using product-related climate protection strategies, product carbon footprint . 2010 ( bdi.eu [PDF; 2.9 MB ]).
  • Katharina Schächtele, Hans Hertle: The CO 2 balance of a citizen . Ed .: Federal Environment Agency. 2007 ( Umweltbundesamt.de [PDF; 4.9 MB ]).
  • Thomas Wiedmann, Jan Minx: A Definition of 'Carbon Footprint' . Ed .: ISA UK Research and Consulting (=  ISA UK Research Report . No. 07-01 ). June 2007, p. 4 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 331 kB ]).
  • European Commission (Ed.): Carbon Footprint: what it is and how to measure it? 2007 ( org.uk [PDF; 308 kB ]).
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Ed.): 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories . 2006, ISBN 4-88788-032-4 ( iges.or.jp ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thomas Wiedmann, Jan Minx: A Definition of 'Carbon Footprint' . Ed .: ISA UK Research and Consulting (=  ISA UK Research Report . No. 07-01 ). June 2007, p. 4 ( ornl.gov [PDF; 278 kB ]).
  2. ↑ See e.g. E.g. the summary on Product Carbon Footprinting by Johannes Klockenhoff: Product Carbon Footprinting and the carbon dioxide-conscious consumer . In: Journal for Consumer Protection and Food Safety . tape 4 , no. May 2 , 2009, doi : 10.1007 / s00003-009-0489-y .
  3. ↑ Glen P. Peters: Carbon footprints and embodied carbon at multiple scales . In: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability . tape 2 , no. 4 , October 2010, doi : 10.1016 / j.cosust.2010.05.004 .
  4. ↑ BDI guidelines : Understanding and using product-related climate strategies Product Carbon Footprint bdi.eu (PDF; 2.9 MB) June 2010.
  5. ↑ BMU, UBA, Öko-Institut eV - Memorandum Product Carbon Footprint, p. 24ff, www.bmu.de ( Memento of the original dated February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 300 kB) March 4, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmu.de
  6. ↑ BMU and BDI, product- related climate protection strategies , p. 10, www.bdi.eu (PDF; 2.9 MB) March 10, 2011.
  7. ↑ a b BMU, UBA, Öko-Institut: Memorandum Product Carbon Footprint. www.bmu.de (PDF; 300 kB).
  8. ↑ British Standards Solutions, www.bsigroup.com March 4, 2011.
  9. ↑ Corporate Responsibility Report 2010, p. 12, www.tesco.com March 4, 2011.
  10. ↑ Weinklim - Viniculture and Climate Change seri.at
  11. ↑ Eva Burger, Ines Omann: WEINKLIM Carbon Footprint Analysis for Wine. Traisental 2010 seri.at (PDF; 137 kB)
  12. ↑ Gerhard Soja, Franz Zehetner, Gorana Rampazzo-Todorovic, Barbara Schildberger, Konrad Hackl, Rudolf Hofmann, Eva Burger, Sigrid Grünberger, Ines Omann: Viticulture in Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation Options Using the Example of the Traisental Model Region. ( seri.at ; PDF; 225 kB)
  13. ↑ Eva Burger, Ines Omann: WEINKLIM Carbon Footprint Analysis for Wine. Traisental 2010 ( seri.at ; PDF; 137 kB)
  14. ↑ From avocados to apples: Producing food locally could help reduce climate emissions. In: pik-potsdam.de . August 29, 2019, accessed October 2, 2019 .
  15. ↑ Special report 1.5 ° C global warming - SR1.5 - de-IPCC. In: de-ipcc.de. October 8, 2018, accessed October 9, 2018 .
  16. ↑ UBA : uba.klimaktiv-co2-rechner.de March 4, 2011.
  17. ↑ a b c Greenhouse Gas Footprint. FOEN, April 17, 2019, accessed on May 18, 2019 .
  18. ↑ Tukker et al .: The Global Resource Footprint of Nations: Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and final consumption calculated with EXIOBASE 2.1. 2014, ISBN 978-3-200-03637-6 .
  19. ↑ Tukker et al .: The Global Resource Footprint of Nations: Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and final consumption calculated with EXIOBASE 2.1. 2014, ISBN 978-3-200-03637-6 .
  20. ↑ Billions against climate change - “Switzerland has the third largest footprint in all of Europe”. In: srf.ch . September 29, 2019, accessed October 1, 2019 .
  21. ↑ Silke Kleinhückelkotten, H.-Peter Neitzke, Stephanie Moser: Representative survey of per capita consumption of natural resources in Germany (by population group). In: 39/2016. Federal Environment Agency, April 2016, accessed on July 1, 2019 .
  22. ^ Federal Environment Agency : The CO 2 balance of a citizen. S. 8. on: www.umweltdaten.de , (PDF; 4.9 MB) March 4, 2011.
  23. ↑ Climate killer cat. In: TAZ. June 15, 2011
  24. ↑ Katrin Blawat: Ecological paw print. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. May 17, 2010.
  25. ↑ Amazon, Book Review Time to Eat the Dog.
  26. ↑ eingutertag.org
  27. ↑ www.banking-on-green.com ( Memento of the original from October 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. March 4, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.banking-on-green.com
  28. ↑ CO 2 footprint of the US military giant
  29. ^ Study by scientists from Lancaster University and Durham University : Hidden carbon costs of the “everywhere war”: Logistics, geopolitical ecology, and the carbon boot print of the US military
  30. ↑ UNFCCC, National greenhouse gas inventory data for the period 1990–2008, table 2 www.unfccc.int (PDF; 265 kB) April 1, 2011.
  31. ^ Edgar G. Hertwich, Glen P. Peters: Carbon Footprint of Nations: A Global, Trade-Linked Analysis . In: Environmental Science & Technology . tape 43 , no. 16 , June 15, 2009, doi : 10.1021 / es803496a (Table 2, total values ​​calculated using columns 1 and 3 and rounded decimal places).
  32. ↑ Wolfgang Strasdas, Stefan Gössling, Heike Dickhut: Greenhouse gas compensation provider in Germany. Federal Association of Consumer Organizations, August 2010 (a study by HNE Eberswalde). Online (PDF; 2.2 MB) ( Memento of the original dated November 7, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.atmosfair.de
  33. ↑ Bundesverband eV www.verbrauchfuersklima.de ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. March 21, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.verbübersfuersklima.de
  34. ↑ International Organization for Standardization, www.iso.org May 7, 2013. Also at the German Institute for Standardization as DIN CEN ISO / TS 14067; DIN SPEC 35801: 2014-09: Greenhouse gases - Carbon footprint of products - Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  35. ↑ Carbon Footprint Ltd, www.carbonfootprint.com March 4, 2011.
  36. ↑ BMU and BDI, product- related climate protection strategies , p. 10, www.bdi.eu (PDF; 2.9 MB) March 10, 2011.
  37. ↑ Global Footprint Network, www.footprintnetwork.org ( Memento of the original from July 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. March 4, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.footprintnetwork.org
  38. ↑ Memorandum Product Carbon , Footprint BMU, UBA, Öko-Institut, www.bmub.bund.de (PDF; 300 kB) May 7, 2013.
  39. ↑ Country GHG Emissions - Per Capita. In: CAIT Climate Data Explorer. World Resources Institute, accessed on November 5, 2017 (Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding land use changes and forestry, per capita (tCO2e per capita), global average as mean across all countries with data).
  40. ↑ BMU, UBA, Öko-Institut eV - Memorandum Product Carbon Footprint, p. 32, www.bmu.de ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 300 kB) March 4, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmu.de
  41. ↑ BMU, UBA, Öko-Institut eV - Memorandum Product Carbon Footprint, p. 32, www.bmu.de ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 300 kB) March 4, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmu.de