Schöneberg Town Hall
| Schöneberg Town Hall | |
|---|---|
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| Schöneberg Town Hall in 2012 | |
| Basic data | |
| Construction time : | 1911-1914 |
| Opening: | 1914 |
| Renovation: | 1955, 1978, 1987 |
| Architect : | Peter Jürgensen and Jürgen Bachmann |
| Use / legal | |
| Usage : | Town hall of the Tempelhof-Schöneberg district |
| Owner : | Senate of Berlin |
| Technical specifications | |
| Height : | 70 m |
| Depth: | 90 m |
| Floors : | 4 +1 |
| Elevators : | paternoster |
| Usable area : | with light wells 1200 m² |
| Building material : | Sandstone |
| address | |
| City: | Berlin |
The Schöneberg Town Hall is the town hall of the Tempelhof-Schöneberg district of Berlin . From 1949 to 1993 the Berlin House of Representatives met here and from 1949 to 1991 it was the seat of the Governing Mayor . After its completion in 1914, it was the town hall of the independent city of Schöneberg until 1920 . From 1920 until the district merger in 2001, it housed the administration of the Berlin district of Schöneberg .
During the time of Berlin's division, important events in the city's history took place here:
- the handover of the Liberty Bell on October 21, 1950.
- On June 26, 1963, John F. Kennedy gave his famous speech on the square in front of the town hall, in which he made the historical confession “ I am a Berliner ”.
- This is where the demonstration began on June 2, 1967 in West Berlin against the state visit of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , during which the student Benno Ohnesorg was shot.
The sandstone building is characterized by a 70 meter high tower on which the Berlin flag flies. Various reliefs decorate the simply plastered facade. The interiors contain wood paneling and typical bourgeois commissioned art of the early 20th century. Hit by several bombs during World War II, parts of the interior and the tower were only restored in a simplified manner. Nevertheless, some of the interiors are still used today as a film set when an upper-class ambience is to be presented.
Former town hall on Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
The community of Schöneberg under Mayor Adolf Feurig had their first town hall built in 1874 on what was then Bahnstrasse (since June 13, 1893 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz ) as an office building with an attached prison. In the previous years, the community office was in the village mayor's apartment . The building plot, bought by a member of the community assembly, was next to the village school established in 1837.
20 years later, between 1891 and 1892, the town hall was replaced by a larger new building, for which part of the village school had to be demolished. The population had risen from 4,500 to around 29,000 since the completion of the office building. The new building plans came from the building officer Friedrich Schulze . The building, which was then 480,000 marks (adjusted for purchasing power in today's currency: around 3.21 million euros), had, according to the municipality, a “stately main front in the German Renaissance ” with two gables as a risalite and a turret with a clock in the middle . The roof was covered with slate , cornices, parapets, sculptures, etc. consisted of Cotta sandstone . The conference rooms and the ballroom were furnished by the company Gustav Kuntzsch , Wernigerode . The magistrate's room and the large meeting room for city councilors were on the second floor, while smaller rooms for committees, commissions and deputations were on the first floor.
Schöneberg continued to grow rapidly in the following decades, an incorporation into Berlin sought by the residents could not be implemented. For that 1898 was the church, the town charter , the population was in that year already over 70,000. The necessary city administration staff could soon no longer be accommodated in the town hall and there was insufficient space for expansion at Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz. That is why the city bought the so-called "Rosenkessel'sche property" on Mühlenberg in 1900 as the new town hall location. The old town hall on Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz was destroyed in the Second World War. A memorial plaque on the new building, which was later built there, still reminds of its former location.
history
New building 1906–1914
The construction of the new town hall in Schöneberg was preceded by a financing and planning phase lasting several years. The first planning, commissioned by the first Lord Mayor of Schöneberg , Rudolph Wilde , came from city planning officer Paul Egeling . However, the drafts were rejected by the city council in May 1909 because of the estimated construction costs of 4.2 million marks. The planned start of construction in 1906 was postponed, however, because the existing facilities on the Rosenkessel property, such as the poor house, the disinfection facility , the city nursery and the street cleaning depot, had to be relocated to other locations. An architectural competition was announced with the aim of making the town hall “the center of a special urban development (Schöneberg); […] To make it the most outstanding monumental building in the city […] “The jury included the architect of the Imperial Court in Leipzig , Ludwig Hoffmann , and the Reichstag architect Paul Wallot . The participating architects submitted a total of 84 designs. The architects Peter Jürgensen and Jürgen Bachmann from Charlottenburg , who had previously specialized in Protestant churches, were able to prevail in October 1910.
The marshy fen , located immediately to the south of the Mühlenberg and extending as an Ice Age glacial channel ( Grunewald lake chain ), was drained parallel to the leveling of the town hall site . The city park, today's Rudolph-Wilde-Park, was built on the area from 1908 to 1911 .
The foundation stone of the town hall was laid on May 26, 1911 under Lord Mayor Alexander Dominicus . The day the foundation stone was laid, the 54th birthday of the late Lord Mayor Wilde was chosen in his honor. The construction work progressed rapidly and after only a year the structure was clearly visible. The substructure was made of sandstone , the upper floors were given plaster and sandstone cladding. The Wünschelburg sandstone required for construction was supplied by the quarries in Wünschelburg in Lower Silesia . The construction was delayed during the execution, u. a. the crane required for building the tower was initially designed too weakly, and additions made at short notice during the construction period (ceiling paintings in the municipal hall, telephone system, tower figures, heating, etc.) resulted in immense additional costs compared to the original cost plans. In April 1913 a supplementary loan of 1.5 million marks was necessary.
The first departments were able to move into the building in early 1913. On March 25, 1914, the city council met for the first time (in the exhibition hall) in the building. The official inauguration of the building was promised in the spring of 1914 for October 1914, but the schedule was again delayed due to the outbreak of the First World War . On August 10, 1914, a meeting of the city council took place in the meeting room for the first time. In the period that followed, many rooms were subjected to the war economy , and the Ratskeller served as a people's kitchen from May 11, 1917 .
In 1920 Schöneberg was incorporated into Greater Berlin , together with the previously independent community of Friedenau, within the framework of the “Law on the Formation of a New Urban Community in Berlin” . The town hall became the seat of the mayor of the then newly created Schöneberg district.
Disempowerment of the council, destruction of the town hall 1933–1945
The " seizure of power " by the National Socialists was immediately apparent in the Schöneberg town hall. The new landlords "purged the office of Marxist and unfair elements", 21 officials and ten employees lost their jobs. The council members Katz and Zobel ( German State Party ) and Wendt and Buth ( SPD ) were "on leave" immediately after they came to power. By March 31, 1933, the five KPD MPs, and by April 7, 1933, all 13 SPD parliamentarians had been expelled from the district assembly. In the course of centralization, the district assembly was completely dissolved and the district mayor largely ousted. Oswald Schulz, co-founder of the SA in Friedenau in 1925 and district mayor since July 1933, had a bust of Adolf Hitler erected in the Brandenburghalle , a memorial plaque for SA men who had died in the "struggle for the Third Reich " and unveiled in the Bürgersaal the fresco cycle from the beginning of the world war to the national uprising by Franz Eichhorst .
Several bombs hit the town hall in the late war years: in 1943 it hit the city treasury, in 1944 the side wing on Badenschen Straße, and in February 1945 a bomb fell on the rear building section. This bomb also destroyed the air raid shelter , killing 150 to 200 people. In the last days of the war the NSDAP tried to develop the town hall into a defensive position. Volkssturm , Hitler Youth and some soldiers moved into the town hall, and anti-tank barriers were erected in the surrounding streets. While the Red Army shelled the building from the outside, the occupiers burned the files of the Jewish homeowners inside, while the Hitler Youth looted the wine cellar. On April 29, 1945, the Ratskeller leaseholder handed the building over to the Red Army, which removed all supplies over the next few days.
Reconstruction 1945–1955 and renovation 1978–1987
The severe destruction in World War II described above urgently needed to be repaired, but that was slow because building materials and functional construction machinery were rare and the occupying powers gave other buildings a higher priority . At the same time, concerts and theater performances were already taking place under the then Soviet occupation forces in May 1945 in the poorly repaired Citizens' Hall. The fresco in the Citizens' Hall depicting the “national uprising” was hastily painted over. Debris was cleared, the windows were knocked out with wood and cardboard and 150 iron stoves were brought into the house to replace the damaged central heating. Nevertheless, pipes kept freezing and water penetrating through the roof destroyed other parts of the building.
The condition of the building was significantly improved after the division of Berlin through currency reform and the Berlin blockade continued from 1948 and the Schöneberg Town Hall was established as the provisional seat of West Berlin politics and administration from the beginning of 1949 . The former citizen's hall became a plenary hall when the theater stage was expanded in 1950. By 1952, the side wings on Badenschen Straße and Am Rathaus street were rebuilt. The reconstruction did not always follow the historical plans, but it was completed by 1955. The Golden Hall, formerly the most splendid room in the town hall, has served the main committee as a meeting room since 1955 in a greatly simplified, renovated form.
The town hall tower was rebuilt in a simplified manner according to plans by the architect Kurt Dübbers . Special haste was called for in the reconstruction, as the tower should be repaired in time for the arrival of the Liberty Bell . Before the war, there was another level on the tower, which was covered by a curved , pointed roof made of copper . The height of the building section was reduced by eleven meters, the former tower dome was replaced by an open pillar hall.
After the Second World War and the division of Berlin, the Schöneberg Town Hall was the political center of West Berlin until reunification in 1990. The parliament ( House of Representatives ) and the government ( Senate ) of West Berlin had their seat here. The newly established Berlin House of Representatives held its first session on January 13, 1949. The last meeting took place here on March 25, 1993. Ernst Reuter , the first governing mayor , moved into his office in the Schöneberg town hall on June 7, 1949, and Eberhard Diepgen chaired the last Senate meeting in the building on September 24, 1991. In addition, on March 16, 1956, a plenary session of the Federal Council , which then regularly met in Bonn , took place for the first time in Berlin , followed by seven more until October 23, 1959.
Other tenants, such as the Heimatmuseum, the school dentist or even a theater, had to vacate the building to make room for the Berlin city government.
Major renovations took place between 1978 and the 750th anniversary of Berlin in 1987. In 1978 they started an architectural competition for a new plenary hall on the ground floor. However, the Garski affair ultimately prevented its construction. Nevertheless, numerous extensions and conversions followed: 40 new offices in the attic, the modernization of the plenary hall (1981/1982), the relocation of the Ratskeller (1982/1983), creation of a central foyer , extensive restoration work from a conservation perspective, a redesign of the Casinos, as well as the modernization and expansion of the library as well as the renovation of the sanitary facilities, which were largely in their original condition.
Events in and in front of the town hall
In the town hall tower is the Liberty Bell , which was donated for the Berliners by donations collected from the US civilian population and rings every noon at twelve o'clock. The radio station RIAS broadcast the striking of the freedom bell every Sunday. The follow-up program Deutschlandradio Kultur continues this tradition.
The town hall, the surrounding square and the streets leading to it were the location of many rallies and events. As early as May 12, 1949, around 300,000 Berliners as well as important politicians from West German politics gathered for a mass rally after the end of the Berlin blockade , just as the West Berliners remembered the victims of June 17, 1953 . On June 17th there were goulash cannons on the town hall square ; East Berlin protesters who had got into the American sector of Berlin were brought to the town hall and provided with food and sweets by numerous West Berliners who had rushed to the area, just as they were asked about the situation in the east.
On the occasion of the Hungarian popular uprising in 1956, it now looked as if demonstrators had gathered in front of the town hall to destroy the Soviet memorial in the Tiergarten , and then to go through the Brandenburg Gate to the Soviet embassy in East Berlin and this too to attack.
Immediately after the Berlin Wall was built , Berliners kept coming together in front of Schöneberg Town Hall to call for countermeasures. In order to avoid an escalation , the Senate did not convene official rallies there until August 16 and then on August 19, 1961. Over 800,000 Berliners came to the town hall to show their desperate and angry reactions to the construction of the Berlin Wall. While Chancellor Konrad Adenauer demonstratively stayed away from Berlin these days, the Governing Mayor Willy Brandt appeared several times. He managed to calm the people of West Berlin as well as to express their angry, desperate mood. He called on the Berliners to be “prudent, but not indifferent” and criticized the Allies for their inaction without generally questioning their close ties to them.
The state visit by US President John F. Kennedy was best remembered in the long term . There he gave his speech on June 26, 1963 with the famous confession “ I am a Berliner ”. In his honor, the Rudolph-Wilde-Platz in front of the town hall was renamed John-F.-Kennedy-Platz three days after Kennedy's murder ; On the evening of the murder, several thousand Berliners had already gathered on the square for a spontaneous memorial service. Other significant visits were those of Indira Gandhi , Martin Luther King and the British Queen Elizabeth II in 1965.
In 1967 this was the origin of the conflict that eventually led to the death of Benno Ohnesorg . On the morning of June 2 1967, which was the Shah of Persia in the Golden Book of the city enter. Around 3,000 people interested in the Shah, mostly elderly women, lined the square in front of the town hall, as did around 800 opponents of the Shah and around 100 supporters flown in from Persia , many of them members of the SAVAK secret service . During the events, the so-called "began Jubelperser " with wooden slats, iron rods and killers bashing the demonstrators, while the present police ignored rather than prevented. The events and their live broadcast on RIAS ultimately led to a heated atmosphere, which ended in the evening in front of the Deutsche Oper .
The Schöneberg Town Hall came into the public eye for the last time due to a large rally with around 20,000 participants on November 10, 1989, the day after the Wall was first opened. Governing Mayor Walter Momper spoke, as did Foreign Ministers Hans-Dietrich Genscher and Willy Brandt. To the greatest applause of those present, he wished: "Berlin will live and the wall will [finally] fall". The appearance of Chancellor Helmut Kohl was less fortunate, the assembled whistled him constantly and interrupted his speech again and again.
On October 3, 1990, the freedom bell began to ring in German unity at midnight. Eberhard Diepgen also let them ring on June 20, 1991 on the occasion of the capital city resolution.
A large crowd gathered in front of the town hall when Willy Brandt was laid out in the town hall in 1992 - like Ernst Reuter 39 years earlier. Many thousands of people came to pay their respects to him.
On September 13, 2001, the freedom bell rang for seven minutes on the occasion of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 and thousands of Berliners commemorated the victims in the United States on John F. Kennedy Square in front of Schöneberg Town Hall.
On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the town hall, a festive event took place on April 11, 2014. a. the United States Ambassador to Germany, John B. Emerson , gave a speech and the former Governing Mayors Eberhard Diepgen and Walter Momper were interviewed as contemporary witnesses.
Town hall complex
Plant and facade
The Schöneberg Town Hall is an irregularly structured, four-wing complex. Broad, representative stairs lead from the town hall down to the eastern part of the city park to the deer fountain with Schöneberg's heraldic animal. A risalit with a columned portal and a 70-meter-high tower protrude from the 93-meter-long four-storey main facade opposite Kennedy-Platz, slightly in the middle opposite the facade, which is structured with pilasters . The facade is varied with numerous limestone figures from the Friedenau workshop of Isenbeck and Hinrichsen and still largely corresponds to its historical condition. The figures are located on the main facade below the high windows on the second floor and show craft and trade activities.
A wall relief by the sculptor Hugo Lederer on the ground floor area on the facade facing Freiherr-vom-Stein-Straße indicates the name of the street. Originally it was a monument that was to be unveiled at the same time as the town hall in April 1914. In the summer of the same year, however, it fell victim to a traffic regulation on Freiherr-vom-Stein-Strasse and was redesigned as a wall relief on the town hall. A risalit also on this facade depicts the civic virtues of concern for the common good, prudence, moderation and justice . There was a similar risalit in the direction of Badensche Strasse, but it was destroyed in the Second World War.
inside rooms
Inside the main wing is the 63-meter-wide entrance hall with a circumferential gallery, which extends over two floors and through which the representative rooms - such as the mayor's office - can be reached. The entrance hall, also known as the vestibule , is lined with partially glazed figural and ornamental terracottas . These building ceramics were designed by the architect and building ceramist John Martens and manufactured under his direction by the Grand Ducal Majolica Manufactory in Karlsruhe .
In the town hall you can also reach the floors with the help of a publicly accessible paternoster . On the first floor, next to the mayor's office, there are various work rooms and the Golden Hall , the original meeting room. The gilded stucco coffered ceiling is complemented by numerous paintings. As far as the interior furnishings survived the Second World War, they have now been distributed to other rooms. The hall is decorated with wooden panels and is largely in its original condition after extensive restorations. The administration library is also on the first floor.
The second floor receives a lot of daylight through oversized windows. Mainly meeting rooms like the Willy-Brandt-Saal (until 1998: Bürgersaal ) are located here. After it was completely redesigned as a conference room, after the House of Representatives moved out, it was further converted into a “multifunctional venue”. In addition, the wood-paneled Alt-Schöneberger Hall and the district council meeting room are located on the second floor . In front of the three halls is the Brandenburg Hall , a foyer with a floor made of Solnhofen tiles (now hidden under carpeting). The wall paintings, large-format frescoes from the school of the Berlin landscape painter Eugen Bracht , are typical bourgeois commissioned works from the time the town hall was built, showing motifs from the Mark Brandenburg .
Outside space
An overview board is set up in front of the town hall which provides information on the distribution of a so-called area monument in the adjacent quarter: " Places of remembrance in the Bavarian quarter: exclusion and disenfranchisement, expulsion, deportation and murder of Berlin Jews from 1933 to 1945 "
Memorial plaques
At the town hall, memorial plaques commemorate the visit of John F. Kennedy, the Liberty Bell and the sculptor Max Bluhm.
| Dating | Artist | image | inscription |
|---|---|---|---|
| June 26, 1964 | Richard Disk |
_John_F_Kennedy.JPG)
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Memorial plaque for John F. Kennedy (with relief portrait): John F. Kennedy The 35th President of the United States of America addressed the citizens of Berlin at noon on June 26, 1963 at this location. In thanks and awe, they unveiled this plaque in memory of their great friend on June 26, 1964. Together we will save this earth or perish together in the flames of its fire. John F. Kennedy in his appeal to the peoples September 25, 1961 Additional board : A present to the citizens of Berlin from the Honorable Massachusetts Artillery Company to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the moving and stirring speech of its distinguished member John F. Kennedy, President of the United States of America. October 3, 1988 |
_Freiheitsglocke.JPG)
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Memorial plaque for the Liberty Bell (with relief representation): "May this world experience a rebirth of freedom with God's help" This is how the freedom bell sounds from the town hall tower all over the world. It was handed over to its destination on October 24, 1950 by the Governing Mayor Ernst Reuter and General Lucius D. Clay in the presence of over 500,000 Berliners from both parts of the city. "That this world, under God, have a new birth of freedom" So speaks the bell of freedom from the rathaus tower to all mankind. Dedicated October 24, 1950 by Governing Mayor Ernst Reuter and General Lucius D. Clay in the presence of more than 500,000 Berliners from both parts of the city |
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| May 2004 |
_Max_Bluhm.jpg)
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Memorial plaque for Max Bluhm on acrylic glass:
Sculptor Max Bluhm (1870–1928) His résumé June 27, 1870 born in Alt-Jablonken, Osterode district ( East Prussia ) |
Current situation
In 2001 the Berlin districts were restructured; twelve districts of the same size as possible were formed. Schöneberg was merged with Tempelhof to form the new Tempelhof-Schöneberg district . The office of the mayor of the new district is again the Schöneberg town hall. Angelika Schöttler ( SPD ) has been the district mayor since November 23, 2011 . Their predecessors in the united district were Dieter Hapel in 2001 and Ekkehard Band (SPD) from 2001 to 2011 . The offices of the health, social affairs and urban development department, the public order office and a citizens' office are located in the Tempelhof town hall.
From 1996 to the end of January 2010, the Schöneberg Town Hall was the seat of the Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation , which held an exhibition there in honor of Willy Brandt , the former Governing Mayor of Berlin and Federal Chancellor .
The exhibition We Were Neighbors - Biographies of Jewish Contemporary Witnesses has been in the exhibition hall since 2005 . This exhibition installation in the style of a reading room in a historical library has been shown annually for three months since 2005 in the Schöneberg Town Hall. It has been a permanent exhibition since 2010. In 2017, 157 biographical albums with personal photos, documents and reports documented the life and suffering of Jewish citizens from Schöneberg and Tempelhof . Annual extensions are planned.
A weekly market has been held in front of the town hall since the First World War . Attempts to abolish it in the 1950s for reasons of lack of representativeness, Ernst Reuter prevented by pointing out that a weekly market in front of the town hall was a good German tradition.
The town hall also serves as a film set. The wood-paneled administration library formed the backdrop in various Edgar Wallace films in the 1960s and 1990s . The casino scene in Run Lola was filmed in the foyer of the town hall, as were scenes from Aimée and Jaguar and Joe & Max . Some television series such as Wolffs Revier , Edel & Starck , In the Name of the Law , Our Teacher Doctor Specht or A Strong Team were able to fall back on the home-style inventory of the building. Interiors can also be seen in the ARD series Babylon Berlin : The old Berlin restaurant chain Aschinger has been relocated to the canteen of the Schöneberg town hall.
In the ARD production Die Grittenen (2020), shots that were supposed to represent the Hungarian State Chancellery were also shot in the Schöneberg Town Hall.
literature
- Wilfried Welz: Rathaus Schöneberg - A town hall in and for Berlin , district office Schöneberg 1989.
- Wilfried Welz, Cornelius C. Goeters: Rathaus Schöneberg - Stations of a political career . 2., completely reworked. Edition. Berlin-Verlag Arno Spitz, Berlin 1995, ISBN 978-3-87061-532-1 .
Web links
- Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
- Search for Rathaus Schöneberg in the German Digital Library
- Search for Rathaus Schöneberg in the SPK digital portal of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
- Schöneberg Town Hall. At: berlin.de , accessed on December 26, 2018
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Welz / Goeters 1995 pp. 9-17
- ^ Soproni Múzeum, Sopron ( Hungary ), Inventory No. P. 2425 E 251 (Storno Könyvtár): Gustav Kuntzsch folder , not paged.
- ↑ Sabine Kimmel: Crossing the border between tradition and modernity - The Berlin architectural office Jürgensen & Bachmann in: Communications of the Association for the History of Berlin 103rd Volume, Issue 2, April 2007
- ↑ a b Hans-Peter Schneider, Wolfgang Zeh: Parliamentary Law and Parliamentary Practice in the Federal Republic of Germany , Walter de Gruyter 1989, p. 1854
- ↑ a b Welz / Goeters 1995, pp. 59-63
- ↑ a b Welz / Goeters 1995 pp. 65-69
- ↑ a b Welz / Goeters 1995 pp. 70-79
- ↑ 7 sheets on the tower to be rebuilt; Architect Kurt Dübbers , in the architecture museum of the TU Berlin ; Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ Ralf Georg Reuth : Berlin - Bonn. A competitive situation? In: Federal Ministry for Building, Regional Planning and Urban Development (Ed.): Forty Years Federal Capital Bonn 1949–1989 . CF Müller, Karlsruhe 1989, ISBN 3-7880-9780-9 , pp. 25-43 (here: pp. 31, 32).
- ↑ Report of the 155th meeting of the Federal Council (PDF)
- ↑ Report of the 210th meeting of the Federal Council (PDF)
- ↑ a b c Olaf Jahn: The end of a legend - the Berlin parliament moves from the Schöneberg town hall to the Prussian state parliament . ( Memento from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Hamburger Abendblatt , March 27, 1993
- ↑ Welz / Goeters 1995 pp. 90-94
- ↑ a b c Welz / Goeters 1995 pp. 80-89
- ↑ Peter Lange / Sabine Ross (eds.): June 17, 1953 - Contemporary witnesses report: Protocol of an uprising , LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2004 ISBN 3-8258-7685-3 p. 93
- ^ Georg Kotowski, Hans Joachim Reichhardt, Working Group Berlin Democracy: Berlin as Capital in Post-War Germany and the State of Berlin, 1945–1985 Walter de Gruyter, 1987 ISBN 3-11-011590-5 p. 117
- ↑ Kotowski et al. Pp. 131-132
- ↑ Thomas Ramge: The great political scandals: Another history of the Federal Republic , Campus 2003, pp. 93-94
- ^ Heinrich August Winkler. The Long Road West , Oxford University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-19-926598-4 p. 468
- ^ Etienne François, Hagen Schulze: German places of memory , 2003; Pp. 250-251
- ↑ a b c d Welz / Goeters 1995 pp. 33-42
- ↑ List of running paternosters. accessed January 30, 2009
- ↑ Naming in the Schöneberg town hall . In: Berliner Zeitung , February 4, 1998
- ^ John-F.-Kennedy-Platz in Berlin. Retrieved April 25, 2020 .
- ↑ Memorial plaques in Berlin - Memorial plaque advertisement. Retrieved April 25, 2020 .
- ↑ Memorial plaques in Berlin - Memorial plaque advertisement. Retrieved April 25, 2020 .
- ↑ Memorial plaques in Berlin - Memorial plaque advertisement. Retrieved April 25, 2020 .
- ↑ http://www.wirwarennachbarn.de/
- ↑ We were neighbors - biographies of Jewish contemporary witnesses on the website of the Tempelhof-Schöneberg district of Berlin
- ↑ Lothar Heinke : Scene of Stories - 90 Years of Schöneberg Town Hall: A place of historical and cinematic events . In: Der Tagesspiegel , September 2, 2004
- ↑ Ela Dobrinkat: Film in the Schöneberg town hall . In: Berliner Morgenpost , August 30, 2004
- ↑ Johanna Niedbalski: In Aschinger . rbb24.de. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
Coordinates: 52 ° 29 ′ 6 " N , 13 ° 20 ′ 39.1" E